Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Sustainable Water Resources in the Built Environment covers elements of water engineering and policy making in the sustainable construction of buildings with a focus on case studies from Panama and Kenya. It provides comprehensive information based on case studies, experimental data, interviews, and in-depth research. The book focuses on the water aspects of sustainable construction in less economically developed environments. It covers the importance of sustainable construction in developing country contexts with particular reference to what is meant by the water and wastewater aspects of sustainable buildings, the layout, climate, and culture of sites, the water quality tests performed and results obtained, the design of rainwater harvesting systems and policy considerations.
The book is a useful resource for practitioners in the field working on the water aspects of sustainable construction (international aid agencies, engineering firms working in developing contexts, intergovernmental organizations and NGOs). It is also useful as a text for water and sanitation practices in developing countries.
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Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Half Title | 1 | ||
| Title | 3 | ||
| Copyright | 4 | ||
| Contents | 5 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 13 | ||
| Acronyms and Abbreviations | 15 | ||
| Units | 17 | ||
| Executive summary | 19 | ||
| Chapter 1: Introduction: Sustainable Construction | 21 | ||
| 1.1 INTRODUCTION: SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD | 21 | ||
| 1.1.1 Sustainable construction | 21 | ||
| 1.1.2 Benefits of sustainable construction | 22 | ||
| 1.1.3 Water aspects of sustainable construction | 22 | ||
| 1.1.4 Critical situation in developing countries | 24 | ||
| 1.2 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE | 25 | ||
| 1.2.1 Objectives | 25 | ||
| 1.2.2 Overview of approach | 26 | ||
| 1.2.3 Case Studies in Kenya and Panama | 26 | ||
| 1.3 CURRENT STATE OF WATER RESOURCES | 27 | ||
| 1.4 WATER RESOURCES AND CLIMATE cHANGE | 27 | ||
| 1.5 ROADMAP | 30 | ||
| Chapter 2: Background: Water aspects of sustainable buildings | 33 | ||
| 2.1 INTRODUCTION: WATER ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS | 33 | ||
| 2.2 WATER QUALITY INDICATORS | 34 | ||
| 2.2.1 Description of indicators | 34 | ||
| 2.2.2 Water quality standards | 35 | ||
| 2.3 RAINWATER HARVESTING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | 37 | ||
| 2.3.1 Biological contamination | 40 | ||
| 2.3.1.1 Insect vector breeding | 40 | ||
| 2.3.1.2 Microbiological contamination | 41 | ||
| 2.3.1.3 Chemical contamination | 42 | ||
| 2.3.2 Reducing contamination | 42 | ||
| 2.3.3 Examples | 44 | ||
| 2.3.4 Advantages and disadvantages of RWH | 44 | ||
| 2.3.5 Structural and economic aspects | 45 | ||
| 2.4 SUMMARY | 46 | ||
| Chapter 3: Background: Wastewater aspects of sustainable buildings | 47 | ||
| 3.1 INTRODUCTION: WASTEWATER ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS | 47 | ||
| 3.2 WASTEWATER SYSTEMS PRESENTED IN PANAMA CASE STUDY | 48 | ||
| 3.2.1 Septic tank systems | 48 | ||
| 3.2.2 Wastewater stabilization ponds | 50 | ||
| 3.2.3 Phytoremediation | 52 | ||
| 3.2.4 Constructed wetlands | 52 | ||
| 3.3 WASTEWATER SYSTEMS PRESENTED IN KENYA CASE STUDY | 55 | ||
| 3.3.1 Ecological sanitation (EcoSan) | 55 | ||
| 3.3.1.1 Greywater and blackwater | 56 | ||
| 3.3.1.2 Composting | 57 | ||
| 3.3.1.3 Vermicomposting | 57 | ||
| 3.3.2 Eco-toilets | 58 | ||
| 3.3.2.1 Dry, double-vault urine-diversion toilet | 58 | ||
| 3.3.2.2 Example: Urine diversion system in South Africa | 59 | ||
| 3.3.2.3 Fossa Alterna (FA-type) and Arbour Loo (AL-type) | 59 | ||
| 3.3.2.4 Example from Mozambique | 59 | ||
| 3.3.2.5 Example from Zimbabwe | 60 | ||
| 3.4 SUMMARY | 62 | ||
| Chapter 4: Panama Site and Water Management Practices: The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute sustainable building in Bocas del Toro | 63 | ||
| 4.1 INTRODUCTION: PANAMA SITE AND WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES | 63 | ||
| 4.2 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA AND STRI BUILDING | 64 | ||
| 4.3 POTABLE WATER AND WASTEWATER IN BOCAS DEL TORO | 67 | ||
| 4.3.1 Municipal potable water in Bocas del Toro | 67 | ||
| 4.3.2 Municipal wastewater treatment in Bocas del Toro | 68 | ||
| 4.4 WATER MANAGEMENT AT STRI | 70 | ||
| 4.4.1 Rainwater collection | 70 | ||
| 4.4.1.1 Situation before January 2006 | 70 | ||
