BOOK
Sludge Reduction Technologies in Wastewater Treatment Plants
Paola Foladori | Gianni Andreottola | Giuliano Ziglio
(2010)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Sludge Reduction Technologies in Wastewater Treatment Plants is a review of the sludge reduction techniques integrated in wastewater treatment plants with detailed chapters on the most promising and most widespread techniques.Â
The aim of the book is to update the international community on the current status of knowledge and techniques in the field of sludge reduction. It will provide a comprehensive understanding of the following issues in sludge reduction: principles of sludge reduction techniques; process configurations; potential performance; advantages and drawbacks; economics and energy consumption. This book will be essential reading for managers and technical staff of wastewater treatment plants as well as graduate students and post-graduate specialists.Â
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Half Title | 1 | ||
| Title | 3 | ||
| Copyright | 4 | ||
| Contents | 5 | ||
| Preface | 13 | ||
| Chapter 1: Introduction | 15 | ||
| Chapter 2: Sludge composition and productionin full-plants | 20 | ||
| 2.1 INTRODUCTION | 20 | ||
| 2.2 SLUDGE COMPOSITION | 22 | ||
| 2.2.1 Sludge fractionation as COD | 23 | ||
| 2.3 SLUDGE PRODUCTION | 25 | ||
| 2.3.1 Primary sludge production | 25 | ||
| 2.3.2 Biological excess sludge production | 26 | ||
| 2.3.3 Calculation of biological excess sludge production | 26 | ||
| 2.4 TYPICAL SLUDGE PRODUCTION DATA | 31 | ||
| Chapter 3: Current sludge disposal alternatives and costs in critical areas | 33 | ||
| 3.1 INTRODUCTION | 33 | ||
| 3.2 TOTAL COSTS FOR SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL | 37 | ||
| 3.2.1 Sludge treatment costs in Europe | 37 | ||
| 3.2.2 Sludge disposal costs in Europe | 38 | ||
| Chapter 4: Principles of sludge reduction techniques integrated in wastewater treatment plants | 40 | ||
| 4.1 INTRODUCTION | 40 | ||
| 4.2 CELL LYSIS AND CRYPTIC GROWTH | 43 | ||
| 4.3 UNCOUPLED METABOLISM | 46 | ||
| 4.4 ENDOGENOUS METABOLISM | 48 | ||
| 4.5 MICROBIAL PREDATION | 50 | ||
| 4.6 BIODEGRADABILITY INCREASE IN INERT SOLIDS | 51 | ||
| 4.7 HYDROTHERMAL OXIDATION | 52 | ||
| Chapter 5: Overview of the sludge reduction techniques integrated in the wastewater handling units | 54 | ||
| 5.1 ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS WITH ADDED ENZYMES | 56 | ||
| 5.2 ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS BY THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA (THERMOPHILIC AEROBIC REACTOR) | 57 | ||
| 5.3 MECHANICAL DISINTEGRATION | 58 | ||
| 5.4 ULTRASONIC DISINTEGRATION | 59 | ||
| 5.5 THERMAL TREATMENT | 61 | ||
| 5.6 CHEMICAL AND THERMO-CHEMICAL HYDROLYSIS | 61 | ||
| 5.7 OXIDATION WITH OZONE (OZONATION) | 62 | ||
| 5.8 OXIDATION WITH STRONG OXIDANTS (DIFFERENT FROM OZONE) | 64 | ||
| 5.9 ELECTRICAL TREATMENT | 66 | ||
| 5.10 ADDITION OF CHEMICAL METABOLIC UNCOUPLERS | 68 | ||
| 5.11 SIDE-STREAM ANAEROBIC REACTOR (AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE) | 68 | ||
| 5.12 EXTENDED AERATION PROCESS | 70 | ||
