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Book Details
Abstract
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Discolouration in Drinking Water Systems analyses the particle-related processes involved in the generation of discolouration problems in the network. To this end, new measuring methods have been developed such as continuous monitoring of turbidity and particle count, the Resuspension Potential Method (RPM), and the Time Integrated Large Volume Sampler (TILVS). With these new methods the discolouration problem can be seen as related to loose deposits in the network. The incidental re-suspension of accumulated loose particles is the main cause of discolouration events in the network. The origin of the particles is mainly the treated drinking water, followed by processes in the network like post-flocculation, corrosion and leaching and biological growth and re-growth. Irrespective of the cause of the particles the accumulation to layers of loose deposits can initiate water quality problems.
This book looks at how managing the accumulation is possible through controlling the velocity in the pipes and through removing the loose deposits through effective cleaning.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Half Title | 1 | ||
| Title | 3 | ||
| Copyright | 4 | ||
| Contents | 5 | ||
| List of abbreviations | 9 | ||
| Chapter 1: Particles in the drinking water distribution systems | 11 | ||
| 1.1 INTRODUCTION | 11 | ||
| 1.2 NATURE OF DISCOLOURED WATER | 12 | ||
| 1.3 PARTICLE-RELATED PROCESSES IN THE DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS | 13 | ||
| 1.4 GOAL OF THE RESEARCH | 15 | ||
| 1.5 THE DRINKING WATER NETWORK IN THE NETHERLANDS | 15 | ||
| 1.6 SETUP OF THE THESIS | 17 | ||
| 1.6.1 General | 17 | ||
| 1.6.2 Introduction and production of particles | 18 | ||
| 1.6.3 Hydraulic movement and accumulation of particles | 19 | ||
| 1.6.4 Control of accumulated particles: Cleaning of networks | 19 | ||
| 1.6.5 Particle composition and behaviour in sediment and transportation systems | 19 | ||
| 1.6.6 Discussion and conclusion | 19 | ||
| Chapter 2: Measuring discolouration phenomena in drinking water distribution systems | 21 | ||
| 2.1 INTRODUCTION | 21 | ||
| 2.2 DIRECT METHODS | 22 | ||
| 2.2.1 Introduction | 22 | ||
| 2.2.2 Continuous monitoring of water quality | 23 | ||
| 2.2.3 Interpretation of the continuous monitoring of turbidity | 23 | ||
| 2.2.4 An example of continuous monitoring of turbidity | 26 | ||
| 2.2.5 An example of continuous monitoring of particle counts | 28 | ||
| 2.3 EFFECT MEASUREMENTS | 32 | ||
| 2.3.1 Introduction | 32 | ||
| 2.3.2 The Resuspension Potential Method | 32 | ||
| 2.3.3 RPM and discolouration risk | 35 | ||
| 2.3.4 Typical RPM-curve | 36 | ||
| 2.3.5 Flexibility of the RPM and alternatives | 38 | ||
| 2.3.6 Customer complaints | 38 | ||
| 2.4 CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENTS | 40 | ||
| 2.4.1 Introduction | 40 | ||
| 2.4.2 Time-Integrated Large Volume Sampling (TILVS) | 40 | ||
| 2.4.3 Hemoflow | 41 | ||
| Chapter 3: Effects of particle-free water in a common drinking water distribution system | 43 | ||
| 3.1 INTRODUCTION | 43 | ||
| 3.2 THE EXPERIMENT | 43 | ||
| 3.2.1 Set up | 43 | ||
| 3.2.2 The Research and Reference Areas | 45 | ||
| 3.2.3 The treatment plant | 46 | ||
| 3.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS | 48 | ||
| 3.3.1 General | 48 | ||
| 3.3.2 Particle counters and turbidity | 48 | ||
| 3.3.3 Resuspension Potential Measurements (RPM) | 48 | ||
| 3.3.4 Total sediment analysis | 50 | ||
| 3.3.5 Hemoflow measurements | 50 | ||
| 3.3.6 Summary of measuring activities | 50 | ||
| 3.4 RESULTS | 51 | ||
| 3.4.1 Particle counters: General | 51 | ||
| 3.4.2 Particle counters: Particle volumes | 51 | ||
| 3.4.3 Particle counters: particle size distribution | 56 | ||