| 4.4.1.2 Rainwater harvesting system | 73 | ||
| 4.4.2 Potable water treatment | 81 | ||
| 4.4.3 Wastewater treatment | 87 | ||
| 4.4.3.1 Current situation | 87 | ||
| 4.4.3.2 Wastewater stabilization pond/constructed wetland plan | 87 | ||
| 4.4.4 Water conservation methods | 94 | ||
| 4.5 CONCLUSION | 95 | ||
| Chapter 5: Water quality testing at Panama Site: The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Sustainable Building in Bocas del Toro | 97 | ||
| 5.1 INTRODUCTION: WATER QUALITY TESTING AT PANAMA SITE | 97 | ||
| 5.1.1 Rainwater harvesting water quality experiment | 97 | ||
| 5.1.2 Sampling sites and sample collection | 98 | ||
| 5.1.3 Materials | 100 | ||
| 5.1.4 Methods | 101 | ||
| 5.1.4.1 pH | 101 | ||
| 5.1.4.2 Total suspended solids (TSS) | 101 | ||
| 5.1.4.3 Total and fecal coliform test | 101 | ||
| 5.1.5 Hach methods (Hach DR/890 Colorimeter) | 102 | ||
| 5.1.5.1 Precision and detection limit | 102 | ||
| 5.1.5.2 Color, true and apparent | 103 | ||
| 5.1.5.3 Nitrate | 104 | ||
| 5.1.5.4 Nitrite | 104 | ||
| 5.1.5.5 Sulfate | 104 | ||
| 5.1.5.6 Turbidity | 104 | ||
| 5.2 RAINWATER HARVESTING EXPERIMENT RESULTS | 105 | ||
| 5.2.1 Coliform results | 105 | ||
| 5.2.2 Results for all other parameters | 107 | ||
| 5.3 SUMMARY | 109 | ||
| Chapter 6: Kenya Site and Water Management Practices: The village homes near the Mpala Research Centre Laikipia, Kenya | 111 | ||
| 6.1 INTRODUCTION: KENYA SITE AND WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES | 111 | ||
| 6.2 DESCRIPTION OF KENYAN CLIMATE AND WATER RESOURCES | 112 | ||
| 6.3 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA | 116 | ||
| 6.4 WATER MANAGEMENT IN LAIKIPIA NEAR THE MPALA RESEARCH CENTRE | 118 | ||
| 6.4.1 Mpala Research Centre (MRC) | 118 | ||
| 6.4.1.1 Water at MRC | 118 | ||
| 6.4.1.2 Wastewater at MRC | 122 | ||
| 6.4.2 Permanent village near MRC | 124 | ||
| 6.4.3 Il Motiok | 127 | ||
| 6.4.4 Lekiji | 131 | ||
| 6.5 CONCLUSION | 138 | ||
| Chapter 7: Water Quality Testing at Kenya Site: The village homes near the Mpala Research Centre Laikipia, Kenya | 141 | ||
| 7.1 INTRODUCTION: WATER QUALITY TESTING AT KENYA SITE | 141 | ||
| 7.2 RAINWATER HARVESTING WATER QUALITY EXPERIMENT | 142 | ||
| 7.2.1 Sampling sites and sample collection | 142 | ||
| 7.2.2 Materials | 145 | ||
| 7.2.3 Methods | 145 | ||
| 7.3 RAINWATER HARVESTING EXPERIMENT RESULTS | 146 | ||
| 7.3.1 Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources of Kenya study | 146 | ||
| 7.3.2 Coliform results | 146 | ||
| 7.3.3 Results for all other parameters | 148 | ||
| 7.4 SUMMARY | 150 | ||
| Chapter 8: Rainwater harvesting design: The village homes near the Mpala Research Centre Laikipia, Kenya | 151 | ||
| 8.1 INTRODUCTION: RAINWATER HARVESTING DESIGN | 151 | ||
| 8.2 DESIGNING A RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM | 152 | ||
| 8.2.1 Classification | 152 | ||
| 8.2.2 Roof catchments | 153 | ||
| 8.2.3 Storage tank volume | 154 | ||
| 8.2.3.1 Rainwater supply from buildings averaged over a year | 154 | ||
| 8.2.3.2 Designing storage tank size | 156 | ||
| 8.2.4 Building materials for storage tank and gutter | 162 | ||
| 8.2.5 Designing the gutter | 163 | ||
| 8.2.5.1 Water flow | 163 | ||
| 8.2.5.2 Interception | 165 | ||
| 8.2.5.3 Mounting | 166 | ||
| 8.2.5.4 Pipes for gutter connection to storage tank | 166 | ||
| 8.2.6 Technology to prevent and treat the contamination of rainwater | 167 | ||
| 8.2.6.1 Filters | 168 | ||
| 8.2.6.2 First-flush devices | 168 | ||
| 8.2.6.3 Fine-filtering | 168 | ||
| 8.2.6.4 Bacteria in tank | 169 | ||
| 8.2.6.5 Boiling, chlorination, and solar treatment | 170 | ||
| 8.2.7 Efficiency | 172 | ||
| 8.3 SUMMARY | 172 | ||
| Chapter 9: Policy considerations and conclusions | 175 | ||
| 9.1 INTRODUCTION: POLICY CONSIDERATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS | 175 | ||
| 9.2 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CASE STUDIES | 176 | ||
| 9.2.1 Wastewater | 176 | ||
| 9.2.2 Potable water | 177 | ||
| 9.3 REGION-SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS | 177 | ||
| 9.3.1 Issues for dry climates | 177 | ||
| 9.3.2 Issues for wet climates | 181 | ||
| 9.4 FEASIBLE LOW COST TECHNOLOGIES | 181 | ||
| 9.5 POLICIES THAT ENCOURAGE SUSTAINABLE BUILDING WATER PRACTICES | 181 | ||
| 9.5.1 Panama | 182 | ||
| 9.5.2 Kenya | 186 | ||
| 9.5.2.1 Ecotourism | 187 | ||
| 9.5.3 Policy recommendations | 188 | ||
| Chapter 10: References | 193 | ||
| Chapter 11: Appendix | 201 | ||
| Store 1 | 215 | ||
| Store 2 | 216 | ||
| Store 3 | 219 | ||
| Store 4 | 219 | ||
| Subject index | 239 |