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Abstract
The Southeast Asian environment has been degraded by the release of industrial and domestic wastes, agricultural and aquacultural chemicals, and pollutants from automobiles. It suffers from water-related disasters, such as tsunamis, floods, typhoons, etc. In order to deal with these issues an integrated approach from the inhabitants, governments and researchers is essential. The environmental threats arising from the increasing population, overuse of natural resources, industrialization, urbanization, and natural disasters present ever increasing challenges to pursuing sustainable development of the region. Many developed countries such as Japan have experiences of dealing with severe environmental pollution and this publication is the result of building an academic network among researchers of related fields from different regions to exchange information.Â
The most important articles presented at the Fourth and Fifth International Symposiums on Southeast Asian Water Environment have been selected for this book. This book will be an invaluable source of information for all those concerned with achieving global sustainability within the water environment in developing regions, including researchers, policy makers, NGOs and NPOs.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Half Title | 1 | ||
| Title | 3 | ||
| Copyright | 4 | ||
| Contents | 5 | ||
| Preface | 7 | ||
| Chapter 1: Monitoring and Modeling of Water Environment | 9 | ||
| Quantifying the impacts of water environment and conservation for sustainability in Northern Philippines | 11 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 11 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 12 | ||
| Chapter 2: Water Contaminants and Health Risks | 65 | ||
| Critical review: Arsenic in water-soil-food chain in Bangladesh | 67 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 67 | ||
| ARSENIC POLLUTION IN WATER-SOIL-FOOD CHAIN: OVERVIEW OF STATUS IN BANGLADESH | 68 | ||
| Heath effect of arsenic and its major exposure pathway to human in affected area | 68 | ||
| Arsenic in drinking water and mitigation Efforts to Date | 68 | ||
| Arsenic concentration in soil of Bangladesh | 68 | ||
| Arsenic concentration in rice, vegetables and other plants via water-soil | 69 | ||
| FATE OF ARSENIC IN SOIL-WATER-PLANT ENVIRONMENT | 71 | ||
| ARSENIC TRANSPORT MECHANISM IN PLANT PROPOSED IN LITERATURE | 72 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 72 | ||
| REFERENCES | 72 | ||
| Health risks due to contamination of groundwater with heavy metals and pathogenic microorganisms at an arsenic-affected village in Cambodia | 75 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 75 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 75 | ||
| Field survey | 75 | ||
| Analysis of water quality | 76 | ||
| Evaluation of health risks | 76 | ||
| Analysis of human hair and blood samples | 77 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 77 | ||
| Water qualities of groundwater, rainwater and river water | 77 | ||
| Health risks due to the contaminated groundwater | 77 | ||
| Verification of health risks | 79 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 80 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 80 | ||
| REFERENCES | 80 | ||
| Arsenic contamination in groundwater resources in Kathmandu Valley | 81 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 81 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 82 | ||
| Study area and sampling sources | 82 | ||
| Data collection and water sampling | 82 | ||
| Analysis of water samples | 82 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 82 | ||
| Arsenic concentrations in pre-monsoon and monsoon | 82 | ||
| Arsenic fluctuation monitoring of DTWs exceeding Nepal Standard | 83 | ||
| Variation in arsenic concentration from pre-monsoon to monsoon | 84 | ||
| Relation of arsenic concentration by depth | 84 | ||
| Arsenic concentration and the geology | 85 | ||
| Arsenic concentration and the hydro-geological boundary | 86 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 86 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS | 86 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 86 | ||
| REFERENCES | 87 | ||
| Assessment of fluoride intake, excretion, and health effects in Chiang Mai Basin, Thailand | 89 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 89 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 89 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 90 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 94 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 94 | ||
| REFERENCES | 94 | ||
| Chemical characteristics of groundwater of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal | 95 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 95 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 95 | ||
| Study area | 95 | ||
| Sampling and analysis | 96 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 96 | ||
| State of heavy metals contamination | 97 | ||
| State of arsenic distribution | 98 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 101 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 101 | ||
| REFERENCES | 101 | ||
| Noroviruses and Faecal Contamination in Saigon River and Urban Canals in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam | 103 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 103 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 103 | ||
| Study area | 103 | ||
| Collection of surface water samples | 104 | ||
| Analysis of bacterial and physico-chemical parameters | 104 | ||
| Analysis of NVs: Concentration of surface water samples | 104 | ||
| Analysis of NVs: RNA extraction, reverse transcription and Quantification by real-time PCR | 105 | ||
| RESULTS | 105 | ||
| Physico-chemical and bacterial water quality | 105 | ||
| Occurrence of NVs in the Saigon River and urban canals | 106 | ||
| Viral contamination in tap water | 107 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 107 | ||
| Level of viral contamination and possible risks | 107 | ||
| Correlation between indicator bacteria and NV | 107 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 108 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 108 | ||
| REFERENCES | 108 | ||
| Analysis of rainfall variation and waterborne risks in Nepal | 111 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 111 | ||
