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Book Details
Abstract
Part of Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water Set - buy all five books together to save over 30%! Visit: http://iwapublishing.com
The Best Practice Guide on the Control of Lead in Drinking Water brings together, for the first time, all of the regulatory, health, monitoring, risk assessment, operational and technological issues relevant to the control of lead in drinking water. Its focus is Europe and North America and the Guide benefits from the input of an international research network involving 28 countries. A large range of illustrative examples and case studies are provided. The Guide will be of interest to scientists, engineers, regulators and health specialists who are involved in the provision of safe drinking water.
The reader will gain a comprehensive understanding of how to assess lead in drinking water problems, both in the water supply systems that serve a City, Town or rural area and at individual properties, dependent on their knowledge of pipe-work circumstances and water quality. Options for corrective action are outlined and their strengths and weaknesses explained, with information on costs and environmental impact. The reader should then be able to develop a strategy for controlling lead in drinking water in their area, establish an appropriate monitoring programme, select the right combination of corrective measures, and define the level of risk reduction that will likely be achieved.
The Best Practice Guide provides a succinct compilation of the wide range of issues that relate to lead in drinking water, at a time when the regulations are under review in both Europe and North America. It will also be very relevant to all those implementing the Protocol on Water and Health, as lead in drinking water has recently been adopted as one of the key issues requiring assessment, improvement planning and reporting.
The key features are:
- For the first time, all the complex inter-related aspects of lead in drinking water have been brought together.
- The detailed explanations given on sampling and monitoring should avoid mistakes being repeated.
- The information on optimising corrective treatment measures is the most comprehensive to date.
- The Best Practice Guide will facilitate the protection of water consumers from lead contamination and reduce associated health risks.
Download the free Guide for Small Community Water Suppliers and Local Health Officials on Lead in Drinking Water at: http://iwapublishing.com/books/9781843393801/guide-small-community-water-suppliers-and-local-health-officials-lead-drinking
Visit the IWA WaterWiki to read and share material related to this title:http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/LeadinDrinkingWater
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Half Title | 1 | ||
| Title | 3 | ||
| Copyright | 4 | ||
| Contents | 5 | ||
| Authors | 7 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 8 | ||
| Acronyms | 9 | ||
| Definitions | 10 | ||
| About this Best Practice Guide | 11 | ||
| Disclaimer | 12 | ||
| Foreword | 13 | ||
| Executive Summary | 14 | ||
| Chapter 1: Sources of lead in drinking water | 17 | ||
| 1.1 Water resources | 17 | ||
| 1.2 Distribution systems | 17 | ||
| 1.3 Lead pipe service connections | 17 | ||
| 1.4 Domestic lead pipe-work | 17 | ||
| 1.5 Brass fittings containing lead | 18 | ||
| 1.6 Galvanic corrosion of solders containing lead | 19 | ||
| 1.7 Plasticizers | 19 | ||
| 1.8 Soluble and particulate lead fractions | 19 | ||
| Chapter 2: Regulatory background | 21 | ||
| 2.1 World Health Organization guidelines for drinking water | 21 | ||
| WHO guideline for lead in drinking water | 21 | ||
| The Bonn Charter | 21 | ||
| Drinking water safety planning | 22 | ||
| 2.2 EU drinking water directives | 23 | ||
| Directive 80/778/EC | 23 | ||
| Directive 98/83/EU | 23 | ||
| Revision of Directive 98/83/EU | 24 | ||
| 2.3 US Lead Copper Rule | 24 | ||
| 2.4 Developing legislation in Canada | 25 | ||
| 2.5 Protocol on Water and Health | 26 | ||
| Chapter 3: Sampling and monitoring | 29 | ||
| 3.1 Role of monitoring in plumbosolvency control | 29 | ||
| Compliance monitoring | 29 | ||
| Inventory monitoring | 30 | ||
| Operational monitoring | 30 | ||
| Definition of water supply systems for monitoring and control purposes | 31 | ||
| Investigating problems | 32 | ||
| 3.2 Sampling methods | 32 | ||
| Fully flushed samples | 32 | ||
| First draw samples | 32 | ||
| Proportional samples | 33 | ||
| Stagnation samples | 34 | ||
| Random daytime samples | 35 | ||
| 3.3 Analysis | 35 | ||
| 3.4 Zonal monitoring | 35 | ||
| Strategy for optimising plumbosolvency control | 35 | ||
| Variation in results from random daytime sampling | 36 | ||
