BOOK
Alternative Water Management and Self-Sufficient Water Supplies
Martin Rygaard | Hans-Jorgen Albrechtsen | Philip J. Binning
(2009)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This book is based on a screening of 113 worldwide experiences in alternative urban water management. A range of alternative water management strategies have been reviewed and 15 cases from around the world were studied in detail. These are presented as examples of possible water management strategies that have reduced the cities’ dependency on water imports. The strategies include implementation of potable and non-potable wastewater reuse, rainwater collection and desalination.
Alternative Water Management and Self-Sufficient Water Supplies provides inspiration for water planners in cities with restrained water resources by highlighting actual technical opportunities and challenges. It represents a unique collection of state-of-the-art water management practices and the opportunities and challenges presented are from real-life case studies. The book is primarily aimed at urban water management professionals working across different technical and management disciplines. These include water supply engineers and environmental planners that can use it for professional reference. It will also be a useful introductory text for under-graduate level courses on water supply.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Half title page | 1 | ||
| Title page | 3 | ||
| Copyright page | 4 | ||
| Table of contents | 5 | ||
| Preface | 9 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 11 | ||
| Chapter 1: Introduction | 13 | ||
| 1.1 OBJECTIVES | 15 | ||
| 1.2 STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK | 15 | ||
| REFERENCE | 16 | ||
| Chapter 2: Challenges for traditional water supplies: Copenhagen as an example | 17 | ||
| REFERENCES | 19 | ||
| Chapter 3: Selection of cases | 21 | ||
| 3.1 METHOD | 21 | ||
| 3.2 SCREENING AND SELECTED CASES | 21 | ||
| Chapter 4: Geographical trends | 23 | ||
| 4.1 WATER RECLAMATION | 23 | ||
| 4.2 RAINWATER COLLECTION | 24 | ||
| 4.3 DESALINATION | 24 | ||
| REFERENCES | 25 | ||
| Chapter 5: The cases | 27 | ||
| 5.1 CASE SUMMARY | 27 | ||
| 5.1.1 Concepts | 27 | ||
| 5.2 HIGHLIGHTS OF OTHER EXAMPLES | 29 | ||
| Case 1: Mandatory rainwater collection in Stenløse, Denmark | 31 | ||
| Location | 31 | ||
| Projects | 31 | ||
| Timescale | 31 | ||
| Driving forces | 32 | ||
| Water consumption | 32 | ||
| Factors affecting water consumption | 32 | ||
| Water quality | 32 | ||
| Costs | 32 | ||
| Cost coverage | 32 | ||
| Political environment | 32 | ||
| Community involvement | 33 | ||
| Consumer acceptance | 33 | ||
| Techniques | 33 | ||
| Risks | 33 | ||
| Environmental conditions | 33 | ||
| Future goals | 33 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 33 | ||
| Evaluation | 33 | ||
| Conclusion | 34 | ||
| References | 34 | ||
| Case 2: The sustainable urban district of Hammarby Sjöstad, Sweden | 35 | ||
| Location | 35 | ||
| Projects | 35 | ||
| Timescale | 35 | ||
| Driving forces | 35 | ||
| Water consumption | 36 | ||
| Factors affecting water consumption | 36 | ||
