BOOK
Water Infrastructure for Sustainable Communities
Xiaodi Hao | Vladimir Novotny | Valerie Nelson
(2010)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
A new model for water management is emerging worldwide in response to water shortages, polluted waterways, climate change, and loss of biodiversity. Cities and towns are questioning the ecological and financial sustainability of big-pipe water, stormwater, and sewer systems and are searching for “lighter footprint” more sustainable solutions. Pilot projects are being built that use, treat, store, and reuse water locally and that build distributed designs into restorative hydrology.
This book has been developed from the conference on Sustainable Water Infrastructure for Villages and Cities of the Future (SWIF2009) held in November 2009 in Beijing (China) that brought together an international gathering of experts in urban water and drainage infrastructure, landscape architecture, economics, environmental law, citizen participation, utility management, green building, and science and technology development.
Water Infrastructure for Sustainable Communities China and the World reveals how imaginative concepts are being developed and implemented to ensure that cities, towns, and villages and their water resources can become ecologically sustainable and provide clean water. With both urban and rural waters as a focal point, the links between water quality and hydrology, landscape, and the broader concepts of green cities/villages and smart development are explored. The book focuses on decentralized concepts of potable water, stormwater, and wastewater management that would provide clean water. It results in water management systems that would be resilient to extreme events such as excessive flows due to extreme meteorological events, severe droughts, and deteriorated water and urban ecosystem quality. A particular emphasis is placed on learning lessons from the many innovative projects being designed in China and other initiatives around the world.
The principal audience for the book is university faculty and students, scientists in research institutes, water professionals, governmental organizations, NGOs, urban landscape architects and planners.
Visit the IWA WaterWiki to read and share material related to this title: http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/WaterInfrastructureforSustainableCommunities
Edited by Professor Xiaodi Hao, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, P. R. of China, Professor Vladimir Novotny, Northeastern University, Boston, USA and Dr Valerie Nelson, Coalition for Alternative Wastewater Treatment, MA, USA
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Half Title | i | ||
| Title | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | v | ||
| Preface: Universal Recycling for the Benefit of Society | xix | ||
| Committees | xxiii | ||
| Acknowledgements | xxv | ||
| Introduction: Water Infrastructure for Sustainable Communities: China and the World | 1 | ||
| CHALLENGES AND VISIONS FOR THE FUTURE SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND VILLAGES | 1 | ||
| OBJECTIVES AND GENERAL OUTCOME OF THE CONFERENCE | 3 | ||
| TOPICS COVERED IN THE BOOK | 5 | ||
| Sustainability of Urban Water Systems and Infrastructure; Water: Energy Nexus | 6 | ||
| Precipitation, Stormwater Drainage and Hydrologic Cycle | 6 | ||
| Used Water Source Separation and Decentralized Management | 6 | ||
| Ecological/Small Community Sanitation | 6 | ||
| Nutrient Management and Recovery | 7 | ||
| Treatment of Separated and Combined Used Water and Solids | 7 | ||
| PART ONE: Sustainability of Urban Water Systems and Infrastructure; Water Energy Nexus | 9 | ||
| Integrating Water and Resource Management for Improved Sustainability | 11 | ||
| INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES | 11 | ||
| OBJECTIVES OF URBAN WATER AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS | 12 | ||
| URBAN WATER AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TOOLKIT | 14 | ||
| INTEGRATED URBAN WATER AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS | 17 | ||
| IMPLEMENTATION | 19 | ||
| SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS | 20 | ||
| REFERENCES | 21 | ||
| Sustainable Water Infrastructure of the Future – The Contest of Ideas and Ideals in Sustainability | 23 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 23 | ||
| SUSTAINABILITY | 25 | ||
| Historical Background | 25 | ||
| Triple Bottom Line | 26 | ||
| Self-Sufficiency | 27 | ||
| Mimicking Nature | 28 | ||
| Source Separation | 29 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 30 | ||
| Consequence of Longevity of Infrastructure | 30 | ||
| Water Quality and Public Health | 30 | ||
| Scale of Application | 30 | ||
| Linkage to Sustainability in Other Infrastructure Sectors | 31 | ||
| Policy Framework | 32 | ||
| Contest of Ideas and Ideals | 33 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 33 | ||
| REFERENCES | 34 | ||
