BOOK
Climate Change and Water
Joel Smith | Carol Howe | Jim Henderson | Casey Brown | M. Neil Ward | Charles B. Bott | Denny S. Parker | Chittaranjan Ray | Christopher P. Higgins | Jonathan Sharp | Clemens von Sonntag | Urs von Gunten
(2009)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Understand the effects of climate change on urban water and wastewater utilities with this collection of international scientific papers. Case studies and practical planning, mitigating and adapting information provided on greenhouse gases, energy use, and water supply and quality issues.
This title is co-published with the American Water Works Association.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Title page | i | ||
| Copyright page | ii | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Introduction | Sec2:1 | ||
| ADDRESS ING CLIMATE CHANGE AND UNCERTAINTY | Sec2:1 | ||
| Understanding the Impact | 3 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3 | ||
| Understanding the Problem | 3 | ||
| Measuring the Impact—Climate and Water Footprints | Sec2:4 | ||
| 1: No Doubt About Climate Change and Its Implications for Water Suppliers | Sec1:5 | ||
| IPCC REPORT REMOVES DOUBTS ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE | Sec1:6 | ||
| CONSEQUENCES FOR WATER RESOURCES | Sec1:6 | ||
| BOTTOM LINE IMPLICATIONS FOR WATER SUPPLIERS: ADAPTATION | Sec1:7 | ||
| Portfolio Approach to Planning Encouraged | Sec1:8 | ||
| TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE IMPLICATIONS: MITIGATION | Sec1:9 | ||
| Balancing Fiscal and Environmental Responsibility | Sec1:9 | ||
| Demand Management Plays Numerous Roles | Sec1:10 | ||
| IPCC REPORT ALSO AFFIRMS HOPE | Sec1:10 | ||
| ABOUT THE AUTHOR | Sec1:11 | ||
| REFERENCES | Sec1:11 | ||
| 2: How Should Water Utilities Prepare for Climate Change? | Sec1:13 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | Sec1:13 | ||
| POTENTIAL CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON WATER SYSTEMS | Sec1:13 | ||
| Water Supply Availability Impacts | Sec1:13 | ||
| Flood Control/Storage Impacts | Sec1:14 | ||
| Operational Reliability Impacts | Sec1:14 | ||
| Water Quality Impacts | Sec1:14 | ||
| VULNERABILITY ANALYSES | Sec1:15 | ||
| Water Supply Reliability | Sec1:15 | ||
| Flood Control | Sec1:16 | ||
| PREPARING FOR CLIMATE CHANGE | Sec1:17 | ||
| CONCLUSION | Sec1:18 | ||
| 3: Mountain Water and Climate Change | 21 | ||
| MOUNTAINS: WATER TOWERS OF THE WORLD | 21 | ||
| General | 21 | ||
| Case Study: Rhine River Basin | 24 | ||
| CLIMATE CHANGE AND MOUNTAIN HYDROLOGY | 26 | ||
| General | 26 | ||
| Detailed Case Study: Rhine River Basin | 28 | ||
| MAJOR MOUNTAIN RANGES OF THE WORLD | 30 | ||
| Rocky Mountains | 30 | ||
| Andes | 31 | ||
| European Alps | 32 | ||
| African Mountain Ranges | 33 | ||
| Taurus–Elburs–Zagros | 34 | ||
| Hindu–Kush–Himalayas (HKH) | 35 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 37 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 38 | ||
| REFERENCES | 38 | ||
| 4: Prevailing Water Demand Forecasting Practices and Implications for Evaluating the Effects of Climate Change | 41 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 41 | ||
| The Water Demand Function and Climate Change | 41 | ||
| SUMMARY OF INDUSTRY PRACTICES AND CONSTRAINTS | 42 | ||
| POWER OF DEMAND SIMULATION METHODS | 43 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 45 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 45 | ||