| Water quality | 36 | ||
| Costs | 36 | ||
| Cost coverage | 37 | ||
| Community involvement | 37 | ||
| Risks and environmental conditions | 37 | ||
| Future goals | 37 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 37 | ||
| Evaluation | 37 | ||
| Conclusion | 37 | ||
| References | 37 | ||
| Case 3: Secondary Water supply in the Millennium Dome, London, UK | 39 | ||
| Location | 39 | ||
| Projects | 39 | ||
| Timescale | 40 | ||
| Driving forces | 40 | ||
| Water quality | 40 | ||
| Investment | 40 | ||
| Production costs | 40 | ||
| Cost coverage | 40 | ||
| Community involvement | 40 | ||
| Consumer acceptance | 41 | ||
| Techniques | 41 | ||
| Risks | 41 | ||
| Environmental conditions | 41 | ||
| Future goals | 42 | ||
| Recommended reading | 42 | ||
| Evaluation | 42 | ||
| Conclusion | 42 | ||
| References | 42 | ||
| Case 4: Water recycling through groundwater in Wulpen, Belgium | 43 | ||
| Location | 43 | ||
| Projects | 43 | ||
| Timescale | 44 | ||
| Driving forces | 44 | ||
| Water consumption | 44 | ||
| Water quality | 44 | ||
| Costs | 45 | ||
| Political environment | 45 | ||
| Consumer acceptance | 45 | ||
| Techniques | 45 | ||
| Risks | 45 | ||
| Environmental conditions | 45 | ||
| Future goals | 45 | ||
| Recommended reading | 45 | ||
| Evaluation | 45 | ||
| Conclusion | 46 | ||
| References | 46 | ||
| Case 5: Wastewater reclamation in Blanes, Costa Brava, Spain | 49 | ||
| Location | 49 | ||
| Projects | 49 | ||
| Timescale | 50 | ||
| Driving forces | 50 | ||
| Water consumption | 51 | ||
| Water quality | 51 | ||
| Costs | 51 | ||
| Cost coverage | 51 | ||
| Political environment | 51 | ||
| Community involvement | 51 | ||
| Consumer acceptance | 52 | ||
| Techniques | 52 | ||
| Risks | 52 | ||
| Environmental conditions | 52 | ||
| Future goals | 53 | ||
| Recommended reading | 53 | ||
| Evaluation | 53 | ||
| Conclusion | 53 | ||
| References | 54 | ||
| Case 6: Bank infiltration and artificial groundwater recharge in Berlin, Germany | 55 | ||
| Location | 55 | ||
| Projects | 55 | ||
| Timescale | 56 | ||
| Driving forces | 56 | ||
| Water consumption | 56 | ||
| Water quality | 56 | ||
| Costs | 57 | ||
| Cost coverage | 57 | ||
| Political environment | 57 | ||
| Community involvement | 57 | ||
| Consumer acceptance | 57 | ||
| Techniques | 57 | ||
| Risks | 57 | ||
| Environmental conditions | 57 | ||
| Future goals | 57 | ||
| Recommended reading | 58 | ||
| Evaluation | 58 | ||
| Conclusion | 59 | ||
| References | 59 | ||
| Case 7: Integrated rainwater use in Berlin, Germany | 61 | ||
| Location | 61 | ||
| Projects | 61 | ||
| Timescale | 62 | ||
| Driving forces | 62 | ||
| Water quality | 62 | ||
| Costs | 62 | ||
| Cost coverage | 62 | ||
| Political environment | 62 | ||
| Techniques | 62 | ||
| Environmental conditions | 62 | ||
| Recommended reading | 62 | ||
| Evaluation | 62 | ||
| Conclusion | 63 | ||
| References | 63 | ||
| Case 8: Reclamation of wastewater in Orange County, California | 65 | ||
| Location | 65 | ||
| Projects | 65 | ||
| Timescale | 66 | ||
| Driving forces | 66 | ||
| Water consumption | 66 | ||