| Water Energy Nexus- towards Zero Pollution and GHG Emission Effect of Future (Eco) Cities | 35 | ||
| CITIES OF THE FUTURE (ECOCITY) VISION AND GOALS | 35 | ||
| Green House Emissions Related to Urban Areas | 36 | ||
| Achieving the Goal of Net Zero Carbon Footprint in New Ecocities and Retrofits | 36 | ||
| ALTENATIVE PATHS TOWARDS NET ZERO GHG EMISSIONS | 39 | ||
| SEVEN ECOCITIES CASE STUDY | 40 | ||
| Hammarby Sjőstad (Sweden) | 40 | ||
| Dongtan (China) | 41 | ||
| Qingdao (China) Ecoblock and Ecocity | 42 | ||
| Tianjin (China) | 42 | ||
| Masdar (UAE) | 44 | ||
| Treasure Island (California, USA) | 44 | ||
| Sonoma Mountain Village | 44 | ||
| Synthesis of the seven cities study | 45 | ||
| CURRENT ECOCITY TECHNOLOGIES OF REDUCING CARBON FOOTPRINT | 47 | ||
| NEW AND OLD TECHNOLOGIES OF ENERGY RECOVERY FROM WATER | 48 | ||
| Integrated resource recovery facility | 52 | ||
| OVERALL ENERGY OUTLOOK | 52 | ||
| A look into future 20 or more years ahead | 53 | ||
| Assumptions for the Future Cities and Retrofits | 54 | ||
| Electric energy production | 54 | ||
| Vehicular traffic assumptions | 54 | ||
| Public transportation | 54 | ||
| Heating | 54 | ||
| Electricity demand | 55 | ||
| Water related energy savings (from Novotny, Ahern, and Brown, 2010) | 55 | ||
| Finding savings of 2 ton CO⊂2/cap-year | 56 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 56 | ||
| REFERENCES | 57 | ||
| Closed-Loop Water and Energy Systems: Implementing Nature’s Design in Cities of the Future | 59 | ||
| INTEGRATING AND CLOSING LOOPS | 59 | ||
| Water | 60 | ||
| HEALTHY URBAN ENVIRONMENTS | 61 | ||
| CELEBRATING NATURAL SYSTEMS THROUGH DESIGN | 62 | ||
| Dockside green | 62 | ||
| South East False Creek | 64 | ||
| ECONOMICS | 65 | ||
| Valuation of Ecosystem Services | 66 | ||
| Case Study: From Ditch to Functional Creek | 67 | ||
| SUMMARY | 69 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 69 | ||
| REFERENCES | 69 | ||
| Optimized Distribution and Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources in Jinan Municipality | 71 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 71 | ||
| STATUS QUO OF WATER RESOURCES OF JINAN | 72 | ||
| Total Volume of Water Resources in Jinan | 72 | ||
| The Status Quo of Water Resources in Jinan | 72 | ||
| Limited recharge capacity of water resources | 72 | ||
| Imbalanced spatio-temporal distribution of recharge capacity of water resources | 72 | ||
| Low water resources per capita | 73 | ||
| THE EXISTING PROBLEMS IN WATER UTILIZATION IN JINAN | 73 | ||
| The Gap Between Supply and Demand is Wide, and the Bottleneck Influence is Higher | 73 | ||
| Water Utilization Structure is Unreasonable | 73 | ||
| The Problem of Water Pollution is Getting Serious | 74 | ||
| The Utilization Ratio of Surface Water | 74 | ||
| Over-Exploitation of Underground Water has Resulted in a Series of Problems | 75 | ||
| COUNTERMEASURES FOR OPTIMIZED DISTRIBUTION AND SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES OF JINAN | 75 | ||
| Accelerating the Development of Foreign Water Resources and Utilizing Cisborder Water Resources Reasonably | 75 | ||
| Adjusting Industrial Structure and Building up an Economic Structure for Water-Saving | 76 | ||
| Establishing Water Price Reasonably | 76 | ||
| Accelerating the Cyclic Utilization Rate of Water | 76 | ||
| Strengthen Water Conservation and Reinforce Tree Planting and Afforestation in Southern Mountain Areas | 77 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 77 | ||
| REFERENCES | 78 | ||
| A New Strategy for Water Supply Systems in Local Cities and Towns in Developing Country | 79 | ||
| BACKGROUND AND NEW STRATEGY | 79 | ||
| RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND OUTLINE OF SURVEY | 80 | ||
| Research Objectives | 80 | ||
| Outline of the Survey | 81 | ||
| RESULT AND DISCUSSION | 82 | ||
| Unit Water Consumption | 82 | ||
| Usage of Sold Water or Other Water Sources | 83 | ||
| Sold Water Consumption | 83 | ||
| Reasons for Using Sold Water | 83 | ||
| Household Income | 84 | ||
| Water Charge | 85 | ||
| Sold Water Cost | 85 | ||
| Ratio of Water Charge and Sold Water Cost Relative to Income | 85 | ||
| Relationship Between Household Income and Water Charge | 86 | ||
| Relationship Between Household Income and Sold Water Cost | 86 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 87 | ||
| REFERENCE | 88 | ||
| Evaluation of Community-owned Water Resources Based on Water Quality Labeling System | 89 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 89 | ||
| Climate Change and its Impacts on Water Resources | 89 | ||
| Urbanization and Increased Water Demand | 90 | ||
| COMMUNITY-OWNED WATER RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER USE | 92 | ||
| Reclaimed Water | 92 | ||
| Rainwater | 94 | ||
| WATER QUALITY EVALUATION FOR PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING | 96 | ||
| CHARACTERIZING AND RANKING DIFFERENT WATER RESOURCES - A CASE STUDY IN JAPAN | 97 | ||
| Data gathering | 98 | ||
| Water Quality Scoring | 102 | ||
| Water Quality Characterization | 105 | ||