| 5: Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on Source Water Quality of Lake Cachuma, California | 47 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 47 | ||
| Lake Water Quality | 47 | ||
| Lake Hydroclimate | 47 | ||
| California Region Climate Change Models | 48 | ||
| Indicators of Climate Variability | 48 | ||
| Lake Water Quality Model | 49 | ||
| Climate Change Projections | 50 | ||
| Projected Climate Change Impacts on Water Quality | 51 | ||
| SHORT-TERM IMPACTS OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY ON LAKE WATER | 51 | ||
| ASSESSMENT TOOLS | 52 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 53 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 53 | ||
| REFERENCES | 54 | ||
| 6: The Climate Footprint and the Practical Application at Water Companies in the Netherlands | 55 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 55 | ||
| CLIMATE FOOTPRINT METHODOLOGY | 55 | ||
| ORGANISATIONAL SCOPE | 56 | ||
| OPERATIONAL SCOPE | 58 | ||
| CONVERTING DATA TO CO⊂2 EQUIVALENTS | 58 | ||
| WATERBEDRIJF GRONINGEN: OPPORTUNITIES FOR EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS | 58 | ||
| OPPORTUNITIES WITHIN THE COMPANY’S PROCESSES | 60 | ||
| OPPORTUNITIES OUTSIDE THE COMPANY’S PROCESSES | 60 | ||
| BRABANT WATER: CLIMATE NEUTRAL IN 2013? | 60 | ||
| Current Climate Footprint | 61 | ||
| Project Objective | 61 | ||
| Planned Approach | 62 | ||
| Immediate (Technical) Actions | 62 | ||
| Involving the Employees | 62 | ||
| WATERNET: THE CLIMATE FOOTPRINT OF THE TOTAL WATER CYCLE | 63 | ||
| The Climate Footprint of the Municipal Water Chain | 64 | ||
| The Climate Footprint Over Time | 64 | ||
| Results in 2007 | 66 | ||
| The Climate Footprint of the Total Water Cycle | 67 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS | 68 | ||
| Conclusions | 68 | ||
| Recommendations | 68 | ||
| How to Use the Climate Footprint? | 69 | ||
| Risk management | 69 | ||
| Efficiency improvements | 69 | ||
| Benchmarking | 69 | ||
| Becoming climate neutral | 69 | ||
| How to Organize the Internal Process Within the Company? | 69 | ||
| How to Organize the Relations with the External World? | 70 | ||
| Government regulations | 71 | ||
| Reputation | 71 | ||
| Business opportunities | 71 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 72 | ||
| REFERENCES | 72 | ||
| 7: Climate Footprint and Mitigation Measures in the Dutch Water Sector | 73 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 73 | ||
| CLIMATE FOOTPRINT | 74 | ||
| ENERGY CONSUMPTION | 74 | ||
| DIRECT EMISSIONS | 75 | ||
| INDIRECT EMISSIONS | 77 | ||
| OVERALL | 77 | ||
| MITIGATION MEASURES | 77 | ||
| Energy Efficiency Measures | 77 | ||
| Mitigation Measures in the Water Cycle | 78 | ||
| Tuning of Sewerage and Treatment | 78 | ||
| Conservation of (Warm) Water at Households | 78 | ||
| Reuse of Warmth Content | 78 | ||
| Modern Sanitation | 79 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS | 79 | ||
| REFERENCES | 80 | ||
| 8: The Water Footprint of Bio-Energy | 81 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 81 | ||
| BIO-ENERGY | 82 | ||
| WATER FOOTPRINT | 82 | ||
| CROP COVERAGE | 83 | ||
| METHOD | 84 | ||
| Calculation of the Water Footprint of Crops | 84 | ||
| Calculation of the WF of Heat and Electricity from Biomass | 85 | ||
| Calculation of the Wf of First-Generation Biofuels | 85 | ||
| Calculation of the WF of Next-Generation Biofuels | 87 | ||
| THE WATER FOOTPRINT OF BIO-ELECTRICITY AND BIOFUELS | 88 | ||
