BOOK
Quantitative Methods to Assess Capacity of Water Treatment to Eliminate Micro-Organisms
(2010)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
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Ever since the recognition of the important role of water in the transmission of pathogenic micro-organisms in the 19th century, microbiological safety of drinking water has been a major research issue for microbiologists in the drinking water industry. The main objective of this book is to develop a general strategy to assess elimination capacity of water treatment processes for pathogens.
It investigates: The potential use of faecal indicators Coli44, (including E. coli) and SSRC, (including C. perfringens) as process indicators to assess pathogen elimination in full-scale water treatment plants. The value of comparative challenge tests with pre-cultured organisms for the assessment of elimination capacity of full-scale processes, to study the effect of process conditions and to validate the use of process indicators. The use of literature data to assess elimination capacity of water treatment processes for pathogens and the effect of process conditions on this.
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Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Half Title | 1 | ||
| Title | 3 | ||
| Copyright | 4 | ||
| Contents | 7 | ||
| Preface | 11 | ||
| Summary | 13 | ||
| RATIONALE | 13 | ||
| OBJECTIVES | 14 | ||
| INDICATOR BACTERIA TO ASSESS ELIMINATION CAPACITY OF FULL-SCALE TREATMENT | 14 | ||
| LIMITATIONS OF THE INDICATOR BACTERIA METHOD | 15 | ||
| ELIMINATION BY DISINFECTION | 15 | ||
| ELIMINATION BY FILTRATION | 15 | ||
| GENERIC METHODOLOGY | 17 | ||
| GENERAL CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH | 17 | ||
| Chapter 1: Microbiologically safe drinking water | 19 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 19 | ||
| WATERBORNE DISEASES AND DEVELOPMENTS IN CENTRAL WATER SUPPLY | 20 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON WATERBORNE DISEASES | 21 | ||
| CONTROL OF WATERBORNE DISEASES: WATER TREATMENT | 22 | ||
| CONTROL OF WATERBORNE DISEASES: WATER QUALITY | 23 | ||
| FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN MICROBIAL RISK MANAGEMENT | 27 | ||
| PROCESS INDICATORS FOR PATHOGENS REMOVAL AND A GENERAL HYPOTHESIS | 32 | ||
| SPORES OF SULPHITE-REDUCING CLOSTRIDIA AS PROCESS INDICATOR FOR CRYPTOSPORDIUM AND GIARDIA | 34 | ||
| RESEARCH NEEDS | 39 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS AND OBJECTIVES FOR RESEARCH PRESENTED IN THIS BOOK | 41 | ||
| Chapter 2: Indicator bacteria concentrations in water treatment and assessment of elimination capacity | 43 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 43 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 43 | ||
| ANALYZING HISTORICAL MICROBIAL WATER QUALITY DATA | 44 | ||
| PILOT PLANT STUDY ON DISINFECTION | 44 | ||
| ACCEPTABLE QUALITY LEVEL OF DRINKING WATER | 46 | ||
| FAECAL INDICATORS IN SURFACE WATER TREATMENTS | 46 | ||
| DECIMAL ELIMINATION CAPACITY (DEC) | 48 | ||
| LARGE VOLUME SAMPLING | 49 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 50 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 51 | ||
| Chapter 3: Enumeration of faecal indicator bacteria in large water volumes using on site membrane filtration to assess water treatment efficiency | 53 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 53 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 54 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF A LARGE VOLUME SAMPLING METHOD | 54 | ||
| RECOVERY EFFICIENCY | 56 | ||
| APPLICATION UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS | 58 | ||
| THE REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF THE TREATMENT PROCESSES | 59 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 61 | ||
| Chapter 4: Quantitative assessment of the removal of indicator bacteria in full-scale treatments plants | 63 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 63 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 64 | ||
| QUANTIFYING ELIMINATION OF INDICATOR BACTERIA UNDER FULL-SCALE CONDITIONS | 64 | ||
| CONCENTRATIONS OF INDICATOR BACTERIA IN THE WATER | 65 | ||
| ELIMINATION CAPACITY OF THE OVERALL TREATMENT | 67 | ||
| ACCEPTABLE QUALITY LEVEL | 69 | ||
| DECIMAL ELIMINATION CAPACITY OF UNIT PROCESSES | 69 | ||
| PATHOGEN REMOVAL AND QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT | 73 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 73 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 76 | ||