| Water Use Ranking | 106 | ||
| Water Quality Labeling and User Judgment | 109 | ||
| ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR COMMUNITY-OWNED WATER RESOURCES | 109 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 114 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 114 | ||
| REFERENCES | 115 | ||
| PART TWO: Precipitation, Stormwater Drainage and Hydrologic Cycle | 117 | ||
| Main Cause of Climate Change: Decline in the Small Water Cycle | 119 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 119 | ||
| IMPACT ON THE NATURAL WATER CYCLE | 120 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 124 | ||
| REFERENCES | 124 | ||
| Sustainable Solutions to Our Water Crisis: Generating Freshwater from “Thin Air” | 127 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 127 | ||
| REFRIGERATION TECHNIQUES EVALUATION | 128 | ||
| PSYCHROMETRY | 129 | ||
| RESULTS | 131 | ||
| Water Productivity | 131 | ||
| Energy Requirements | 132 | ||
| Condensation Load (Q⊂L) | 132 | ||
| Cooling Load (Q⊂Δt ) | 133 | ||
| Insulation Load (Q⊂i) | 134 | ||
| Design Calculations | 134 | ||
| Assumptions | 135 | ||
| Critical thermal point | 136 | ||
| Controlling variables | 136 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 138 | ||
| REFERENCES | 139 | ||
| Studies and Practices of Urban Rainwater Harvest and Runoff Pollution Control in Beijing | 141 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 141 | ||
| URBAN RAINWATER HARVEST | 142 | ||
| The Situation of Urban RWH | 142 | ||
| The Typical Technical Process of Rainwater Purification | 143 | ||
| The Storage Volume of RWH | 143 | ||
| First Flush Control | 144 | ||
| URBAN RUNOFF POLLUTION CONTROL | 144 | ||
| The Situation of Urban Runoff Pollution | 144 | ||
| The Characteristics of Urban Runoff Pollution | 145 | ||
| Urban Runoff Pollution Control Practices | 146 | ||
| Permeable pavements | 147 | ||
| Rain gardens | 147 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 148 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 149 | ||
| REFERENCES | 149 | ||
| Efficiency and Economy of a New Agricultural Rainwater Harvesting System | 151 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 151 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 153 | ||
| Description of the Demonstration | 153 | ||
| Altered Rwh Mode | 154 | ||
| Rainwater Harvesting Efficiency | 154 | ||
| Substitution Effect | 154 | ||
| Income Effect | 154 | ||
| Calculation of Cost | 155 | ||
| Cost-Effective Analysis | 155 | ||
| Cost-Benefit Ratio for the Government | 155 | ||
| Cost-Benefit Analysis for Farmers | 156 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 157 | ||
| Rainwater Harvesting Efficiency | 157 | ||
| Substitution Effect | 157 | ||
| Income generation Effect | 157 | ||
| Cost-Benefit Analysis for Government | 157 | ||
| Cost-Benefit Analysis for Farmers | 158 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 159 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 159 | ||
| REFERENCES | 159 | ||
| Outline of Some Stormwater Management and LID Projects in Chinese Urban Area | 161 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 161 | ||
| AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECTS | 162 | ||
| OUTLINE OF SEVERAL TYPICAL PROJECTS | 164 | ||
| Project 1 Master Planning of Stormwater Management & LID in a New Urban Area, Ningbo | 164 | ||
| Project 2 LID Application in Wanke Centre in Shenzhen Aimed at the LEED Platinum Certification | 165 | ||
| Project 3 Arcadia Project of Stormwater Wetland and Landscape Lake | 167 | ||
| Project 4 Rainwater Harvest & Stormwater Management System for a Large Residential Area in Tianjing, China | 170 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 173 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 173 | ||
| REFERENCES | 173 | ||
| Survey of Storm Sewer Sediments in Beijing | 175 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 175 | ||
| SURVEY AREA | 176 | ||
| METHODS | 176 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 177 | ||
| The Sediment State | 177 | ||
| The Sediment State in Sewers From Different Runoff Catchments | 177 | ||
| The Sediment Depths in the Same Diameter Storm Sewers | 180 | ||
| The Sediment Depths in Sewers with Different Materials | 182 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 182 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 183 | ||
| REFERENCES | 183 | ||
| Innovative Stormwater Management of C10 Road on Guangzhou International Bioisland | 185 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 185 | ||
| OUTLINE OF C10 ROAD | 188 | ||
| STORMWATER MANAGEMENT MEASURES | 189 | ||
| Construction of Rain Gardens | 189 | ||
| Replacing the Original Green Belts with Natural Drainage System | 190 | ||
| Modelling Hydrology of Natural Drainage System | 191 | ||
| Replacing the Original Interlocking Bricks on Sidewalks with Permeable Pavements | 193 | ||
| Replacing Original Casting-iron Rain Well Lids and Sewage Covers with Reactive Powder Concrete Covers | 194 | ||
