BOOK
Southeast Asian Water Environment 4
Kensuke Fukushi | Futoshi Kurisu | Kumiko Oguma | Hiroaki Furumai | Psyche Fontanos
(2010)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This is the fourth volume in the series of books on the Southeast Asian water environment. The most important articles presented at the Sixth and Seventh International Symposiums on Southeast Asian Water Environment have been selected for this book. It covers water environment management, biological and physico-chemical processes in water and wastewater treatment, monitoring approaches, and water related health issues.
This publication is the result of building an academic network among researchers of related fields from different regions to exchange information. This book will be an invaluable source of information for researchers, policy makers, NGOs, NPOs, and those who are concerned with achieving global sustainability within the water environment in developing regions.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Half Title | 1 | ||
| Title | 3 | ||
| Copyright | 4 | ||
| Contents | 5 | ||
| Preface: History and future vision of the International Symposium on Southeast Asian Water Environment | 7 | ||
| HISTORY OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOUTHEAST ASIAN WATER ENVIRONMENT | 7 | ||
| PROMOTION OF YOUNG PROFESSIONAL CONTRIBUTION TO WATER RESEARCH IN ASIA | 8 | ||
| FUTURE VISION OF THE SYMPOSIUM | 8 | ||
| Introduction: Water environment in Southeast Asia: Where do we stand today? | 11 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 11 | ||
| WATER ENVIRONMENT IN SOUTHEAST ASIA | 11 | ||
| Water availability | 12 | ||
| Water withdrawal and decline in water resources | 12 | ||
| Population versus water demand | 13 | ||
| Deterioration of water quality | 14 | ||
| Groundwater resources issues | 14 | ||
| Socio-economic impacts | 15 | ||
| Water scarcity, land degradation and food security | 15 | ||
| Water scarcity | 15 | ||
| Land degradation and food security | 15 | ||
| Water conflicts – transboundary water issues | 16 | ||
| Mekong river transboundary issues | 16 | ||
| IMPROVEMENT OF WATER ENVIRONMENT | 17 | ||
| Raise the focus of water security on the political and development agendas of national governments in Southeast Asia | 17 | ||
| Industrial and domestic water use efficiency through recycling and reuse | 18 | ||
| Improved irrigation and management practices | 18 | ||
| Encouraging water demand-side solutions | 18 | ||
| Rainwater harvesting | 18 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 19 | ||
| REFERENCES | 19 | ||
| Chapter 1: Health | 21 | ||
| Evaluation of detection methods targeting host-specific Bacteroides Spp. as a microbial source tracking marker | 23 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 23 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 23 | ||
| Samples | 23 | ||
| Sediment characterization | 25 | ||
| DNA extraction and detection of Bacteroides | 25 | ||
| Quantification of fecal coliforms | 25 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 26 | ||
| Properties of sediment samples | 26 | ||
| Bacteroides in the sediment and water samples | 26 | ||
| Fecal coliforms in the sediment and water samples | 27 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 28 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 28 | ||
| REFERENCES | 29 | ||
| Groundwater quality problems and issues in the dry-zone of Sri Lanka with special reference to fluoride contamination and Chronic Kidney Disease | 31 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 31 | ||
| STUDY AREA | 32 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 34 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 37 | ||
| REFERENCES | 37 | ||
| Investigation of nitrate concentration in tap water of Arak City, Iran | 39 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 39 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 39 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 40 | ||
| Nitrate concentration at different zones of Arak | 40 | ||
| Variation of nitrate concentration in different seasons | 41 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS | 42 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 42 | ||
| REFERENCES | 43 | ||
| Arsenic contamination in groundwater and Skin manifestations in three VDC of Kailali district in Terai, Nepal | 45 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 45 | ||
| METHODOLOGY | 45 | ||
| Survey area | 45 | ||
| Kailali district | 46 | ||
| Study population | 46 | ||
| Data collection | 46 | ||
| Samples collection, preservation and arsenic measurement | 46 | ||
| Physical examination for skin manifestations | 46 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS | 46 | ||
| Tubewell water arsenic | 46 | ||
| Urinary arsenic | 47 | ||
| Skin manifestations | 47 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 48 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 48 | ||
| REFERENCES | 48 | ||
| Comparison of tube-well and dug-well groundwater in the arsenic polluted areas in Cambodia | 51 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 51 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 52 | ||
| Sample preparation | 52 | ||
| Arsenic assay of groundwater | 52 | ||
| Dissolved oxygen measurement | 53 | ||
| pH | 53 | ||
| Iron assay | 53 | ||
| Phosphorous assay | 53 | ||
| Total microorganism and coliform bacteria counts | 53 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 53 | ||
| Arsenic concentration in tube-wells | 53 | ||
| Arsenic concentration in dug-wells | 53 | ||
| Comparison of the arsenic concentration in tube-wells with immediately adjacent dug-wells | 54 | ||
| Iron concentration in tube-well and dug-well waters | 55 | ||
| Phosphorous concentration in the groundwater | 55 | ||
| pH values of dug-well and tube-well water | 55 | ||
| Microbial quality of tube-well water and dug-well water | 55 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 56 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 56 | ||
