BOOK
Elimination of Micro-organisms by Water Treatment Processes
Wim A. M. Hijnen | Gertjan J. Medema
(2010)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
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The overall aim of Elimination of Micro-organisms by Water Treatment Processes is to present default values for the micro-organisms elimination or inactivation credit of universally used processes in water treatment (MEC or MIC). The growing interest in Quantitative Microbial Risk assessment (QMRA) for safe drinking water requires such data. These MEC or MIC values have been calculated from research on elimination of viruses, bacteria and bacterial spores and protozoa (oo)cysts (Cryptosporidium and Giardia) by these treatment processes published in the international literature. The data have been selected on the base of different quality criteria related to information on applied experimental conditions and used methods. Furthermore the studies have been categorized on base of their similarities with ‘real world’ conditions (selected micro-organisms, scale and conditions of the tested processes). The international literature data revealed a high variation in elimination. The major parameters and process control parameters affecting elimination are described. This new edition describes the state-of-the-art progress in research on conventional treatment, coagulation and flocculation, rapid granular filtration, slow sand filtration and UV disinfection.
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Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Half title | 1 | ||
| Title | 3 | ||
| Copyright | 4 | ||
| Contents | 5 | ||
| Preface | 9 | ||
| Chapter 1: Introduction | 11 | ||
| Chapter 2: Data collection and evaluation methods | 13 | ||
| 2.1 Qualification of the reviewed literature data | 13 | ||
| 2.1.1 The quality of the study | 13 | ||
| 2.1.2 Physical processes | 14 | ||
| 2.1.3 Disinfection processes: UV | 14 | ||
| 2.2 Calculation of MEC and MIC | 15 | ||
| 2.2.1 Physical processes | 15 | ||
| 2.2.2 Disinfection UV | 15 | ||
| 2.3 Process conditions | 16 | ||
| 2.3.1 Physical processes | 16 | ||
| 2.3.2 Disinfection UV | 16 | ||
| 2.4 Presentation of the results | 17 | ||
| 2.4.1 Detailed information | 17 | ||
| 2.4.2 Chapters and paragraphs | 17 | ||
| 2.4.3 Overall matrix | 17 | ||
| Chapter 3: Conventional treatment | 19 | ||
| 3.1 Viruses | 19 | ||
| 3.2 Bacteria and bacterial spores | 20 | ||
| 3.3 Cryptosporidium and Giardia | 22 | ||
| 3.4 Discussion | 23 | ||
| 3.4.1 Process conditions | 24 | ||
| 3.4.1.1 Effect of coagulation conditions | 24 | ||
| 3.4.1.2 Effect of filtration conditions | 25 | ||
| 3.4.2 FS-index and variation | 27 | ||
| 3.4.3 Surrogates for conventional treatment | 27 | ||
| 3.5 Conclusions and further research | 30 | ||
| 4 Coagulation and flocculation | 33 | ||
| 4.1 Viruses | 33 | ||
| 4.2 Bacteria and bacterial spores | 34 | ||
| 4.3 Cryptosporidium and Giardia | 35 | ||
| 4.4 Discussion | 36 | ||
| 4.4.1 Process conditions | 36 | ||
| 4.4.1.1 Chemicals | 37 | ||
| 4.4.1.2 Water quality | 38 | ||
| 4.4.1.3 Flocculation | 39 | ||
| 4.4.1.4 Multi regression analysis | 40 | ||
| 4.4.2 FS-index and variation | 42 | ||
| 4.4.3 Surrogates for coagulation/flocculation | 43 | ||
| 4.5 Conclusions and further research | 44 | ||
| Chapter 5: Rapid granular filtration | 45 | ||
| 5.1 Viruses | 45 | ||
| RGF (sand/GAC) | 45 | ||
| RGF after coagulation | 47 | ||
| In line coagulation | 47 | ||
| 5.2 Bacteria and bacterial spores | 48 | ||
| RGF (sand/GAC; bacteria) | 48 | ||
| RGF after coagulation and with in line coagulation (bacteria) | 49 | ||
| Bacterial spores removal: RGF (sand/GAC) | 50 | ||
| Bacterial spores (RGF after coagulation) | 50 | ||
| 5.3 Cryptosporidium and Giardia | 52 | ||
| RGF (sand/GAC; Cryptosporidium) | 54 | ||
| RGF after coagulation (Cryptosporidium) | 54 | ||
| RGF with in line coagulation (Cryptosporidium) | 54 | ||
| RGF (sand/GAC; Giardia) | 55 | ||
| RGF after coagulation and with in line coagulation (Giardia) | 56 | ||
| 5.4 Discussion | 57 | ||
| 5.4.1 Factors related to straining | 59 | ||
| 5.4.2 Factors related to attachment | 59 | ||
| 5.4.2.1 Surface properties and electrostatic interactions | 59 | ||
| 5.4.2.2 Contact time | 60 | ||
| 5.4.3 Factors related to detachment: hydraulic conditions | 60 | ||
| 5.4.3.1 Filtration rate | 60 | ||
| 5.4.3.2 Filter media, preferential flow and back wash effect | 62 | ||
| 5.4.4 Effects of coagulation conditions | 64 | ||
| 5.5 Surrogates for pathogen removal by RGF | 67 | ||
| 5.6 Conclusions and further research | 70 | ||
| MEC of RGF and comparisson with conventional treatment | 70 | ||
| Influence of process conditions on MEC of RGF | 70 | ||
| Further research | 72 | ||
| Chapter 6: Slow sand filtration | 73 | ||
| 6.1 Viruses | 73 | ||
| 6.2 Bacteria and bacterial spores | 75 | ||
| 6.3 Cryptosporidium and Giardia | 77 | ||
| 6.4 Discussion | 78 | ||
| 6.4.1 MEC of the different micro-organisms and process conditions | 78 | ||
| 6.4.2 Surrogates for pathogen removal in slow sand filtration | 80 | ||
| 6.5 Conclusions | 80 | ||
| Chapter 7: Disinfection processes | 81 | ||
| 7.1 UV-disinfection | 81 | ||
| 7.1.1 Viruses and bacteriophages | 82 | ||
| 7.1.2 Bacteria and bacterial spores | 85 | ||
| 7.1.3 Pathogenic protozoa | 85 | ||
| 7.1.4 Discussion | 88 | ||
| 7.1.5 General discussion | 94 | ||
| 7.1.6 Conclusions and further research | 95 | ||
| Chapter 8: Overall MEC-matrix for drinking water processes and further research | 97 | ||
| 8.1 Physical processes | 97 | ||
| 8.2 Disinfection processes | 99 | ||
| 8.2.1 UV-disinfection: required UV-fluence | 99 | ||
| Chapter 9: Literature | 101 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction and data collection and evaluation methods | 101 | ||
| 9.2 Data collection and evaluation methods | 101 | ||
| 9.3 Conventional treatment | 102 | ||
| 9.4 Coagulation flocculation | 103 | ||
| 9.5 Rapid granular filtration | 104 | ||
| 9.6 Slow sand filtration | 107 | ||
| 9.7 UV-disinfection | 109 |