| COST COMPARISON | 194 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 195 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 195 | ||
| REFERENCES | 195 | ||
| PART THREE: Used Water Source Separation, Decentralized Systems | 197 | ||
| Water Metabolism Concept and its Application in Designing Decentralized Urban Water Systems with Wastewater Recycling and Reuse | 199 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 199 | ||
| CONCEPT OF WATER METABOLISM | 201 | ||
| Metabolism and Metabolic Capacity of Natural Waters | 201 | ||
| Human Disturbance on Natural Water Cycle | 202 | ||
| Concept of Water Metabolism Relating to Urban Water System Design | 203 | ||
| A thermodynamic consideration | 203 | ||
| Theoretical strategy of urban water system planning | 204 | ||
| Configuration of a Local Water System Under the Concept of Water Metabolism | 205 | ||
| MODEL CASES FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE CONCEPT OF WATER METABOLISM | 207 | ||
| A Decentralized Water Environmental System with Grey Water Reuse | 207 | ||
| Decentralized Water and Wastewater System Serving a College Campus | 208 | ||
| CONCLUDING REMARKS | 209 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 210 | ||
| REFERENCES | 210 | ||
| Urine Separation for Sustainable Urban Water Management | 213 | ||
| INTRODUCTION – HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE | 213 | ||
| URINE AND DOMESTIC WASTEWATER | 217 | ||
| SEPERATED COLLECTION AND REUSE OF URINE | 220 | ||
| REFERENCES | 223 | ||
| Evaluation of Technologies for Decentralized Wastewater Treatment in China | 227 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 227 | ||
| TYPICAL DECENTRALIZED WASTEWATER TREATMENT APPLIED IN CHINA | 228 | ||
| Septic Tank | 229 | ||
| Biological Treatment | 229 | ||
| Anaerobic digester | 230 | ||
| Aerobic treatment | 230 | ||
| Enhanced nutrient removal process | 231 | ||
| Ecological Treatment | 232 | ||
| Constructed wetlands | 232 | ||
| Soil treatment systems | 232 | ||
| Lagoon | 233 | ||
| Combined Bio-Eco treatment | 233 | ||
| SUSTAINABILITY OF DECENTRALIZED RURAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN CHINA | 234 | ||
| Choice of Appropriate Technology | 234 | ||
| Management | 236 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 236 | ||
| REFERENCES | 237 | ||
| Investigation of Domestic Wastewater Separately Discharging and Treating in China | 239 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 239 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 241 | ||
| The Source of Water Samples and the Sampling Way | 241 | ||
| Analyzing Method | 242 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 242 | ||
| Characteristics of Greywater, Kitchen Water, Shower Water and Blackwater | 242 | ||
| Variation of Water Quality at Different Times of Day | 245 | ||
| Variation Tendencies for Pollutant Concentration During Different Seasons | 246 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 247 | ||
| Feasibility for Separate Discharging and Treating of Domestic Wastewater | 247 | ||
| Should Kitchen Water be Ranked as Greywater? | 248 | ||
| (1) The concentration of kitchen water between China and European countries | 248 | ||
| (2) In the view of grey water treatment | 249 | ||
| (3) The potential demand of reclaimed water | 249 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 249 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 250 | ||
| REFERENCES | 250 | ||
| Technical Options for Source-Separated Collection of Municipal Wastewater | 253 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 253 | ||
| TOILETS APPLIED FOR SOURCE SEPARATION | 253 | ||
| COLLECTION OF FECES AND URINE | 255 | ||
| Using Vessels and Tank Trucks for Urine and Feces | 255 | ||
| Vacuum-Based Collection Systems | 255 | ||
| Reutilisation of Feces and Urine | 258 | ||
| SUMMARY | 258 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 259 | ||
| REFERENCES | 259 | ||
| Performance of Membrane Bioreactor for Onsite Treatment of Higher-Load Graywater | 261 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 261 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 262 | ||
| Experimental Procedure for Determining the Effect of OLR | 262 | ||
| Experimental Procedure for Determining the Effect of Continuous and Intermittent-Feeding Operation | 262 | ||
| Continuous feeding operation | 262 | ||
| Intermittent feeding operation | 263 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 263 | ||
| Effect of Organic Loading Rate | 263 | ||
| Effect of Continuous and Intermittent Feeding Operation | 265 | ||
| Continuous feeding operation | 265 | ||
| Intermittent feeding operation | 266 | ||
| Comparison with Johkasou system | 268 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 269 | ||
| REFERENCES | 270 | ||
| PART FOUR: Ecological/Small Community Sanitation | 271 | ||
| Practice of Ecological Sanitation in Beijing: a Demonstration Project | 273 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 273 | ||
| GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE DEMONSTRATION PROJECT | 274 | ||
| Contents of the Demonstration Project | 274 | ||
| Project Scale | 274 | ||
| GEOGRAPHY OF THE PROJECT AREA | 275 | ||
| ECOSAN SYSTEM | 275 | ||
| Description of the ECOSAN Process | 275 | ||
| Vacuum Station | 277 | ||
| Biofilter Removing Odour | 278 | ||
| Biogas Digester | 278 | ||
| Tanks Collecting Grey-water, Urine and Faeces | 278 | ||
| Outdoors Pipelines | 279 | ||
| Constructed Wetland for Treating Grey-water | 279 | ||
| RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM | 281 | ||
| Direct Utilization of Rainwater | 281 | ||
| Indirect Utilization of Rainwater | 282 | ||
| SUMMARY | 284 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 284 | ||
| REFERENCES | 284 | ||
| Demonstration Project of Ecological Sanitation in Rural Beijing | 285 | ||
| STATUS IN QUO OF RURAL DOMESTIC POLLUTION IN SUBURB AREA OF BEIJING | 286 | ||
| Environment Facilities in Suburb Rural Area of Beijing | 286 | ||
| Major Problems in Villages | 287 | ||
| IMPLEMENTATION AND RESEARCH OF THE MODEL PROJECT | 287 | ||
| Alteration of Eco-San Toilets | 288 | ||
| Domestic Wastewater Treatment System | 289 | ||
| Yard wetland system | 289 | ||
| Constructed street wetland system | 290 | ||
| Constructed concentrated wetland system | 290 | ||
| Waste Classifying Treatment System | 290 | ||
| Building and Operation Cost | 291 | ||
| PROBE INTO RURAL DOMESTIC POLLUTION TREATMENT MODEL | 291 | ||
| REFERENCES | 292 | ||
| Current Status of Wastewater Technologies for Small Communities in JAPAN | 293 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 293 | ||
| SCHEMES FOR SMALL SCALE WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN JAPAN | 294 | ||
| Decentralized and Centralized Systems for Wastewater Management in Japan | 294 | ||
| Johkasou unit | 295 | ||
| Institutional and Finance Framework for Implementation and Maintenance of a Johkasou Unit | 296 | ||
| Night soil treatment plant | 297 | ||
| SUMMARY | 299 | ||
| REFERENCES | 299 | ||
| Development and Practice of Ecological Sanitation System | 301 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 301 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE TECHNOLOGIES | 303 | ||
| Technology of Yellowwater | 303 | ||
| Storage | 304 | ||
| Reverse osmosis | 304 | ||
| Anammox process | 304 | ||
| Struvite(MgNH⊂4PO⊂4 ) | 305 | ||
| Technology of Brownwater | 305 | ||
| Technology of Greywater | 306 | ||
| Membrane technology | 306 | ||
| Constructed wetland | 307 | ||
| Coagulation processes | 307 | ||
| Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket | 307 | ||
| CASE STUDY | 308 | ||
| SUGGESTIONS AND COMMENTS | 309 | ||
| REFERENCES | 309 | ||
| Assessing the Sustainability of Innovations in Urban Ecological Sanitation: Erdos Eco-town Project | 311 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 311 | ||
| ERDOS ECO-TOWN PROJECT | 312 | ||
| System Design | 312 | ||
| System Operation | 314 | ||
| A SUSTAINABLE SYSTEM? | 315 | ||
| Health and Environmental Impacts | 315 | ||
| Socio-Cultural and Institutional Aspects | 316 | ||
| Institutional Management | 316 | ||
| Social Acceptance | 317 | ||
| Financial Aspects | 318 | ||
| Technical Aspects | 319 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 321 | ||
| REFERENCES | 322 | ||
| PART FIVE: Nutrient Management and Recovery | 323 | ||
| Brief Overview and Assessment of Potential Technologies for Beneficial Recovery of Ammonia and Phosphate from Various Types of Wastewater | 325 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 325 | ||
| RECOVERY PROCESSES FOR AMMONIA AND NITRATE | 327 | ||
| Introduction | 327 | ||
| Physical/Chemical Processes to Recover Ammonia | 327 | ||
| Physical-Chemical Treatment Processes to Recover Nitrate | 330 | ||
| Physical-Chemical and Biological Conversion of Organic Nitrogen Containing Compounds into Ammonia or Nitrate | 330 | ||
| Potential Markets for the Products of the Recovery Processes for Ammonia and Nitrate | 331 | ||
| RECOVERY PROCESSES FOR PHOSPHATE AND PHOSPHOROUS | 332 | ||
| Introduction | 332 | ||
| Recovery of Phosphate from Industrial Wastewater | 332 | ||
| Recovery of Phosphate or Phosphorous from Municipal Wastewater | 333 | ||
| Recovery of Phosphate or Phosphorous from Pig Manure | 335 | ||
| Potential Markets for the Products of the Recovery Processes for Phosphate or Phosphorous | 336 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF THE VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES AND PRODUCTS | 336 | ||
| FINAL CONCLUSIONS | 338 | ||
| REFERENCES | 338 | ||
| Recovering Pure Struvite from Wastewater Near the Neutral pH | 343 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 343 | ||
| EXPERIMENTS | 345 | ||
| Chemical Precipitation of Struvite | 345 | ||
| Electrochemical Deposition of Struvite | 345 | ||
| Setup of electrochemical deposition | 345 | ||
| Preparation of electrolyte | 346 | ||
| Formation of struvite by electrochemical deposition | 346 | ||