| 5.13 MEMBRANE BIOLOGICAL REACTORS | 71 | ||
| 5.14 GRANULAR SLUDGE | 72 | ||
| 5.15 MICROBIAL PREDATION | 73 | ||
| Chapter 6: Overview of the sludge reduction techniques integrated in the sludge handling units | 75 | ||
| 6.1 ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS WITH ADDED ENZYMES | 77 | ||
| 6.2 MECHANICAL DISINTEGRATION | 78 | ||
| 6.3 ULTRASONIC DISINTEGRATION | 79 | ||
| 6.4 THERMAL TREATMENT | 80 | ||
| 6.5 MICROWAVE TREATMENT | 81 | ||
| 6.6 CHEMICAL AND THERMO-CHEMICAL HYDROLYSIS | 83 | ||
| 6.7 OXIDATION WITH OZONE (OZONATION) | 84 | ||
| 6.8 OXIDATION WITH STRONG OXIDANTS (DIFFERENT FROM OZONE) | 84 | ||
| 6.9 ELECTRICAL TREATMENT | 86 | ||
| 6.10 AEROBIC DIGESTION | 87 | ||
| 6.11 DIGESTION WITH ALTERNATING AEROBIC/ANOXIC/ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS | 88 | ||
| 6.12 DUAL DIGESTION | 89 | ||
| 6.13 AUTOTHERMAL THERMOPHILIC AEROBIC DIGESTION | 91 | ||
| 6.14 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION | 92 | ||
| 6.15 THERMOPHILIC ANAEROBIC DIGESTION | 93 | ||
| 6.16 MICROBIAL PREDATION | 93 | ||
| 6.17 WET AIR OXIDATION | 94 | ||
| 6.18 SUPERCRITICAL WATER OXIDATION | 96 | ||
| Chapter 7: Procedures for estimating the efficiency of sludge reduction technologies | 98 | ||
| 7.1 INTRODUCTION | 98 | ||
| 7.2 COD AND TSS SOLUBILISATION | 100 | ||
| 7.3 DEGREE OF DISINTEGRATION | 101 | ||
| 7.3.1 Degree of disintegration based on COD solubilisation (DDCOD) | 102 | ||
| 7.3.2 Degree of disintegration based on oxygen consumption | 103 | ||
| 7.4 BIODEGRADABILITY EVALUATED BY RESPIROMETRY | 104 | ||
| 7.5 DENITRIFICATION RATE EVALUATED BY NUR TEST | 106 | ||
| 7.6 ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADABILITY EVALUATED BY BIOGAS PRODUCTION | 108 | ||
| 7.7 BACTERIA INACTIVATION | 109 | ||
| 7.8 EFFECT ON SLUDGE RETENTION TIME (SRT) | 111 | ||
| 7.9 MAXIMUM GROWTH YIELD, OBSERVED BIOMASS YIELD, OBSERVED SLUDGE YIELD | 112 | ||
| 7.10 EVALUATION OF SLUDGE REDUCTION | 114 | ||
| 7.11 TREATMENT FREQUENCY | 114 | ||
| 7.12 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SLUDGE | 115 | ||
| Chapter 8: Biological treatments | 117 | ||
| 8.1 INTRODUCTION | 117 | ||
| 8.2 RECENT INSIGHTS ON DEGRADABILITY OF SLUDGE UNDER AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS | 120 | ||
| 8.2.1 Aerobic conditions | 120 | ||
| 8.2.2 Anaerobic conditions | 121 | ||
| 8.2.3 Disintegration of sludge flocs under anaerobic conditions and in the presence of sulphides | 122 | ||
| 8.3 THE INFLUENCE OF AEROBIC/ANOXIC/ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS ON HETEROTROPHIC MAXIMUM GROWTH YIELD | 123 | ||
| 8.3.1 Process of denitrification + nitrification | 125 | ||
| 8.3.2 Digestion with alternating aerobic/anoxic/anaerobic conditions | 126 | ||
| 8.4 SIDE-STREAM ANAEROBIC REACTOR (AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE) | 129 | ||
| 8.4.1 Oxic-Settling-Anaerobic process | 129 | ||
| 8.4.2 Cannibal®mark; system | 133 | ||
| 8.5 THERMOPHILIC ANAEROBIC DIGESTION | 137 | ||
| 8.6 THERMOPHILIC AEROBIC REACTOR | 139 | ||
| Thermophilic bacteria | 139 | ||
| The influence of temperature in the thermophilic range | 140 | ||
| The influence of divalent ions | 141 | ||