| 3.4.4 Resuspension Potential Measurements | 58 | ||
| 3.4.5 Total sediment analysis | 60 | ||
| 3.4.6 Hemoflow measurements | 64 | ||
| 3.5 DISCUSSION | 66 | ||
| 3.6 CONCLUSIONS | 68 | ||
| Chapter 4: Velocity-based self-cleaning residential drinking water distribution systems | 69 | ||
| 4.1 INTRODUCTION | 69 | ||
| 4.2 SELF-CLEANING VELOCITY | 69 | ||
| 4.2.1 Gravitational settling | 69 | ||
| 4.2.2 Influence of turbophoresis | 71 | ||
| 4.2.3 Self-cleaning velocity: A decision | 73 | ||
| 4.3 METHODOLOGY | 74 | ||
| 4.3.1 Design principles of drinking water distribution systems | 74 | ||
| 4.3.2 Minimal pressure | 74 | ||
| 4.3.3 Continuity of supply: Valve location and size of cut-off sections | 74 | ||
| 4.3.4 Velocity for self-cleaning | 75 | ||
| 4.3.5 Demand estimation | 75 | ||
| 4.3.6 Fire fighting demand | 77 | ||
| 4.4 APPLICATION OF HIGH VELOCITY DESIGN PRINCIPLES IN THE NETHERLANDS | 78 | ||
| 4.5 WATER QUALITY EFFECTS | 80 | ||
| 4.5.1 Experimental setup | 80 | ||
| 4.5.2 Materials and methods | 80 | ||
| 4.5.3 Three areas | 80 | ||
| 4.5.4 Results of water quality analysis | 82 | ||
| 4.6 THE SELF CLEANING EFFECT | 90 | ||
| 4.7 DISCUSSION | 92 | ||
| 4.8 CONCLUSIONS | 94 | ||
| Chapter 5: Cleaning of networks | 97 | ||
| 5.1 INTRODUCTION | 97 | ||
| 5.2 CLEANING METHODS | 98 | ||
| 5.3 WATER FLUSHING | 99 | ||
| 5.3.1 Introduction | 99 | ||
| 5.3.2 Minimum velocity | 99 | ||
| 5.3.3 Flushed volume | 101 | ||
| 5.3.4 Clear water front | 102 | ||
| 5.3.5 Discussion of water flushing | 102 | ||
| 5.4 WATER/AIR SCOURING | 103 | ||
| 5.4.1 Introduction | 103 | ||
| 5.4.2 Operational requirements of the experimental setup | 103 | ||
| 5.4.3 Discussion of water/air scouring | 105 | ||
| 5.5 PIGGING OR SWABBING | 105 | ||
| 5.5.1 Introduction | 105 | ||
| 5.5.2 Operational requirements | 106 | ||
| 5.5.3 Discussion pigging | 106 | ||
| 5.6 CASE STUDY: WATER FLUSHING | 107 | ||
| 5.6.1 Introduction | 107 | ||
| 5.6.2 Materials and methods | 109 | ||
| 5.6.3 Results | 110 | ||
| 5.6.4 Discussion | 113 | ||
| 5.7 CASE STUDY ON AGGRESSIVE CLEANING OF CAST IRON PIPES THROUGH PIGGING | 115 | ||
| 5.7.1 Introduction | 115 | ||
| 5.7.2 Experimental setup | 115 | ||
| 5.7.3 Materials and methods | 115 | ||
| 5.7.4 Results | 116 | ||
| 5.7.5 Discussion | 118 | ||
| 5.8 DISCUSSION OF CLEANING METHODS | 118 | ||
| 5.8.1 General | 118 | ||
| 5.8.2 Cleaning of cast iron | 119 | ||
| 5.9 CONCLUSION REGARDING CLEANING METHODS | 120 | ||
| Chapter 6: Particle composition and hydraulic behaviour: Case studies | 121 | ||
| 6.1 INTRODUCTION | 121 | ||
| 6.2 CASE 1: LOW PRESSURE TRANSPORT SYSTEM | 122 | ||
| 6.2.1 Introduction | 122 | ||
| 6.2.2 Material and methods | 122 | ||
| 6.2.3 Results | 125 | ||
| 6.2.4 Discussion | 130 | ||
| 6.2.5 Conclusions regarding the low pressure transport system | 131 | ||
| 6.3 CASE 2: HIGH PRESSURE TRANSPORT SYSTEM | 132 | ||
| 6.3.1 Introduction | 132 | ||
| 6.3.2 Materials and methods | 132 | ||
| 6.3.3 Results | 133 | ||
| 6.3.4 Discussion | 136 | ||
| 6.3.5 Conclusions with regard to high pressure transport network | 137 | ||
| 6.4 CASE 3: COMPOSITION AND HYDRAULIC BEHAVIOUR OF DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS SEDIMENTS | 137 | ||
| 6.4.1 Introduction | 137 | ||
| 6.4.2 Materials and methods | 138 | ||
| 6.4.3 Results | 142 | ||
| 6.4.4 Discussion | 145 | ||
| 6.4.5 Conclusions case sediment analysis | 148 | ||
| 6.5 CONCLUSIONS | 149 | ||
| Chapter 7: Summary and conclusion | 151 | ||
| 7.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT | 151 | ||
| 7.2 MEASURING METHODS | 153 | ||
| 7.3 TREATMENT | 155 | ||
| 7.4 HIGH-VELOCITY NETWORKS | 156 | ||
| 7.5 CLEANING METHODS | 158 | ||
| 7.6 CONCLUSIONS | 159 | ||
| 7.7 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS/RESEARCH | 160 | ||
| Chapter 8: References | 163 |