| Characterization of Struvite | 346 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 346 | ||
| Formation of Struvite | 346 | ||
| XRD Analysis of Precipitates | 347 | ||
| Infrared (IR) Spectra | 349 | ||
| The Struvite Content in Precipitate | 350 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 351 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 352 | ||
| REFERENCES | 352 | ||
| Comparison of Activated Alumina and Coal Sand Filter Media for Phosphorus Removal | 355 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 355 | ||
| Experimental Material | 356 | ||
| Experimental Methods | 356 | ||
| RESULTS | 356 | ||
| TP and Turbidity Removal | 356 | ||
| Effect of pH | 358 | ||
| TP removal | 358 | ||
| STP removal | 358 | ||
| SRP removal | 358 | ||
| PP removal | 359 | ||
| Comparison | 359 | ||
| Discussion | 360 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 361 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 361 | ||
| REFERENCES | 361 | ||
| The Application of the Probiotics Principle to Convert Biomass into Organic Fertilizer | 363 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 363 | ||
| CHEMICAL FERTILIZER, PESTICIDE AND HERBICIDE | 364 | ||
| THE EU ORGANIC FARMING APPROACH | 365 | ||
| THREE GROUPS OF GOOD/EFFECTIVE BACTERIA FOR PROBIOTICS AGRICULTURE | 366 | ||
| Bacillus Species Composting | 366 | ||
| Lactic Acid Bacteria Composting | 367 | ||
| Actinomycetous Species Composting | 368 | ||
| AUXIN AND CYTOKININ | 368 | ||
| COMMONALITY OF GOOD BACTERIA AMONG HUMANS, ANIMALS AND PLANTS | 369 | ||
| THE APPLICATION OF SUBCRITICAL WATER REACTION TO SEWAGE SLUDGE AND ORGANIC WASTE | 370 | ||
| REFERENCES | 372 | ||
| Nitrification of Source Separated Urine in a Sequencing Batch Reactor | 373 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 373 | ||
| NITRIFICATION USING SBR | 374 | ||
| Background | 374 | ||
| Urine Nitrification Chemistry | 375 | ||
| Critical Considerations | 376 | ||
| Granulation | 377 | ||
| Summary | 378 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 378 | ||
| REFERENCES | 378 | ||
| PART SIX: Treatment of Separated and Combined Used Water and Solids | 381 | ||
| Compositing Toilet: Its Functions and Design Procedure | 383 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 383 | ||
| EVALUATION OF THE COMPOSTING TOILET | 384 | ||
| Characteristics of faeces (Lopez zavala et al. 2002b) | 384 | ||
| The Biodegradation of organic matter and its model | 385 | ||
| Effect of organic loading (Lopez and Funamizu, 2005a) | 385 | ||
| Mathematical model (Lopez and Funamizu, 2004a, Hotta and Fuanmizu, 2009) | 385 | ||
| Effect of temperature (Lopez and Funamizu, 2004b) | 385 | ||
| Effect of moisture content (Lopez and Funamizu, 2005b) | 386 | ||
| Fate of nitrogen (Hotta and Funamizu, 2007a,b) | 386 | ||
| Drying kinetics of water from the compost matrix (Tanaka et al. 2009) | 386 | ||
| Pathogen decline (Nakata et al., 2003) | 387 | ||
| Fate of pharmaceuticals (Kakimoto and Funamizu, 2007a,b) | 387 | ||
| Characterization of organic matter in compost (Narita et al., 2005) | 388 | ||
| DESIGN OF COMPOSTING TOILET | 388 | ||
| SUMMARY | 389 | ||
| REFERENCES | 389 | ||
| Treatment of Brownwater Results of Mesophilic Tests in Stahnsdorf/germany | 391 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 391 | ||
| NOVEL SANITARY SYSTEMS | 392 | ||
| TREATMENT OF BROWNWATER | 394 | ||
| Models and Measures for Collection of Brownwater | 394 | ||
| Test with brownwater digestion in Stahnsdorf germany | 395 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE ASPECTS | 397 | ||
| REFERENCES | 398 | ||
| Treatment of Domestic Sewage in an Anaerobic Baffled Reactor at Ambient Temperature | 399 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 399 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 400 | ||
| Experimental set-up | 400 | ||
| Wastewater characteristics | 401 | ||
| Analytical methods | 401 | ||
| Experimental procedure | 401 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 402 | ||
| ABR performance | 402 | ||
| COD removal | 402 | ||
| Suspended solids removal | 403 | ||
| Nitrogen removal | 403 | ||
| Compartment-wise profiles | 405 | ||
| Response to hydraulic over-loadings | 405 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 406 | ||
| REFERENCES | 407 | ||
| An Innovative Integrated Reactor System for Simultaneous Removal of Carbon, Sulfur and Nitrogen Based on Biological Niches | 409 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 409 | ||
| Scope and Objectives | 411 | ||
| CURRENT KNOWLEDGE | 411 | ||
| Traditional nitrogen removal processes | 411 | ||
| Traditional sulfur removal process | 411 | ||
| Simultaneous sulfur and nitrogen removal process | 411 | ||
| ASSESSMENT | 412 | ||
| Optimization of operating parameters in the SR-CR reactor | 412 | ||
| Optimization of operating parameters in the A&H-DSR reactor | 412 | ||
| Overall efficiency of the integrated C-S-N removal system | 413 | ||