| Factors affecting water consumption | 67 | ||
| Water quality | 67 | ||
| Costs | 67 | ||
| Cost coverage | 67 | ||
| Political environment | 67 | ||
| Community involvement | 67 | ||
| Consumer acceptance | 67 | ||
| Techniques | 67 | ||
| Risks | 67 | ||
| Environmental conditions | 68 | ||
| Future goals | 68 | ||
| Recommended reading | 68 | ||
| Evaluation | 69 | ||
| Conclusion | 69 | ||
| References | 69 | ||
| Case 9: Wastewater reuse via membrane-bioreactor in Rio Rancho, New Mexico | 71 | ||
| Location | 71 | ||
| Projects | 71 | ||
| Timescale | 72 | ||
| Driving forces | 72 | ||
| Water consumption | 72 | ||
| Factors affecting water consumption | 72 | ||
| Water quality | 72 | ||
| Costs | 72 | ||
| Political environment | 72 | ||
| Techniques | 72 | ||
| Environmental conditions | 72 | ||
| Recommended reading | 72 | ||
| Evaluation | 73 | ||
| Conclusion | 73 | ||
| References | 73 | ||
| Case 10: Direct reuse in Windhoek, Namibia | 75 | ||
| Location | 75 | ||
| Projects | 75 | ||
| Timescale | 76 | ||
| Driving forces | 76 | ||
| Water consumption | 76 | ||
| Factors affecting water consumption | 76 | ||
| Water quality | 76 | ||
| Costs | 77 | ||
| Cost coverage | 77 | ||
| Political environment | 77 | ||
| Community involvement | 77 | ||
| Consumer acceptance | 78 | ||
| Techniques | 78 | ||
| Risks | 78 | ||
| Environmental conditions | 78 | ||
| Future goals | 78 | ||
| Recommended reading | 78 | ||
| Evaluation | 78 | ||
| Conclusion | 79 | ||
| References | 79 | ||
| Case 11: Water management in Singapore | 81 | ||
| Location | 81 | ||
| Projects | 81 | ||
| Timescale | 82 | ||
| Driving forces | 82 | ||
| Water consumption | 82 | ||
| Factors affecting water consumption | 83 | ||
| Water quality | 83 | ||
| Costs | 83 | ||
| Community involvement | 83 | ||
| Consumer acceptance | 84 | ||
| Techniques | 84 | ||
| Risks | 84 | ||
| Environmental conditions | 85 | ||
| Future goals | 85 | ||
| Recommended reading | 85 | ||
| Evaluation | 85 | ||
| Conclusion | 85 | ||
| References | 86 | ||
| Case 12: Mandatory Rainwater Collection in Seoul, South Korea | 87 | ||
| Location | 87 | ||
| Projects | 87 | ||
| Timescale | 88 | ||
| Driving forces | 88 | ||
| Water consumption | 88 | ||
| Costs | 88 | ||
| Cost coverage | 88 | ||
| Community involvement | 88 | ||
| Techniques | 88 | ||
| Risks | 88 | ||
| Environmental conditions | 88 | ||
| Future goals | 88 | ||
| Recommended reading | 89 | ||
| Evaluation | 89 | ||
| Conclusion | 89 | ||
| References | 89 | ||
| Case 13: Local water reuse in Japan | 91 | ||
| Location | 91 | ||
| Projects | 91 | ||
| Timescale | 92 | ||
| Driving forces | 92 | ||
| Water consumption | 93 | ||
| Water quality | 93 | ||
| Costs | 93 | ||
| Cost coverage | 93 | ||
| Political environment | 93 | ||
| Community involvement | 93 | ||
| Consumer acceptance | 94 | ||
| Techniques | 94 | ||
| Risks | 94 | ||
| Environmental conditions | 94 | ||
| Recommended reading | 94 | ||
| Evaluation | 94 | ||
| Conclusion | 94 | ||
| References | 95 | ||
| Case 14: Desalination in Perth, Western Australia | 97 | ||
| Location | 97 | ||
| Projects | 97 | ||
| Timescale | 97 | ||