| The influence of aerobic and microaerobic conditions | 141 | ||
| The influence of contact time | 142 | ||
| 8.6.1 Integration in the wastewater handling units (S-TE PROCESS®mark;) | 142 | ||
| 8.6.2 Integration in the sludge handling units. Dual digestion | 145 | ||
| 8.6.3 Integration in the sludge handling units. Autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion | 146 | ||
| 8.7 ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS WITH ADDED ENZYMES | 148 | ||
| 8.8 ADDITION OF CHEMICAL METABOLIC UNCOUPLERS | 152 | ||
| Types of metabolic uncouplers | 152 | ||
| Reduction of observed sludge yield (Yobs) | 153 | ||
| 8.9 PREDATION BY PROTOZOA AND METAZOA | 156 | ||
| 8.9.1 Types of predators | 158 | ||
| 8.9.2 Process configuration and sludge reduction | 160 | ||
| Two-stage reactor system (chemostat integrated in activate sludge process) | 162 | ||
| Predation-reactor integrated in the wastewater handling units | 163 | ||
| Predation-reactor integrated in the sludge handling units | 165 | ||
| 8.9.3 Pros and cons of microbial predation | 167 | ||
| 8.10 EXTENDED AERATION PROCESSES | 169 | ||
| 8.11 MEMBRANE BIOLOGICAL REACTORS (MBR) | 170 | ||
| 8.11.1 MBR + physical, chemical treatments | 171 | ||
| 8.12 GRANULAR SLUDGE | 172 | ||
| Chapter 9: Mechanical disintegration | 175 | ||
| 9.1 INTRODUCTION | 175 | ||
| 9.2 TYPES OF EQUIPMENT FOR MECHANICAL DISINTEGRATION | 176 | ||
| 9.3 ENERGY LEVELS REQUIRED FOR SLUDGE DISINTEGRATION | 178 | ||
| 9.4 LYSIS-THICKENING CENTRIFUGE | 179 | ||
| 9.5 STIRRED BALL MILLS | 182 | ||
| 9.6 HIGH PRESSURE HOMOGENISER | 186 | ||
| 9.7 HIGH PRESSURE JET AND COLLISION SYSTEM | 190 | ||
| 9.8 ROTOR-STATOR DISINTEGRATION SYSTEMS | 191 | ||
| 9.9 COMPARISON OF MECHANICAL DISINTEGRATION TECHNIQUES | 193 | ||
| Chapter 10: Ultrasonic disintegration | 197 | ||
| 10.1 INTRODUCTION | 197 | ||
| 10.2 CONFIGURATIONS AND EQUIPMENT FOR ULTRASONIC DISINTEGRATION | 199 | ||
| 10.3 EVALUATION OF ENERGY APPLIED IN ULTRASONIC TREATMENT | 201 | ||
| 10.4 THE INFLUENCE OF ULTRASOUND FREQUENCY | 203 | ||
| 10.5 COD SOLUBILISATION | 205 | ||
| 10.5.1 The influence of sludge concentration | 207 | ||
| 10.6 INFLUENCE ON MICROORGANISMS | 208 | ||
| 10.7 INFLUENCE ON SLUDGE SETTLEABILITY AND DEWATERABILITY | 211 | ||
| 10.8 INTEGRATION OF ULTRASONIC DISINTEGRATION IN THE WASTEWATER HANDLING UNITS | 211 | ||
| 10.9 INTEGRATION OF ULTRASONIC DISINTEGRATION IN THE SLUDGE HANDLING UNITS | 213 | ||
| Chapter 11: Thermal treatment | 216 | ||
| 11.1 INTRODUCTION | 216 | ||
| 11.2 COD SOLUBILISATION | 218 | ||
| 11.2.1 COD solubilisation at moderate temperatures (<100°C) | 219 | ||
| 11.2.2 COD solubilisation at high temperatures (<150°C) | 221 | ||
| 11.3 INCREASE OF BIODEGRADABILITY | 222 | ||
| 11.4 NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS SOLUBILISATION | 223 | ||
| 11.5 INFLUENCE ON MICROORGANISMS | 225 | ||
| 11.6 INFLUENCE ON SLUDGE SETTLEABILITY AND DEWATERABILITY | 226 | ||
| 11.7 INTEGRATION OF THERMAL TREATMENT IN THE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES | 227 | ||
| 11.7.1 Integration of thermal treatment in the wastewater handling units | 227 | ||