| STUDY AREA | 112 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 112 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 112 | ||
| Morbidity data | 112 | ||
| Rainfall data | 114 | ||
| Analysis of monthly data | 114 | ||
| Morbidity and rainfall | 114 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 116 | ||
| REFERENCES | 116 | ||
| Chapter 3: Water Environmental Management | 117 | ||
| SWOT analysis and decision-making flowsheet for the selection of appropriate sanitation alternatives in Haiphong City, Vietnam | 119 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 119 | ||
| MATERIALS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES | 119 | ||
| Profile of the whole study area | 120 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 121 | ||
| SWOT analysis of current situation | 121 | ||
| Construction of treatment plants, reuse of treated wastewater in agricultural activities | 121 | ||
| Optimization of the existing faecal sludge management system | 121 | ||
| A decision-making flowsheet for selection of appropriate sanitation systems | 122 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 123 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 124 | ||
| REFERENCES | 124 | ||
| Role and prospects of fish traders in Cambodian small-scale fishing: The case of Chhnok Tru village, Kampong Chhnang province | 125 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 125 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 126 | ||
| Study area | 126 | ||
| Interview survey | 126 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 126 | ||
| General information on village | 126 | ||
| Fisher and their activities | 127 | ||
| Trader and their activities | 127 | ||
| Relationships between traders and fishers | 127 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 128 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 129 | ||
| REFERENCES | 129 | ||
| Capacity Building, Institutional Role and Community Participation in Water conservation for enhancing the crop productivity in South India | 131 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 131 | ||
| STUDY AREA | 131 | ||
| BASELINE SURVEY | 132 | ||
| PROMOTING COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | 132 | ||
| CAPACITY BUILDING AND TRAINING | 133 | ||
| EXPOSURE VISITS AND THEIR USEFULNESS | 133 | ||
| PEOPLE’S PARTICIPATION IN DECISION MAKING AND IMPLEMENTATION | 133 | ||
| COLLECTIVE ACTION | 134 | ||
| WATER CONSERVATION METHODS | 134 | ||
| IMPACT ASSESSMENT – RESPONDENTS’ OPINION | 135 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 136 | ||
| REFERENCES | 136 | ||
| Households’ Willingness to Pay for Improved Watershed Management: Evidence from the Philippines | 137 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 137 | ||
| METHODOLOGY | 138 | ||
| RESULTS | 139 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS | 141 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 141 | ||
| REFERENCES | 142 | ||
| Kanchan⊃TM&\\sup; Arsenic Filter (KAF): a technology for drinking water quality improvement at household and its promotion in Terai, Nepal | 143 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 143 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF KANCHAN⊃TM&\\sup; ARSENIC FILTER (KAF) | 144 | ||
| Details of the Kanchan⊃TM&\\sup; Arsenic Filter (KAF) | 144 | ||
| AWARENESS GENERATION | 146 | ||
| CAPACITY BUILDING | 147 | ||
| LESSONS LEARNED | 147 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 147 | ||
| REFERENCES | 148 | ||
| Performance evaluation of septic tanks as onsite sanitation system | 149 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 149 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 149 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 149 | ||
| Hanoi sewerage and sanitation system | 149 | ||
| Sanitation in Hanoi | 150 | ||
| Septic tank monitoring in Thailand | 151 | ||
| Normal operational mode (no sludge withdrawal) | 152 | ||
| Sludge withdrawal model | 152 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 154 | ||
| REFERENCES | 154 | ||
| An assessment of community wastewater management performance | 155 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 155 | ||
| PROFILE OF HE AND WWM IN THE STUDY AREA | 155 | ||
| PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT | 156 | ||
| Performance indicators | 156 | ||
| Assessment criteria | 156 | ||
| ASSESSMENT RESULTS | 157 | ||
| The onsite system | 157 | ||
| The community centralized system | 158 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 159 | ||
| REFERENCES | 160 | ||
| Contribution to environmental burdens from sanitation systems in abatement of health impacts – case study in low-income community of Dhaka, Bangladesh | 161 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 161 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 161 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 162 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 165 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 166 | ||
| REFERENCES | 166 | ||
| Chapter 4: Water and Wastewater Treatment by Biological Methods | 167 | ||
| In situ phylogenetic diversity study of estrone degrading microbial community in activated sludge using microautoradiography-fluorescent in situ hybridization | 169 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 169 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 170 | ||
| Activated sludge samples | 170 | ||
| 17β-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) degradations in activated sludge samples | 170 | ||
| Incubation conditions for microautoradiographic experiments and FISH analysis | 170 | ||
| In situ hybridization, microautography and microscopy | 170 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 171 | ||
| 17β-estradiol (E2) and Estrone (E1) degradation in activated sludge samples | 171 | ||
| Microbial community structure in studied activated sludge sample | 171 | ||
| Estrone-degrading bacteria candidates in activated sludge samples | 172 | ||
| Diverse phylogenetic identities of E1-degrading bacteria candidates | 172 | ||
| Estrone-degrading bacteria candidates in phylum Proteobacteria | 173 | ||
| Estrone-degrading bacteria candidates in phylum Actinobacteria | 173 | ||
| Estrone-degrading bacteria candidates in phyla Nitrospirae and Planctomycetes | 173 | ||