| Characterization of microbial community in the C-S-N removal system | 415 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS AND NEEDS | 417 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 418 | ||
| REFERENCES | 418 | ||
| Characterization of Polyhydroxybutyrate-rich Aerobic Granules in an SBR under Nitrogen Deficient Conditions | 421 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 421 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 422 | ||
| Reactor and Operations | 422 | ||
| Analytical Methods | 423 | ||
| RESULTS | 425 | ||
| Enrichment of Sludge with Intermittent Feeding | 425 | ||
| Granulation of PHB-Rich Activated Sludge | 426 | ||
| PHB Production of Granular Sludge | 428 | ||
| Changes of Sludge Properties | 429 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 430 | ||
| Morphological Observation of Granular Sludge | 430 | ||
| Granule EPS | 431 | ||
| Correlation between Sludge Storage and granulation | 435 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 436 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 437 | ||
| REFERENCES | 437 | ||
| Hybrid Process of Advanced Oxidation and Membrane Filtration Facing the Challenge of Future Urban Water Quality | 441 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 441 | ||
| CHALLENGES OF WATER QUALITY IN FUTURE CITIES | 442 | ||
| Water Quality in Urban Water Resources | 442 | ||
| Limitations of Current Water Treatment Processes | 443 | ||
| RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN AOP PROCESSES | 443 | ||
| Advanced Oxidation by Shortly Lived Mn and Fe Species | 443 | ||
| Advanced Oxidations by Oxygenated Radicals | 444 | ||
| ADVANCES IN MEMBRANE FILTRATION | 446 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF HYBRID AOP AND MEMBRANE PROCESSES FOR WATER TREATMENT IN FUTURE CITIES | 448 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 449 | ||
| ACKNOWLEGEMENT | 449 | ||
| REFERENCES | 449 | ||
| Shortcut Nitrification During the Start-Up in Biological Aerated Filter under Environmental Condition | 453 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 453 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 454 | ||
| Reactor Set-Up | 454 | ||
| Sludge and Organic Wastewater | 455 | ||
| Analysis | 455 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 455 | ||
| Effect of Start-Up Mode on Biofilm Culturing Speed | 455 | ||
| Effect of Start-Up Mode on Nitrite Accumulation | 457 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 458 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 458 | ||
| REFERENCES | 459 | ||
| Alum Sludge-Based Constructed Wetland: Novelty, Benefits and Constraints | 461 | ||
| Introduction | 461 | ||
| SHORT HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT | 462 | ||
| NOVELTY | 465 | ||
| BENEFITS | 466 | ||
| CONSTRAINTS | 467 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 468 | ||
| REFERENCES | 469 | ||
| Using Sub-lethal UV-C Irradiation to Prevent Microcystis aeruginosa Blooming for Urban Stream | 471 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 471 | ||
| METHODS AND MATERIALS | 472 | ||
| Microorganisms | 472 | ||
| UV-C irradiation and subsequent incubation | 472 | ||
| Algal growth analysis | 473 | ||
| In vivo fluorescence measurements | 474 | ||
| Statistical analysis | 474 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 475 | ||
| Effects of UV-C irradiation on growth characteristics of M. aeruginosa | 475 | ||
| Effects of UV-C irradiation on photosynthetic characteristics of M. aeruginosa | 476 | ||
| Adopting photosynthetic activity for prewarning of growth activity | 478 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 478 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 479 | ||
| REFERENCES | 479 | ||
| The Application of Wasted Architecture Walling Materials Used as a Constructed Wetland Media | 481 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 481 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 482 | ||
| Selection of Architecture Walling Waste for Experiment | 482 | ||
| Pre-Treatment of Architecture Walling Waste Samples for Physico-Chemical Analysis | 482 | ||
| Analysis Methods | 482 | ||
| Description of the Constructed Wetland in the Study | 483 | ||
| ANALYSIS OF BASIC PROPERTIES OF ARCHITECTURE WALLING WASTE SAMPLES | 483 | ||
| Analysis of the Aperture Architecture Walling Waste Samples | 483 | ||
| Element Analysis in Architecture Walling Waste Samples | 485 | ||
| Adsorption Ability Analysis of Architecture Walling Waste Materials | 485 | ||
| PERFORMANCE OF NUTRIENT REMOVAL IN CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS WITH ARCHITECTURE WALLING WASTE MATERIALS AS MEDIA | 486 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 488 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 489 | ||
| REFERENCES | 489 | ||
| Mass Balance and Energy Consumption Calculation in Partial Nitrification Process | 491 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 491 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 492 | ||
| Pilot Plant | 492 | ||
| Wastewater Quality | 493 | ||
| Analytical Methods | 494 | ||