| Crop Production, Crop Water Requirements, and Irrigation Requirements | 88 | ||
| The WF of Biomass | 88 | ||
| The WF of Heat and Electricity from Biomass | 88 | ||
| The WF of First-Generation Biofuels | 88 | ||
| Biofuel Energy Production per Crop Unit | 88 | ||
| The WF of Bio-ethanol | 90 | ||
| The WF of Biodiesel | 90 | ||
| The WF of Next-Generation Biofuels | 91 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 92 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 93 | ||
| REFERENCES | 94 | ||
| Mitigation | 97 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 97 | ||
| 9: The Water–Energy–Climate Nexus—Systems Thinking and Virtuous Circles | 99 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 99 | ||
| THE CURRENT SITUATION | 100 | ||
| Centralised Large-Scale Water Supply Systems | 100 | ||
| Distributed Small-Scale Systems | 101 | ||
| The Costs of New Infrastructure | 102 | ||
| Greenhouse Gas Emissions | 102 | ||
| A WAY FORWARD? | 103 | ||
| Integrated Resource Planning | 104 | ||
| The Role of End Use and Water Efficiency | 106 | ||
| The Virtuous Circle | 107 | ||
| REFERENCES | 108 | ||
| 10: Energy Use in Urban Water | 111 | ||
| INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND | 111 | ||
| DETAILS AND CONTEXT FOR INDIVIDUAL CITIES | 112 | ||
| INTERCITY COMPARISON | 115 | ||
| FUTURE WATER UTILITY ENERGY USE | 116 | ||
| ENERGY USE FOR RESIDENTIAL HOT WATER | 116 | ||
| INDUSTRY IMPLICATIONS AND ACTIONS | 117 | ||
| BROADER CONSIDERATIONS FOR WATER AND ENERGY POLICY | 119 | ||
| REFERENCES | 120 | ||
| 11: WATERGY: Energy and Water Efficiency in Municipal Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment | 123 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 123 | ||
| TECHNICAL AND MANAGERIAL APPROACHES TO WATERGY | 126 | ||
| Generating Political Will | 128 | ||
| Technical Management and Analysis | 128 | ||
| Implementing Efficiency Measures | 130 | ||
| Pumping Systems | 130 | ||
| Automated Controls | 131 | ||
| Metering and Monitoring | 132 | ||
| Pump system | 133 | ||
| Electrical systems | 133 | ||
| Incorporating Energy Efficiency at the Design Stage of New Water Utilities and Wastewater Systems | 133 | ||
| Overall Approach | 134 | ||
| Installation of Energy Efficient Technology | 134 | ||
| Usage of Energy Saving Devices | 134 | ||
| System Flexibility | 134 | ||
| Energy Efficiency Design Considerations | 135 | ||
| RESULTS | 135 | ||
| 12: Station Efficiency Reduces Greenhouse Gas Emissions | 137 | ||
| GLOBAL WARMING AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS | 137 | ||
| WHAT DOES EMISSIONS REDUCTION MEAN FOR THE WASTEWATER INDUSTRY? | 138 | ||
| SOURCES OF GHG EMISSIONS IN THE WASTEWATER INDUSTRY | 138 | ||
| WHY DO PUMPS LOSE EFFICIENCY? | 140 | ||
| EFFICIENCY AND GHG REDUCTION SOLUTIONS | 141 | ||
| Monitoring Technology | 141 | ||
| REFERENCES | 143 | ||
| 13: Climate Change—Mitigation Policy Issues | 145 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 145 | ||
| CONGRESSIONAL ACTIVITIES | 145 | ||
| Cap and Trade Legislation | 145 | ||
| Water Efficiency Legislation | 147 | ||
| ACTIVITIES BY FEDERAL AGENCIES | 147 | ||
| U.S. Climate Change Science Program | 147 | ||
| USEPA National Water Program Strategy: Response to Climate Change | 148 | ||
| Water-Related Energy Conservation and Production | 149 | ||
| Key Action | 150 | ||
| Water Conservation | 150 | ||
| 14: Climate Change Mitigation Strategies in the Water Sector in Developing Countries | 157 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 157 | ||
| CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM PROJECT DEVELOPMENT | 158 | ||
| APPROVED METHODOLOGIES AND CASE STUDIES IN THE WATER SECTOR | 159 | ||
| AMS III.H—Methane Recovery in Wastewater Treatment | 160 | ||
| AMS III.H Case Study 1 | 160 | ||
| Summary | 161 | ||
| AMS III.H Case Study 1 | 161 | ||
| Summary | 162 | ||
| AMS III.F—Avoidance of Methane Emissions through Controlled Biological Treatment of Biomass | 162 | ||
| AMS III.F Case Study | 163 | ||
| Summary | 164 | ||
| AMS III.I—Avoidance of Methane Production in Wastewater Treatment through Replacement of Anaerobic Systems by Aerobic Systems | 164 | ||
| AMS III.I Case Study | 164 | ||
| Summary | 165 | ||
| ACM0014—Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions fromTreatment of Industrial Wastewater | 165 | ||
| ACM0014 Case Study | 166 | ||
| Summary | 166 | ||
| ACM0010—Consolidated Baseline Methodology for GHG Emission Reductions from Manure Management Systems | 166 | ||
| ACM0010 Case Study | 167 | ||
| Summary | 167 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 168 | ||
| Adaptation | 169 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 169 | ||
| Planning for Climate Change | 169 | ||
| Case Studies and Practical Actions | 169 | ||
| 15: Incorporating Climate Change in Water Planning | 173 | ||
| CLIMATE CHANGE RISK ASSESSMENT AND TOTAL WATER MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLIES | 174 | ||
| Climate Change Risk Assessment | 174 | ||
| Threshold Risk Assessment Approach | 174 | ||
| Scenario Risk Assessment Approach | 176 | ||
| Advantages of a Dual Analytical Framework | 177 | ||
| Total Water Management | 177 | ||
| Plan Elements of TWM | 178 | ||
| CASE STUDY: INTEGRATING CLIMATE CHANGE IN WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING | 179 | ||
| The Lower Colorado River Authority—San Antonio Water System Water Project | 179 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 181 | ||
| REFERENCES | 182 | ||
| GLOSSARY | 182 | ||
| 16: Climate Change and Water Utilities | 183 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 183 | ||
| Climate Change Increases Water Stress | 183 | ||
| MANAGING WATER STRESS ON SUPPLY SIDE AND DEMAND SIDE | 183 | ||
| Managing Water-Related Stress: A Case of Supply and Demand Management | 183 | ||
| Water Supply Management | 184 | ||
| Ethiopia: Construction of Dams | 184 | ||
| Umgeni Water Supply—A “Total Approach” | 185 | ||
| Perth, Australia: Desalination | 185 | ||
| United States of America: Rethinking Big Dam Policies Because of Climate Change | 186 | ||
| Critical Words on Desalination | 186 | ||
| Water Demand Management | 187 | ||
| Metro Manilla, Philippines—Allocation Managing Demand Using Climate Forecasts | 188 | ||
| Ceará, Brazil—Allocation Water Through Demand Management | 188 | ||
| Sydney, Australia—Portfolio of Water Demand Management Options Implemented | 188 | ||
| Water and Adaptation: A Global Overview | 188 | ||
| Africa | 189 | ||
| Asia | 189 | ||
| Australia and New Zealand | 189 | ||
| Europe | 190 | ||
| Latin America | 190 | ||
| North America | 190 | ||
| Polar Regions | 190 | ||
| Small Islands | 190 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 190 | ||
| Portfolio Approach | 190 | ||
| REFERENCES | 191 | ||
| 17: Half Full or Half Empty? Either Way It’s Time to Plan | 193 | ||
| WESTERN UNITED STATES FACES DROUGHT CONCERNS | 193 | ||