| Chapter 5: Spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia (SSRC) as surrogate for verification of the inactivation capacity of full-scale ozonation for Cryptosporidium | 77 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 77 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 78 | ||
| EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON OZONE DISINFECTION | 78 | ||
| THE RESISTANCE OF OOCYSTS AND SPORES TO OZONE | 81 | ||
| EFFECT OF PROCESS CONDITIONS | 82 | ||
| CULTURED AND ENVIRONMENTAL SPORES | 83 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 84 | ||
| Chapter 6: Inactivation credit of UV radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in water: a review | 85 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 85 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 86 | ||
| LITERATURE REVIEW METHOD | 87 | ||
| UV SENSITIVITY OF MICRO-ORGANISMS | 88 | ||
| INFLUENCE OF PROCESS CONDITIONS | 94 | ||
| GENERAL DISCUSSION | 101 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 104 | ||
| Chapter 7: Elimination of viruses, bacteria and protozoan oocysts by slow sand filtration | 105 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 105 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 106 | ||
| ASSESSMENT UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS | 106 | ||
| ELIMINATION BY FULL-SCALE PROCESSES | 107 | ||
| A CHALLENGE TEST UNDER PILOT PLANT CONDITIONS | 108 | ||
| COLUMN EXPERIMENTS | 109 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 111 | ||
| Chapter 8: Removal and fate of Cryptosporidium parvum, Clostridium perfringens and small-sized centric diatoms (Stephanodiscus hantzschii) in slow sand filters | 113 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 113 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 114 | ||
| CONDITIONS OF A LONG TERM DOSING EXPERIMENT | 115 | ||
| REMOVAL OF THE OOCYSTS, SPORES AND DIATOMS | 119 | ||
| CONCENTRATION OF MICRO-ORGANISMS IN THE FILTER BED | 121 | ||
| MASS BALANCE AND COLLOID FILTRATION THEORY | 123 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 124 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 127 | ||
| Chapter 9: Transport of MS2 Phage, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia intestinalis in a gravel and a sandy soil | 129 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 129 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 130 | ||
| COLUMN EXPERIMENT: COMPARISON OF SOIL TYPES | 131 | ||
| MICRO-ORGANISM REMOVAL BY TWO SOIL TYPES | 134 | ||
| COMPARISON OF MICRO-ORGANISMS | 141 | ||
| TRANSLATION OF COLUMN DATA TO FIELD CONDITIONS | 142 | ||
| Chapter 10: GAC adsorption filters as barriers for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in water treatment | 145 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 145 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 146 | ||
| PILOT PLANT EXPERIMENT UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS | 146 | ||
| REMOVAL OF MICRO-ORGANISMS | 150 | ||
| MICRO-ORGANISMS IN THE GAC COLUMNS | 152 | ||
| MASS BALANCE AND COLLOID FILTRATION THEORY | 153 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 154 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 157 | ||
| Chapter 11: Survival of Clostridium spores in river water and in sand from a slow sand filter | 159 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 159 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 159 | ||
| SURVIVAL STUDY UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS | 160 | ||
| SURVIVAL UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS | 161 | ||
| DECAY RATES | 163 | ||
| MOLECULAR TYPING | 164 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 164 | ||
| Chapter 12: Quantitative methods to assess capacity of water treatment processes to eliminate micro-organisms | 167 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 167 | ||
| E. COLI AND SSRC AS PROCESS INDICATORS UNDER FULL-SCALE CONDITIONS | 168 | ||
| ADDITIONAL METHODS TO ASSESS DEC, TO STUDY CONDITIONS AND TO VALIDATE PROCESS INDICATORS | 171 | ||
| DISINFECTION CHALLENGE TESTS | 172 | ||
| FILTRATION CHALLENGE TESTS | 172 | ||
| QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF LITERATURE DATA | 174 | ||
| PROCESS INDICATOR VALIDATION | 175 | ||
| APPLICATION OF THE METHODS IN QMRA | 178 | ||
| GENERIC METHODOLOGY TO ASSESS ELIMINATION CAPACITY OF WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR PATHOGENS | 180 | ||
| FURTHER RESEARCH NEEDS | 182 | ||
| GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS | 183 | ||
| References | 185 |