| MASS BALANCE | 494 | ||
| Mass Flow | 494 | ||
| Formula of OU⊂C | 494 | ||
| Calculation of Nitrite Accumulation Ratio | 495 | ||
| Calculation of SND Efficiency | 495 | ||
| Oxygen Transfer Efficiency | 495 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 495 | ||
| Nitrogen Removal Performance | 495 | ||
| Mass Balance | 496 | ||
| Analysis of Denitrification Modes | 500 | ||
| Energy Consumption Analysis | 500 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 501 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 502 | ||
| REFERENCES | 502 | ||
| A Study on a Coupling Bioreactor for the Treatment of Domestic Wastewater and Mechanisms of Sludge Reduction | 505 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 505 | ||
| The Theory of Flow-Separation | 506 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 506 | ||
| Test Equipment and Materials | 506 | ||
| The porous carriers | 506 | ||
| Test equipment | 507 | ||
| Wastewater and Test Methods | 508 | ||
| Wastewater | 508 | ||
| Test methods | 508 | ||
| Scheme for the experiment | 508 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 509 | ||
| The Efficiency at Different HRT | 509 | ||
| The Efficiency in Different Volume Percentages of Anoxic Section at HRT = 8h | 511 | ||
| Analysis of Sludge Reduction | 513 | ||
| Closed operation | 513 | ||
| The Sludge Trap | 514 | ||
| The variation of matter in liquid phase | 514 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 515 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 516 | ||
| REFERENCES | 516 | ||
| Membrane Combination Technique on Treatment and Remediation of Heavy Metals Polluted Water Body | 517 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 517 | ||
| Materials and Methods | 518 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 519 | ||
| Influence Factors on Membrane Separating Processes | 519 | ||
| Mechanism of the enhancement in the LPRO process | 522 | ||
| Metal removal and recovery in electro-winning processes | 523 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 524 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 525 | ||
| REFERENCES | 525 | ||
| A Pilot-Scale Solar Photocatalysis Reactor with Immobilized Catalyst | 527 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 527 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 528 | ||
| Photoreactor | 528 | ||
| Reagents and Analytical Determinations | 529 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS | 529 | ||
| Evaluation of optical performance | 529 | ||
| Degradation of phenol in drinking water | 533 | ||
| Photocatalytic disinfection of drinking water | 534 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 534 | ||
| REFERENCES | 535 | ||
| Concentration of Endocrine Disruptors in the Surface Water of Agricultural Fields and Irrigation Systems at Two Representative Study Sites of the Lower Mekong Delta, Vietnam - Preliminary Results | 537 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 537 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 538 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 539 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 543 | ||
| REFERENCES | 543 | ||
| Investigation of Effects of Specific Bacteria on the Bioremediation of Fu-tian River | 545 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 545 | ||
| MATERIALS AND PROCEDURES | 546 | ||
| Schematic of Processing of Water Treating | 546 | ||
| Design of Water gates of Fu-tian River | 547 | ||
| Water Quality Improvement Based on the Process | 548 | ||
| Addition of Specific Bacteria | 548 | ||
| Design of Water Reflux Circulation | 549 | ||
| Analysis of the Chemical Properties of the Wastewater | 549 | ||
| DGGE Profiling | 550 | ||
| Statistical Analysis of DGGE Banding Patterns | 550 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 551 | ||
| Denaturing gradient gel Electrophoresis Analysis | 555 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 558 | ||
| REFERENCES | 558 | ||
| PART SEVEN: Future Outlook | 561 | ||
| Network Infrastructure – Cities of the Future | 563 | ||
| TRADITIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT | 563 | ||
| THE BALTIMORE CHARTER FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER SYSTEMS | 564 | ||
| NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE | 565 | ||
| The International Water Association and Cities of the Future A Work Program on Behalf of a New Paradigm | 567 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 567 | ||
| What is the Problem? | 568 | ||
| We are in the Discovery Phase | 569 | ||
| How can IWA Help? | 569 | ||
| FRAMEWORK DOCUMENT | 570 | ||
| FOOTPRINT DEVELOPMENT | 570 | ||
| CASE STUDIES | 571 | ||
| CITIES OF THE FUTURE ALLIANCES | 571 | ||
| INTEGRATED TREATMENT TECHNOLOgIES | 571 | ||
| SMART NETWORKS | 572 | ||
| SPATIAL PLANNING | 572 | ||
| LAND USE AND DEVELOPER INTERACTION | 572 | ||
| INSTITUTIONAL REFORM | 572 | ||
| URBAN DESIGN LANDSCAPES AND WATERSCAPES | 573 | ||
| Next Steps | 573 | ||
| Index | 575 |