| The contribution of E1-degrading bacteria in each phylogenetic group on E1 degradation in activated sludge samples | 173 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 173 | ||
| REFERENCES | 174 | ||
| Chemical classes and prominent pyrolysis fragments of dissolved organic matter in wastewater treated by stabilization ponds | 175 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 175 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 176 | ||
| Sample collection | 176 | ||
| Interpretation of pyrolysis GC/MS data | 176 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS | 176 | ||
| Distribution of chemical classes | 176 | ||
| Common pyrolysis fragments and prominent major fragments | 178 | ||
| Comparison of water samples in this study and other water sources | 179 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 179 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 180 | ||
| REFERENCES | 180 | ||
| Performance of a recirculating tank-based system utilizing floating and submerged filters with a denitrification column for the culture of barramundi (Lates calcarifer) | 181 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 181 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 181 | ||
| Experimental design | 181 | ||
| System description | 182 | ||
| Barramundi characteristics | 183 | ||
| Analytical procedures | 183 | ||
| Statistical analysis | 183 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 183 | ||
| Water quality | 183 | ||
| Filter efficiency | 185 | ||
| Barramundi production | 186 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 187 | ||
| REFERENCES | 187 | ||
| Sequential microaerophilic-aerobic treatment of textile wastewater | 189 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 189 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 189 | ||
| System description | 189 | ||
| Analytical methods | 190 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 190 | ||
| Characterization of wastewater | 190 | ||
| Effect of initial COD concentration of textile wastewater on decolorization in microaerophilic reactor | 191 | ||
| Effect of initial COD concentration on COD removal in microaerophilic-aerobic reactors | 191 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 192 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 193 | ||
| REFERENCES | 193 | ||
| Effect of alkalinity on performance of simulated bioreactor of fruit and vegetable wastes | 195 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 195 | ||
| MATERIAL AND METHODS | 195 | ||
| Lab-scale simulated landfill bioreactor | 195 | ||
| Fruits and vegetables waste preparation | 196 | ||
| Simulated anaerobic landfill reactor operation | 196 | ||
| Analytical methods | 196 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 197 | ||
| pH | 197 | ||
| Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) | 197 | ||
| Gas production and gas composition | 198 | ||
| Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) | 198 | ||
| Volatile fatty acid (VFA) | 199 | ||
| Alkalinity | 200 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 201 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 201 | ||
| REFERENCES | 201 | ||
| Chapter 5: Water and Wastewater Treatment by Physico-chemical Methods | 203 | ||
| Primary treatment by air flotation in rubber trap of concentrated latex industry | 205 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 205 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 206 | ||
| Wastewater characteristics determination | 206 | ||
| pH adjustment and coagulation | 206 | ||
| Air flotation experimental units and operation conditions | 206 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 207 | ||
| Wastewater characteristics | 207 | ||
| Coagulation of concentrated latex wastewater by mixing with skim rubber wastewater | 207 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 209 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 210 | ||
| REFERENCES | 210 | ||
| Preparation parameters affecting natural organic matter adsorption by iron oxide-coated sands | 211 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 211 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 211 | ||
| Chemicals | 211 | ||
| Preparation of IOCS | 212 | ||
| Iron content and iron attachment strength determination | 212 | ||
| Batch NOM adsorption experiments | 212 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 212 | ||
| IOCS preparation | 212 | ||
| Iron content and iron attachment strength | 213 | ||
| NOM adsorption performance | 214 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 216 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 216 | ||
| REFERENCES | 216 | ||
| Treatment of cyanide bearing aqueous solutions by plain and biologically activated carbon | 219 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 219 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 220 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS | 221 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 223 | ||
| REFERENCES | 223 | ||
| Fluorescent excitation-emission matrix peak intensity applied for evaluating DOC and THMFP reductions of reservoir waters by alum coagulation | 225 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 225 | ||
| MATERIAL AND METHODS | 226 | ||
| Studied reservoirs | 226 | ||
| Water sampling | 226 | ||
| Experimental procedure | 226 | ||
| Analytical methods | 226 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS | 227 | ||
| Reductions of UV-254, DOC, and THMFP | 227 | ||
| Reductions of fluorescent organic matter | 228 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 230 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 230 | ||
| REFERENCES | 230 | ||
| Simultaneous oxidation and removal of arsenite (III) from drinking water using manganese oxide coated alumina | 231 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 231 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 231 | ||
| Chemicals | 231 | ||
| Adsorbent | 232 | ||
| Material characterization studies | 232 | ||
| Batch sorption experiments | 232 | ||
| Analytical methods | 232 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 233 | ||
| Batch sorption kinetic studies | 233 | ||
| Equilibrium studies | 234 | ||
| Mechanism of arsenite sorption onto MOCA | 235 | ||
| Effect of co-existing ions | 236 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 236 | ||
| REFERENCES | 236 | ||
| Keyword index | 239 |