Waterborne Pathogens

Emmanuelle Guillot; Jean-Francois Loret

BOOK

Waterborne Pathogens

Emmanuelle Guillot | Jean-Francois Loret

(2009)

Additional Information

Book Details

ISBN: 978-1-78040-174-4
Edition: 1
Language: English
Pages: 202
Subjects: The environment
Environmental science, engineering & technology
Water supply & treatment

Abstract

Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria, viruses and protozoa, are the most common and widespread health risk associated with drinking water. Most waterborne pathogens are introduced into drinking water supplies by human or animal faeces (enteric pathogens) but they can also exist naturally in water environments as indigenous aquatic micro-organisms. Controlling the risks related to these pathogens is a permanent challenge for the water industry. In addition to the constantly evolving range of pathogens to consider, assessing and managing such risks requires the integration of information issued by a wide range of disciplines. The necessary knowledge is however still sketchy and incomplete for most pathogens, and research efforts are necessary to fill the remaining gaps of knowledge.
The purpose of this study is to provide an updated, comprehensive review of current knowledge on a selection of pathogens of interest for the drinking water industry, and to identify the remaining gaps of knowledge and thus the necessary research to be conducted. Emphasis has been laid on the information needed to assess and manage the risks related to each of these pathogens in drinking water production and distribution.
The pathogens considered in this review were selected on the basis of:

Their recognized or highly suspected transmission by drinking water through ingestion, inhalation, or contact
Their recognized pathogenic character for humans
The severity of their health effects

Each micro-organism in this study is described in a summary fact sheet composed of the following items: microbiology, human health effects, geographical distribution, epidemiology, ecology, inactivation/removal, surrogates, environmental detection and research needs. Since much remains unknown about many aspects that are common to viruses, the study features a general section on virus research needs. A special section summarizes the risk management research conducted on waterborne pathogens. Finally, the conclusion gives an overview of the main gaps in current knowledge on waterborne pathogens.
Visit the IWA WaterWiki to read and share material related to this title: http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/WaterbornePathogens