| REFERENCES | 56 | ||
| Pathogenic pollution of surface water under dry and wet weather condition in Hanoi downtown | 57 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 57 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 58 | ||
| Sampling under dry weather condition | 58 | ||
| Sampling under wet weather condition | 58 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 59 | ||
| Pathogenic pollution level in sampling lakes | 59 | ||
| Pathogenic pollution in runoff water | 61 | ||
| Pathogenic pollution level between sampling locations | 61 | ||
| Pathogenic pollution variation with time at one sampling location | 62 | ||
| Comparison of runoff water and inundated water quality | 63 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 63 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 63 | ||
| REFERENCES | 63 | ||
| DALYs lost due to diarrhoea: Household level drinking water treatment | 65 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 65 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 65 | ||
| The intervention | 65 | ||
| Households and study population | 65 | ||
| Procedure for morbidity surveillance | 66 | ||
| DALY calculation | 66 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 67 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 71 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 71 | ||
| REFERENCES | 71 | ||
| Chapter 2: Industrial Wastewater Treatment | 73 | ||
| Enhanced anaerobic digestion of linoleic acid containing piggery wastewater | 75 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 75 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 76 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 76 | ||
| Inhibitory effect of linoleic acid on methanization of piggery wastewater | 76 | ||
| Effect of different cation ions on reversal of linoleic acid inhibition | 77 | ||
| Effect of amount of CaCl⊂2 on reversal of linoleic acid inhibition | 78 | ||
| Fate of calcium ion after adding to solution | 78 | ||
| Effect of CaCl⊂2 addition time on reversal of linoleic acid inhibition | 79 | ||
| Methane generation and VFA profile under different combinative conditions | 79 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 80 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 81 | ||
| REFERENCES | 81 | ||
| Effect of process parameters on adsorptive and bio-removal of cyanide compounds from contaminated water | 83 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 83 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 84 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 85 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 88 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 88 | ||
| REFERENCES | 88 | ||
| Comparison of biohydrogen production process by extreme-thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobic bacteria | 89 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 89 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 89 | ||
| Inoculum microorganisms and substrate | 89 | ||
| Methanogenic inactivation by HSP | 90 | ||
| H⊂2 production under mesophilic and extreme-thermophilic conditions | 90 | ||
| Analytical method | 90 | ||
| PCR-DGGE, DNA cloning and sequencing | 90 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 91 | ||
| H⊂2 production under mesophilic and extreme-thermophilic condition | 91 | ||
| Microbial community under mesophilic and extreme-thermophilic condition | 92 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 93 | ||
| REFERENCES | 94 | ||
| Effect of salinity in nitrification and denitrification with high ammonia concentration | 95 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 95 | ||
| METHODS | 96 | ||
| Apparatus and materials | 96 | ||
| Procedure | 96 | ||
| Seeding and acclimatization steps | 96 | ||
| Wastewater preparation | 96 | ||
| Wastewater characterization | 96 | ||
| Experimental set up | 96 | ||
| Reactor operation | 96 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS | 96 | ||
| Synthetic fresh wastewater | 96 | ||
| Synthetic saline wastewater | 99 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 101 | ||
| REFERENCES | 101 | ||
| Study on pre-treatment of dyeing wastewater by Wet Air Catalytic Oxidation and Fenton Oxidation | 103 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 103 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 104 | ||
| Wastewater and dyes | 104 | ||
| Wet Air Catalytic Oxidation | 105 | ||
| Fenton Oxidation | 105 | ||
| COD, color analysis and data evaluation | 105 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 106 | ||
| Wet Air Catalytic Oxidation | 106 | ||
| Fenton Oxidation | 108 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 109 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 109 | ||
| REFERENCES | 109 | ||
| Quantity and quality control to increase the efficiency of water utilization in the condom industry | 111 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 111 | ||
| CONDOM MANUFACTURING PROCESS | 111 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 112 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 113 | ||
| Water consumption before system modification | 113 | ||
| Water consumption after system modification | 114 | ||
| Water quality performance | 115 | ||
| Economic analysis | 116 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 116 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 117 | ||
| REFERENCES | 117 | ||
| Decolourisation of secondary treated tannery effluent by adsorption using activated carbon derived from coconut shell | 119 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 119 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 120 | ||
| Experimental sample | 120 | ||
| Activated carbon derived from coconut shell | 120 | ||
| Adsorption studies | 120 | ||
| Kinetic study | 120 | ||
| Effect of pH on adsorption | 120 | ||