| STRATEGIES VITAL TO LONG-TERM WATER SUPPLY | 194 | ||
| UTILITIES PLAN FOR THE FUTURE | 196 | ||
| SNWA | 196 | ||
| Zone 7 Water Agency | 197 | ||
| COLLABORATION AND COMMITMENT ARE KEY | 197 | ||
| REFERENCES | 197 | ||
| 18: Climate Change Is Real: How Can Utilities Cope With Potential Risks? | 199 | ||
| FUTURE CHANGES | 199 | ||
| HOW WILL US CLIMATE CHANGE? | 201 | ||
| EFFECTS ON WATER RESOURCES | 202 | ||
| HOW CAN UTILITIES ADAPT? | 202 | ||
| No Regrets | 203 | ||
| Low Regrets | 203 | ||
| 19: Planning Strategy in a Changing Climate | 205 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 205 | ||
| IMPACTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE WATER AND WASTEWATER INDUSTRY | 205 | ||
| PLANNING FOR A CHANGING CLIMATE | Sec1:206 | ||
| Adaptation | Sec1:206 | ||
| Sea Level Rise | Sec1:207 | ||
| Changes in Precipitation Patterns | Sec1:207 | ||
| Mitigation | Sec1:207 | ||
| CASE STUDY: SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION 30-YEAR SEWER SYSTEM MASTER PLAN | Sec1:209 | ||
| CONCLUSION | Sec1:213 | ||
| RESOURCES FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER INDUSTRY | Sec1:213 | ||
| REFERENCES | Sec1:214 | ||
| 20: Climate Change: Charting a Water Coursein an Uncertain Future | 215 | ||
| THINK GLOBALLY ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE | 215 | ||
| ACT LOCALLY TO UNDERSTAND CLIMATE CHANGE | 217 | ||
| DETERMINE THE VULNERABILITIES OF A WATER UTILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE | 217 | ||
| Water Supply | 218 | ||
| Flood Management | 218 | ||
| Water Demands | 218 | ||
| Sea-Level Rise | 219 | ||
| Power Generation | 219 | ||
| Water Quality | 220 | ||
| Integrating Climate Change into Long-Range Planning | 220 | ||
| Water Supply Planning | 220 | ||
| Strategic Planning and Budgeting | 221 | ||
| MITIGATING THE CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS OF A WATER UTILITY | 221 | ||
| Creating an Inventory of Utility-Produced GHGs | 222 | ||
| Mitigation Opportunities for Utilities | 223 | ||
| EBMUD’S GREENHOUE GAS MITIGATION EFFORTS | 224 | ||
| GHG Inventory | 224 | ||
| Energy Reduction Projects | 224 | ||
| Energy Generation Projects | 224 | ||
| Reductions in Use of Fossil Fuels | 225 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 225 | ||
| REFERENCES | 225 | ||
| 21: Implementation of Climate Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies for Drinking Water Production in the Netherlands | 227 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 227 | ||
| WATER STRESS FOR DRINKING WATER PRODUCTION | 227 | ||
| POTENTIAL FOR ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES | 230 | ||
| Alternative Sources Concept | 231 | ||
| Multiple Sources Concept | 232 | ||
| Flexible Sources Concept | 234 | ||
| POTENTIAL FOR MITIGATION MEASURES | 234 | ||
| Climate Footprint | 234 | ||
| Mitigation Measures | 236 | ||
| Energy-Efficient Technology for Drinking Water Production | 236 | ||
| Optimised Distribution of Drinking Water | 237 | ||
| Methane recovery | 237 | ||
| New water cycle concepts and household measures | 237 | ||
| DISCUSSION AND SYNTHESIS | 238 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 239 | ||
| REFERENCES | 239 | ||
| 22: Meeting the Challenges of Climate Change: Singapore | 241 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 241 | ||
| INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT | 242 | ||
| Water for All: Conserve, Value, Enjoy | 242 | ||
| Water for All | 242 | ||