Section Title	Page	Action	Price
Half title page	1
Title page	3
Copyright page	4
Contents	5
Foreword	6
Acknowledgements	7
Introduction	9
Bacteria	11
Campylobacter	13
Microbiology	13
General description	13
Classification	13
Human health effects	13
Clinical features	13
Dose – response data	13
Target populations	14
Diagnosis	14
Treatment	14
Geographical distribution	14
Epidemiology	14
Transmission routes	14
Waterborne outbreaks	14
Ecology	15
Regrowth in distribution systems/biofilms	15
Occurrence	15
Reservoirs	15
Survival	15
Inactivation/removal	16
Surrogates	16
Environmental detection	16
Research needs	17
Analytical methods	17
Route of transmission	17
Occurrence	17
Reservoirs	17
Environmental survival	17
Inactivation/removal	17
Escherichia coli O157:H7	18
Microbiology	18
General description	18
Classification	18
Human health effects	18
Clinical features	18
Dose – response data	18
Target populations	19
Diagnosis	19
Treatment	19
Geographical distribution	19
Epidemiology	19
Transmission routes	19
Waterborne outbreaks	19
Ecology	20
Regrowth in distribution systems/biofilms	20
Occurrence	20
Reservoirs	20
Survival	20
Inactivation/removal	20
Surrogates	21
Environmental detection	21
Research needs	22
Analytical methods	22
Ecology	22
Environmental survival	22
Treatment	22
Helicobacter Pylori	23
Microbiology	23
General description	23
Classification	23
Human health effects	23
Clinical features	23
Dose – response data	23
Target populations	23
Diagnosis	24
Treatment	24
Geographical distribution	24
Epidemiology	24
Transmission routes	24
Waterborne outbreaks	24
Ecology	24
Regrowth in distribution systems/biofilms	24
Occurrence	25
Reservoirs	25
Survival	25
Inactivation/removal	25
Surrogates	26
Environmental detection	26
Research needs	26
Analytical methods	26
Route of transmission	26
Occurrence	27
Reservoirs	27
Environmental survival	27
Inactivation	27
Salmonella	28
Microbiology	28
General description	28
Classification	28
Human health effects	29
Clinical features	29
Dose – response data	29
Target populations	29
Diagnosis	29
Treatment	29
Geographical distribution	29
Epidemiology	29
Transmission routes	30
Waterborne outbreaks	30
Ecology	30
Regrowth in distribution systems/biofilms	30
Occurrence	30
Reservoirs	30
Survival	31
Inactivation/removal	31
Surrogates	31
Environmental detection	31
Research needs	32
Shigella	33
Microbiology	33
General description	33
Classification	33
Human health effects	33
Clinical features	33
Dose – response data	33
Target populations	34
Diagnosis	34
Treatment	34
Geographical distribution	34
Epidemiology	34
Transmission routes	34
Waterborne outbreaks	34
Ecology	34
Regrowth in distribution systems/biofilms	34
Occurrence	35
Reservoirs	35
Survival	35
Inactivation/removal	35
Surrogates	35
Environmental detection	36
Research needs	36
Yersinia	37
Microbiology	37
General description	37
Classification	37
Human health effects	37
Clinical features	37
Dose – response data	37
Target populations	37
Diagnosis	38
Treatment	38
Geographical distribution	38
Epidemiology	38
Transmission routes	38
Waterborne outbreaks	38
Ecology	38
Regrowth in distribution systems/biofilms	38
Occurrence	38
Reservoirs	39
Survival	39
Inactivation/removal	39
Surrogates	39
Environmental detection	39
Research needs	40
Transmission route	40
Occurrence and distribution	40
Survival	40
Analytical methods	40
Aeromonas	41
RMicrobiology	41
General description	41
Classification	41
Human health effects	41
Clinical features	41
Dose – response data	41
Target populations	42
Diagnosis	42
Treatment	42
Geographical distribution	42
Epidemiology	42
Transmission routes	42
Waterborne outbreaks	42
Ecology	42
Regrowth in distribution systems/biofilms	42
Occurrence	43
Reservoirs	43
Survival	43
Inactivation/removal	43
Surrogates	44
Environmental detection	44
Research needs	44
Burkholderia pseudomallei	46
Microbiology	46
General description	46
Classification	46
Human health effects	46
Clinical features	46
Dose – response data	46
Target populations	46
Diagnosis	47
Treatment	47
Geographical distribution	47
Epidemiology	47
Transmission routes	47
Waterborne outbreaks	47
Ecology	47
Regrowth in distribution systems/biofilms	47
Occurrence	47
Reservoirs	47
Survival	48
Inactivation/removal	48
Surrogates	48
Environmental detection	48
Research needs	48
Cyanobacteria	49
Microbiology	49
General description	49
Classification	49
Human health effects	49
The cause	49
Clinical features	50
Dose – response data	50
Target populations	50
Diagnosis	50
Treatment	50
Geographical distribution	51
Epidemiology	51
Transmission routes	51
Waterborne outbreaks	51
Ecology	51
Regrowth in distribution systems/biofilms	51
Occurrence	51
Reservoirs	51
Survival/growth	52
Inactivation/removal	52
Surrogates	52
Environmental detection	52
Research needs	53
Legionella	55
Microbiology	55
General description	55
Classification	55
Human health effects	55
Clinical features	55
Dose – response data	55
Target populations	56
Diagnosis	56
Treatment	56
Geographical distribution	56
Epidemiology	56
Transmission routes	56
Waterborne outbreaks	56
Ecology	57
Regrowth in distribution systems/biofilms	57
Occurrence	57
Reservoirs	58
Survival	58
Inactivation/removal	58
Surrogates	59
Environmental detection	59
Research needs	60
Analytical methods	60
Ecology	61
Occurrence:	61
Epidemiology	61
Treatment	61
Non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM)	62
Microbiology	62
General description	62
Classification	62
Human health effects	62
Clinical features	62