| Effect of temperature on adsorption | 120 | ||
| Effect of adsorbent dose and equilibrium study for Isotherm | 120 | ||
| Desorption studies | 121 | ||
| Regeneration studies | 121 | ||
| Column studies | 121 | ||
| Method used for measuring colour | 121 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 121 | ||
| Kinetic study | 121 | ||
| Effect of pH and temperature | 121 | ||
| Effect of adsorbent dose and equilibrium study for Isotherm | 122 | ||
| Desorption study | 123 | ||
| Regeneration study | 123 | ||
| Column studies | 123 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 124 | ||
| REFERENCES | 124 | ||
| Electricity generation from Tapioca wastewater using a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) | 125 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 125 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 126 | ||
| Wastewater sample | 126 | ||
| Microbial fuel cells | 126 | ||
| Calculations | 127 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 127 | ||
| Electricity generation test | 127 | ||
| Optimum condition in MFC operation | 127 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 129 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 129 | ||
| REFERENCES | 129 | ||
| Evaluation of isopropyl alcohol degrading bacteria isolated from a MBR sludge | 131 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 131 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 131 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 132 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 134 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 135 | ||
| REFERENCES | 135 | ||
| Performance evaluation of a pilot-scale Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (SMBR) for potential reuse of department store wastewater | 137 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 137 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 137 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 138 | ||
| Membrane permeate flux and transmembrane pressure | 138 | ||
| Temperature and dissolved oxygen inside SMBR system | 138 | ||
| Organic removal in SMBR system | 139 | ||
| Nitrogen removal in SMBR system | 140 | ||
| Profile of nitrogen change together with ORP and DO level changes | 140 | ||
| Biomass in the SMBR system | 141 | ||
| Potential application of the SMBR system to reuse department store wastewater for toilet-flushing purpose | 141 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 142 | ||
| REFERENCES | 142 | ||
| Chapter 3: Physical and Chemical Processes | 143 | ||
| Production of natural coagulant from Moringa oleifera seed for drinking water treatment | 145 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 145 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 145 | ||
| Process scheme | 146 | ||
| Oil extraction | 146 | ||
| Salt extraction of bio-active constituents | 147 | ||
| Cross flow filtration (microfiltration) | 147 | ||
| Evaluation of bio-activeconstituent’s efficiency by jar test | 147 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 147 | ||
| Jar test using aluminium sulphate | 147 | ||
| Jar test using processed Moringa oleifera seed | 148 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 148 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 148 | ||
| REFERENCES | 149 | ||
| Arsenic removal from ground water by chemical oxidation and adsorption on in-situ formed ferrihydroxide | 151 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 151 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 152 | ||
| As(III) removal in Fe(II) oxidation by air oxygen | 152 | ||
| As(III) removal by adsorption on newly formed ferrihydroxide (FeOOH) | 152 | ||
| As(III) removal by using chemical oxidation and adsorption on FeOOH | 152 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 153 | ||
| As(III) removal in Fe(II) oxidation by air oxygen (oxygenation) | 153 | ||
| As(III) removal by adsorption on newly formed ferric hydroxide (FeOOH) | 153 | ||
| As(III) removal by using chemical oxidation and adsorption on FeOOH | 154 | ||
| Using KMnO⊂4 | 154 | ||
| Using Cl⊂2 | 154 | ||
| Using H⊂2O⊂2 | 155 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 156 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 156 | ||
| REFERENCES | 156 | ||
| Preparation and characterization of powdered activated carbon from empty fruit bunch | 157 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 157 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 157 | ||
| Activated carbon production | 157 | ||
| Adsorption test | 158 | ||
| Validation of the model | 158 | ||
| Characterizations of the best quality EFB based-AC prepared | 158 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 158 | ||
| Adsorption properties | 158 | ||
| Optimization of physical conditions for activated carbon produced | 159 | ||
| Validation of the model | 159 | ||
| Characterization of the best quality EFB based-AC prepared | 160 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 161 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 161 | ||
| REFERENCES | 161 | ||
| Removal of microbes from highly turbid surface water in Southeast Asia using ceramic membrane filters | 163 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 163 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 163 | ||
| Sample collection | 163 | ||
| Ceramic membrane filtration | 164 | ||
| Analysis of E. coli and total coliforms | 164 | ||
| Virus concentration procedure | 165 | ||
| Detection of the viral genomes | 165 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 165 | ||
| Detection of viral genomes in sewage water samples | 165 | ||
| Water qualities of river water samples | 165 | ||
| Ceramic membrane filtration | 166 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 167 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 168 | ||
| REFERENCES | 168 | ||