| 11.7.2 Integration of thermal treatment in the sludge handling units | 228 | ||
| Thermal hydrolysis + mesophilic anaerobic digestion | 228 | ||
| Thermal hydrolysis + thermophilic anaerobic digestion | 229 | ||
| 11.7.3 Full-scale applications | 230 | ||
| 11.8 MICROWAVE TREATMENT | 236 | ||
| Chapter 12: Chemical and thermo-chemical treatment | 239 | ||
| 12.1 INTRODUCTION | 239 | ||
| 12.2 TYPES OF ACIDIC OR ALKALINE REAGENTS | 240 | ||
| 12.3 COD SOLUBILISATION | 241 | ||
| 12.3.1 Effect of temperature | 242 | ||
| 12.3.2 Effect of pH | 243 | ||
| 12.3.3 Effect of contact time | 244 | ||
| 12.3.4 Comparison of solubilisation levels under different conditions | 246 | ||
| 12.4 NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS SOLUBILISATION | 246 | ||
| 12.5 INFLUENCE ON SLUDGE DEWATERABILITY | 249 | ||
| 12.6 INTEGRATION OF THERMO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT IN THE WASTEWATER HANDLING UNITS | 249 | ||
| 12.7 INTEGRATION OF THERMO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT IN THE SLUDGE HANDLING UNITS | 250 | ||
| Thermo-chemical hydrolysis + anaerobic digestion | 250 | ||
| Thermo-chemical hydrolysis + dewatering of thickened sludge | 252 | ||
| Krepro process | 254 | ||
| Chapter 13: Ozonation | 255 | ||
| 13.1 INTRODUCTION | 255 | ||
| 13.2 PARAMETERS INVOLVED IN OZONATION | 257 | ||
| 13.3 CONFIGURATION OF OZONATION REACTORS | 258 | ||
| 13.3.1 Ozone transfer in sludge | 261 | ||
| 13.4 DEFINITION OF OZONE DOSAGE | 263 | ||
| 13.5 EFFECT OF SOLIDS MINERALISATION | 266 | ||
| 13.6 COD SOLUBILISATION AND TSS DISINTEGRATION | 267 | ||
| 13.7 NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS SOLUBILISATION | 273 | ||
| 13.8 INTEGRATION OF OZONATION IN THE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES | 274 | ||
| 13.9 INTEGRATION OF OZONATION IN THE WASTEWATER HANDLING UNITS | 275 | ||
| 13.9.1 Initial studies and ozone dosage calculation | 277 | ||
| 13.9.2 Results on sludge reduction | 279 | ||
| 13.9.3 Influence on WWTP effluent quality | 284 | ||
| 13.9.4 Influence on sludge pH | 286 | ||
| 13.9.5 Influence on sludge flocs and microorganisms | 286 | ||
| 13.9.6 Influence on nitrification | 289 | ||
| 13.9.7 Influence on denitrification | 291 | ||
| 13.9.8 Influence on sludge settleability | 292 | ||
| 13.10 INTEGRATION OF OZONATION IN THE SLUDGE HANDLING UNITS | 293 | ||
| 13.10.1 Ozonation + anaerobic digestion | 294 | ||
| 13.10.2 Ozonation + aerobic digestion | 298 | ||
| 13.10.3 Influence on sludge dewaterability | 299 | ||
| Chapter 14: Comparison of performance of sludge reduction techniques | 301 | ||
| 14.1 INTRODUCTION | 301 | ||
| 14.2 COMPARISON OF COD SOLUBILISATION | 306 | ||
| 14.3 COMPARISON OF DEGREE OF DISINTEGRATION | 308 | ||
| 14.4 COMPARISON OF REDUCTION OF SLUDGE PRODUCTION | 309 | ||
| 14.5 COMPARISON OF IMPACTS | 315 | ||
| 14.5.1 Impacts of techniques integrated in the wastewater handling units | 315 | ||
| 14.5.2 Impacts of techniques integrated in the sludge handling units | 319 | ||
| 14.6 COMPARISON OF INSTALLATION/OPERATIONAL ASPECTS | 322 | ||
| Chapter 15: Nomenclature | 328 | ||
| Chapter 16: References | 333 | ||
| Index | 355 |