Dose – response data	63
Target populations	63
Diagnosis	63
Treatment	63
Geographical distribution	63
Epidemiology	63
Transmission routes	63
Waterborne outbreaks	63
Ecology	64
Regrowth in distribution systems/biofilms	64
Occurrence	64
Reservoirs	64
Survival	64
Inactivation/removal	65
Surrogates	65
Environmental detection	65
Research needs	66
Analytical methods	66
Virulence factors	66
Epidemiology	67
Biofilm	67
Waterborne transmission	67
Inactivation	67
Risk assessment	67
Viruses	69
Adenovirus	71
Microbiology	71
General description	71
Classification	71
Human health effects	71
Clinical features	71
Dose – response data	72
Target populations	72
Diagnosis	72
Treatment	72
Geographical distribution	72
Epidemiology	72
Transmission routes	72
Waterborne outbreaks	72
Ecology	73
Regrowth in distribution systems/biofilms	73
Occurrence	73
Survival	73
Reservoirs	73
Inactivation/removal	73
Surrogates	74
Environmental detection	74
Calicivirus	75
Microbiology	75
General description	75
Classification	75
Human health effects	75
Clinical features	75
Dose – response data	76
Target populations	76
Diagnosis	76
Treatment	76
Geographical distribution	76
Epidemiology	76
Transmission routes	76
Waterborne outbreaks	76
Ecology	77
Regrowth in distribution systems/biofilms	77
Occurrence	77
Reservoirs	77
Survival	77
Inactivation/removal	77
Surrogates	78
Environmental detection	78
Enterovirus	79
Microbiology	79
General description	79
Classification	79
Human health effects	79
Clinical features	79
Dose – response data	80
Target populations	80
Diagnosis	80
Treatment	80
Geographical distribution	80
Epidemiology	80
Transmission routes	80
Waterborne outbreaks	80
Ecology	81
Regrowth in distribution systems/biofilms	81
Occurrence	81
Reservoirs	81
Survival	81
Inactivation/removal	82
Surrogates	82
Environmental detection	82
Concentration:	82
Purification:	82
Detection:	82
Hepatitis A	84
Microbiology	84
General description	84
Classification	84
Human health effects	84
Clinical features	84
Dose – response data	84
Target populations	84
Diagnosis	85
Treatment	85
Geographical distribution	85
Epidemiology	85
Transmission routes	85
Waterborne outbreaks	85
Ecology	86
Regrowth in distribution systems/biofilms	86
Occurrence	86
Survival	86
Reservoirs	86
Inactivation/removal	86
Surrogates	87
Environmental detection	87
Hepatitis E	89
Microbiology	89
General description	89
Classification	89
Human health effects	89
Clinical features	89
Dose – response data	89
Target populations	90
Diagnosis	90
Treatment	90
Geographical distribution	90
Epidemiology	90
Transmission routes	90
Waterborne outbreaks	90
Ecology	91
Regrowth in distribution systems/biofilms	91
Occurrence	91
Reservoirs	91
Survival	91
Inactivation/removal	91
Surrogates	91
Environmental detection	91
Rotavirus	93
Microbiology	93
General description	93
Classification	93
Human health effects	93
Clinical features	93
Dose – response data	93
Target populations	93
Diagnosis	94
Treatment	94
Geographical distribution	94
Epidemiology	94
Transmission routes	94
Waterborne outbreaks	94
Ecology	95
Regrowth in distribution systems/biofilms	95
Occurrence	95
Survival	95
Reservoirs	95
Inactivation/removal	95
Surrogates	96
Environmental detection	96
Virus research needs	96
Analytical methods	96
Occurrence	97
Epidemiology	97
Ecology	97
Reservoirs:	97
Environmental survival and transport:	97
Treatment	98
Indicators	98
Cyclospora	116
Microbiology	116
General description	116
Classification	116
Human health effects	116
Clinical features	116
Dose – response data	117
Target populations	117
Diagnosis	117
Treatment	117
Geographical distribution	117
Epidemiology	117
Transmission routes	117
Waterborne outbreaks	117
Ecology	118
Regrowth in distribution systems/biofilms	118
Occurrence	118
Reservoirs	118
Survival	118
Inactivation/removal	118
Surrogates	119
Environmental detection	119
Research needs	119
Environmental survival	119
Epidemiology	120
Transmission to humans:	120
Treatment	120
Analytical method	120
Microsporidia	121
Microbiology	121
General description	121
Classification	121
Human health effects	121
Clinical features	121
Dose – response data	122
Target populations	122
Diagnosis	122
Treatment	122
Geographical distribution	122
Epidemiology	122
Transmission routes	122
Waterborne outbreaks	122
Ecology	123
Occurrence	123
Reservoirs	123
Survival	123
Inactivation/removal	123
Surrogates	124
Environmental detection	124
Research needs	125
Acanthamoeba	126
Microbiology	126
General description	126
Classification	126
Human health effects	126
Clinical features	126
Dose – response data	127
Target populations	127
Diagnosis	127
Treatment	127
Geographical distribution	127
Epidemiology	127
Transmission routes	127
Waterborne outbreaks	128
Ecology	128
Regrowth in distribution systems/biofilms	128
Occurrence	128
Reservoirs	128
Survival	128
Inactivation/removal	128
Surrogates	129
Environmental detection	129
Research needs	129
Ecology	130
Acanthamoeba-bacteria interaction:	130
Occurrence:	130
Epidemiology	130
Treatment	130
Environmental detection method	130
Conclusions	131
References	133
Annex 1	173
Annex 1: Treatment data	174
Treatment data: clarification/rapid filtration	174
Treatment data: disinfection–chlorine	177
Treatment data: disinfection–chloramines	183
Treatment data: disinfection–chlorine dioxide	186
Treatment data: disinfection–ozone	189
Treatment data: disinfection–UV	192
Treatment data: References	197

Waterborne Pathogens

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