| Silica fouling of ultra-low-pressure reverse osmosis membrane in fluoride removal | 169 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 169 | ||
| METHODS | 169 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 170 | ||
| Concentration polarization | 170 | ||
| Groundwater characteristics | 171 | ||
| Analysis of membrane fouling | 173 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 173 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 174 | ||
| REFERENCES | 174 | ||
| Chapter 4: Water Environmental Management | 175 | ||
| Management of effluent from STR20 industry in Southern Thailand | 177 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 177 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 178 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 178 | ||
| Production process and sources of wastewater generation | 178 | ||
| Water usage and wastewater generation | 179 | ||
| Wastewater characteristics, treatment technology and management | 180 | ||
| Recommendation of STR20 effluent management | 181 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 181 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 181 | ||
| REFERENCES | 182 | ||
| Components constituting Tropical Water Index: For assessment of water supply and the environment | 183 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 183 | ||
| METHODS | 184 | ||
| STUDY AREA | 184 | ||
| INDEX | 184 | ||
| IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TROPICAL WATER INDEX | 186 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 188 | ||
| REFERENCES | 188 | ||
| Engaging household sector for improved market-based incentive system in Laguna de Bay, Philippines | 189 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 189 | ||
| METHODS | 190 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 191 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 193 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 194 | ||
| REFERENCES | 194 | ||
| Capacity development in Adaptive Water Management: Experiences and lessons learned at Farmers’ Water School in Northern Philippines | 195 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 195 | ||
| METHODS | 195 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 196 | ||
| General physical and groundwater assessment | 196 | ||
| A CASE STUDY: CAPACITY BUILDING ON ADAPTIVE WATER MANAGEMENT | 197 | ||
| Implementing the farmer water school | 197 | ||
| Framework of the farmer water school | 198 | ||
| Multi-cycle approach | 198 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 199 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 200 | ||
| REFERENCES | 200 | ||
| Chapter 5: Monitoring | 201 | ||
| Modeling a peri-urban combined sewer system to assess drainage improvements: A case study of Rattanakosin Village, Thailand | 203 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 203 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHOD | 203 | ||
| Study area | 203 | ||
| Data collection | 204 | ||
| Simulation input | 204 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 204 | ||
| Monitoring results | 204 | ||
| Scenarios simulation | 204 | ||
| Base case | 204 | ||
| Scenarios assessment | 205 | ||
| Pollutant washoff | 208 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 208 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 208 | ||
| REFERENCES | 208 | ||
| Heavy metal pollution and its long-term trends in Southeast Asian sediments | 209 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 209 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 209 | ||
| Sediment sample collection | 209 | ||
| Digestion and element analysis | 210 | ||
| Chronological analysis of core sample | 210 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 210 | ||
| Distribution and behavior of heavy metals in the surface sediments | 210 | ||
| Heavy metal distribution from upstream to downstream | 210 | ||
| Relationship between site characteristics and elemental composition | 211 | ||
| Differences in pollution levels among the elements | 212 | ||
| Historic trends of industrial pollution in Thailand | 213 | ||
| Heavy metal concentrations among the core samples | 213 | ||
| Chronology | 213 | ||
| Heavy metal deposition/pollution trend at Gt.14 and Thailand’s industrial history | 214 | ||
| Comparison of the pollution histories of Thailand and Japan | 214 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 215 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 215 | ||
| REFERENCES | 215 | ||
| Quality of water in Buriganga river and self-purification capacity from a point source | 217 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 217 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 217 | ||
| Sample collection | 217 | ||
| Sample analysis | 218 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 218 | ||
| Point sources | 221 | ||
| Non-point Sources | 221 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 222 | ||
| REFERENCES | 222 | ||
| Application of Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) assay to monitor endocrine disruptors in surface water in Cantho City, Vietnam | 223 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 223 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 223 | ||
| Site selection and samples collection | 223 | ||
| E2 analysis | 224 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 224 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 226 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 226 | ||
| REFERENCES | 226 | ||
| Storm and dry weather water quality characteristics in the Phnom Penh combined sewer system | 229 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 229 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 230 | ||
| Field methods | 230 | ||
| Laboratory methods | 231 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 231 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 233 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 234 | ||
| REFERENCES | 234 | ||
| Index | 235 |