| Using statistical tools to assess confidence in RDT sample results | 36 | ||
| Benchmark monitoring at selected properties | 37 | ||
| 3.5 Investigations at individual properties | 38 | ||
| Chapter 4: Health perspectives | 41 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 41 | ||
| 4.2 Toxicity of lead to humans | 41 | ||
| 4.3 Lead in drinking water and lead in blood | 42 | ||
| 4.4 Lead in blood and health effects | 43 | ||
| 4.5 Acute affects of lead | 44 | ||
| Chapter 5: Evidence of problems with lead in drinking water | 45 | ||
| 5.1 Emerging evidence of problems in Europe | 45 | ||
| 5.2 Occurrence of lead pipes in the EU | 47 | ||
| 5.3 Occurrence of lead pipes in the North America | 48 | ||
| Chapter 6: Risk assessment and health surveillance | 49 | ||
| 6.1 Defining risks from lead in drinking water | 49 | ||
| 6.2 Assessing risk at the zonal level | 51 | ||
| Benchmark 1: Percentage zonal exceedance of 10 μg/l, on the basis of simulated RDT sampling | 52 | ||
| Benchmark 2: Percentage zonal exceedance of 20 μg/l, on the basis of simulated daily/weekly average lead concentrations (DAC) at all simulated houses | 52 | ||
| Rapid method for undertaking an initial risk assessment for a water supply zone | 54 | ||
| Method for undertaking a more accurate risk assessment for a water supply zone | 54 | ||
| 6.3 Risk assessment at individual premises | 55 | ||
| 6.4 Health impact assessment | 55 | ||
| Chapter 7: Lead pipe replacement and other engineering options | 57 | ||
| 7.1 Survey techniques for identifying lead pipes | 57 | ||
| House age and lead pipe usage period | 57 | ||
| Plumbosolvency maps | 57 | ||
| More detailed housing inspection | 57 | ||
| Sequential sampling of residential properties | 57 | ||
| 7.2 Engineering options for lead pipe replacement or modification | 58 | ||
| Open-trench replacement along an existing route | 58 | ||
| Directional drilling or \"mole\" replacement along a new route | 58 | ||
| Pipe pulling replacement through an existing route | 58 | ||
| Slip lining replacement through an existing pipe | 58 | ||
| Epoxy lining through existing pipe | 59 | ||
| Insertion of an anode | 59 | ||
| 7.3 Partial lead pipe replacement | 59 | ||
| 7.4 Total lead pipe replacement | 60 | ||
| Chapter 8: Corrective water treatment | 61 | ||
| 8.1 pH elevation and centralised softening | 61 | ||
| Experience in the UK | 61 | ||
| Experience in the Netherlands | 61 | ||
| Experience in North America | 61 | ||
| 8.2 The corrosion inhibitors used in reducing plumbosolvency | 62 | ||
| Silicate | 62 | ||
| Poly-phosphates | 62 | ||
| Zinc phosphate | 62 | ||
| Ortho-phosphate | 63 | ||
| 8.3 Engineering design of ortho-phosphate dosing plants | 64 | ||
| 8.4 Ortho-phosphate dose optimisation | 65 | ||
| Optimisation based on random daytime sampling alone | 66 | ||
| Pipe rigs and stagnation sampling | 66 | ||
| Reference houses and stagnation sampling | 66 | ||
| An integrated approach | 67 | ||
| Ortho-phosphate dose requirements | 67 | ||
| Operational control | 68 | ||
| 8.5 Environmental impact of ortho-phosphate dosing | 70 | ||
| Chapter 9: Control of materials | 73 | ||
| 9.1 The materials that can leach lead | 73 | ||
| Meters | 73 | ||
| On-site piping materials | 73 | ||
| Proprietary brasses | 74 | ||
| 9.2 Screening and testing methods | 74 | ||
| Chapter 10: Investigational methods | 75 | ||
| 10.1 Laboratory plumbosolvency testing | 75 | ||
| Introduction | 75 | ||
| Sampling strategy | 75 | ||
| Rapid plumbosolvency testing procedure | 76 | ||
| 10.2 Lead pipe test rigs | 78 | ||
| 10.3 Zonal compliance modelling | 79 | ||
| Introduction | 79 | ||
| How lead emissions across a zone can be predicted | 80 | ||
| Chapter 11: Economics of plumbosolvency control | 85 | ||
| 11.1 Ortho-phosphate dosing | 85 | ||
| Unit treatment costs | 85 | ||
| Capital cost of dosing plant | 85 | ||
| Cost example | 85 | ||
| 11.2 Lead pipe replacement | 85 | ||
| Unit costs of replacing lead service pipes | 85 | ||
| Unit costs of replacing domestic lead pipes | 86 | ||
| Unit costs of total lead pipe replacement | 86 | ||
| Cost example for total lead pipe replacement | 86 | ||
| Unit costs of other options | 86 | ||
| 11.3 Cost comparisons using net present value | 86 | ||
| Chapter 12: References | 87 | ||
| Appendix 1: Case studies | 91 | ||
| A1.1 Brussels (BE): partial lead pipe replacement | 91 | ||
| A1.2 Cambridge (UK): optimised ortho-phosphate dosing | 92 | ||
| A1.3 Den Haag (The Hague) (NL): pH elevation and lead pipe replacement | 94 | ||
| A1.4 Lisbon (PT): ortho-phosphate dosing strategy | 95 | ||
| A1.5 Ottawa, Ontario (CA): effect of pH | 96 | ||
| A1.6 Vienna (AT): partial lead pipe replacement | 98 | ||
| A1.7 Wales (UK): optimised ortho-phosphate dosing | 99 |