| Driving forces | 97 | ||
| Water consumption | 98 | ||
| Factors affecting water consumption | 98 | ||
| Water quality | 98 | ||
| Costs | 99 | ||
| Cost coverage | 99 | ||
| Political environment | 99 | ||
| Community involvement | 100 | ||
| Consumer acceptance | 100 | ||
| Techniques | 100 | ||
| Risks | 100 | ||
| Environmental conditions | 101 | ||
| Future goals | 101 | ||
| Recommended Reading | 101 | ||
| Evaluation | 101 | ||
| Conclusion | 101 | ||
| References | 102 | ||
| Case 15: Gold Coast water future, Queensland, Australia | 103 | ||
| Location | 103 | ||
| Projects | 103 | ||
| Timescale | 105 | ||
| Driving forces | 105 | ||
| Water consumption | 105 | ||
| Factors affecting water consumption | 105 | ||
| Water quality | 105 | ||
| Costs | 106 | ||
| Cost coverage | 106 | ||
| Political environment | 106 | ||
| Community involvement | 106 | ||
| Consumer acceptance | 106 | ||
| Techniques | 106 | ||
| Risks | 107 | ||
| Environmental conditions | 107 | ||
| Future goals | 107 | ||
| Recommended reading | 107 | ||
| Evaluation | 108 | ||
| Conclusion | 108 | ||
| References | 108 | ||
| Chapter 6: Alternative water resources: overview and discussion of cases | 111 | ||
| 6.1 WATER CONSUMPTION AND WATER SAVINGS | 112 | ||
| 6.1.1 Water consumption | 112 | ||
| 6.1.2 Household consumption | 112 | ||
| 6.2 RECLAIMING WASTEWATER | 113 | ||
| 6.2.1 Applications of reclamation | 113 | ||
| 6.2.2 Technology and costs | 114 | ||
| 6.2.3 Summary and relevance | 116 | ||
| 6.3 DESALINATION | 116 | ||
| 6.3.1 Applications | 117 | ||
| 6.3.2 Technology and costs | 117 | ||
| 6.3.3 Summary and relevance | 118 | ||
| 6.4 RAINWATER HARVESTING | 118 | ||
| 6.4.1 Application | 119 | ||
| 6.4.2 Technology and costs | 119 | ||
| 6.4.3 Summary and relevance | 120 | ||
| 6.5 SUMMARY OF RESOURCE ALTERNATIVES | 120 | ||
| REFERENCES | 122 | ||
| Chapter 7: Water policy and planning | 123 | ||
| 7.1 DRIVING FORCES | 123 | ||
| 7.2 INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT | 123 | ||
| 7.2.1 Community involvement | 124 | ||
| 7.2.2 Public debate – the case in Toowoomba, Australia | 124 | ||
| 7.2.3 Handling public debate | 124 | ||
| 7.3 PERCEPTION OF WATER MANAGEMENT AND WATER QUALITY | 126 | ||
| 7.3.1 Bottled water | 126 | ||
| REFERENCES | 126 | ||
| Chapter 8: Risks and management of residuals (concentrates) and brines | 127 | ||
| 8.1 RISKS AND WATER QUALITY | 127 | ||
| 8.1.1 Reclamation and desalination for drinking water use | 127 | ||
| 8.1.2 Rainwater | 128 | ||
| 8.2 DISCHARGE OF CONCENTRATES | 128 | ||
| REFERENCES | 129 | ||
| Chapter 9: Concluding remarks | 131 | ||
| 9.1 URBAN WATER SELF-SUFFICIENCY | 131 | ||
| 9.2 DRIVING FORCES | 131 | ||
| 9.3 WATER CONSUMPTION AND WATER SAVINGS | 131 | ||
| 9.4 RECLAMATION OF WASTEWATER | 132 | ||
| 9.5 SECONDARY WATER SUPPLY BASED ON REUSED WATER, AND RAINWATER | 132 | ||
| 9.6 DESALINATION | 133 | ||
| 9.7 ENERGY CONSUMPTION | 133 | ||
| 9.8 RISKS FOR POPULATION HEALTH | 133 | ||
| 9.9 PUBLIC CONCEPTION OF WATER QUALITY | 133 | ||
| 9.10 THE POTENTIAL FOR ALTERNATIVE WATER RESOURCE USE IN CITIES | 133 | ||
| Appendix: List of screened cases | 135 |