| Local catchments | 243 | ||
| Imported water | 244 | ||
| NEWater | 244 | ||
| Desalination | 244 | ||
| Meeting long-term water demand and climate change impacts | 244 | ||
| Conserve, Value, Enjoy | 245 | ||
| Unaccounted-for Water | 245 | ||
| Pricing | 245 | ||
| Mandatory and Voluntary Measures | 246 | ||
| Active Beautiful Clean Waters | 246 | ||
| LEVERAGING INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGIES | 246 | ||
| FLOODING AND SEA-LEVEL RISE | 247 | ||
| SINGAPORE’S NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY | 248 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 248 | ||
| REFERENCES | 249 | ||
| 23: Climate Change and Adaptation in Southern California | 251 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 251 | ||
| IMPACTS | 252 | ||
| Water Quantity | 252 | ||
| Precipitation Frequency | 252 | ||
| Precipitation Intensity | 253 | ||
| Power, Flow, Temperature | 253 | ||
| Rain Versus Snow | 253 | ||
| Sea-Level Rise | 254 | ||
| Water Quality | 255 | ||
| Contaminant Concentration | 255 | ||
| Chemistry | 255 | ||
| Sediment Transport | 256 | ||
| Habitat Destruction | 257 | ||
| Consequences to Water System | 257 | ||
| Water Demand | 257 | ||
| Infrastructure | 258 | ||
| UTILITY ENGAGEMENT | 258 | ||
| Mitigating GHG Contribution | 258 | ||
| Adaptation | 259 | ||
| Monitoring Regulations | 260 | ||
| REFERENCES | 261 | ||
| 24: Melbourne Water Climate Change Study | 263 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 263 | ||
| CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS FOR THE MELBOURNE AREA | 264 | ||
| Increased Temperature | 264 | ||
| Reduced Rainfall | 265 | ||
| AREAS OF POTENTIAL RISK | 265 | ||
| POTENTIAL ADAPTATION STRATEGIES | 266 | ||
| Water Supplies | 266 | ||
| Sewerage System | 267 | ||
| Drainage and Waterways | 268 | ||
| Planning | 268 | ||
| CASE STUDIES | 268 | ||
| Case Study 1—Water Supplies | 268 | ||
| Case Study 2—Sewer Overflows | 269 | ||
| Case Study 3—Flooding | 271 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE 2005 STUDY | 273 | ||
| THREE YEARS LATER—THE SITUATION BY END 2008 | 274 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 276 | ||
| REFERENCES | 276 | ||
| 25: Climate Change Impacts on Urban Drainage Systems in Scandinavia | 277 | ||
| STATUS ON ACTIONS IN DENMARK, SWEDEN, AND NORWAY | 277 | ||
| Predicted Climate Changes in Denmark | 277 | ||
| Status on National Guidelines and Recommendations for Urban Drainage and Sewer Systems | 277 | ||
| Predicted Climate Changes in Sweden | 278 | ||
| Status on National Guidelines and Recommendations for Urban Drainage and Sewer Systems | 278 | ||
| Predicted Climate Changes in Norway | 278 | ||
| Status on National Guidelines and Recommendations for Urban Drainage and Sewer Systems | 279 | ||
| IMPACTS ON THE PRECIPITATION DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE | 280 | ||
| Transformation of the Rainfall from the Climate Model | 280 | ||
| CLIMATE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES | 281 | ||
| Problem Identification | 281 | ||
| Timely Management of Climate Changes | 281 | ||
| CASE STUDIES ON ADAPTATION OF URBAN SEWER SYSTEMS TO CLIMATE CHANGES | 282 | ||
| Helsingborg: Lussebäcken Catchment | 282 | ||
| Kalmar: Lindsdal Catchment | 283 | ||
| Odense, Denmark—Urban Flooding | 284 | ||
| Modeling Approach | 284 | ||
| Project Results | 284 | ||
| SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION | 285 | ||
| REFERENCES | 286 | ||
| Index | 289 |