BOOK
Treatment of Micropollutants in Water and Wastewater
Jurate Virkutyte | Rajender S. Varma | Veeriah Jegatheesan
(2010)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Over the last few years there has been a growing concern over the increasing concentration of micropollutants originating from a great variety of sources including pharmaceutical, chemical engineering and personal care product industries in rivers, lakes, soil and groundwater. As most of the micropollutants are polar and persistent compounds, they are only partially or not at all removed from wastewater and thus can enter the environment posing a great risk to the biota. It is hypothesized that wastewater is one of the most important point sources for micropollutants.
Treatment of Micropollutants in Water and Wastewater gives a comprehensive overview of modern analytical methods and will summarize novel single and hybrid methods to remove continuously emerging contaminants - micropollutants from the aqueous phase. New trends (e.g. sensor technology, nanotechnology and hybrid treatment technologies) are described in detail. The book is very timely because the new techniques are still in the development phase and have to be realized not only in the laboratory but also on a larger scale. The content of the book is divided into chapters that present current descriptive and analytical methods that are available to detect and measure micropollutants together with detailed information on various chemical, biological and physicochemical methods that have evolved over the last few decades.
Treatment of Micropollutants in Water and Wastewater will also enable readers to make well informed choices through providing an understanding of why and how micropollutants must be removed from water sources, and what are the most appropriate and available techniques for providing a cost and technologically effective and sustainable solutions for reaching the goal of micropollutant-free water and wastewater. The book will be suitable for water and wastewater professionals as well for students and researchers in civil engineering, environmental engineering and process engineering fields.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Half Title | 1 | ||
Title | 2 | ||
Series | 3 | ||
Copyright | 4 | ||
Contents | 5 | ||
Preface | 15 | ||
Chapter 1: Micropollutants and Aquatic Environment | 17 | ||
1.1 INTRODUCTION | 17 | ||
1.2 PESTICIDES | 18 | ||
1.2.1 Organochlorine insecticides | 19 | ||
1.2.1.1 Fate | 20 | ||
1.2.1.2 Effects | 21 | ||
1.2.2 Organophosporous insecticides | 22 | ||
1.2.2.1 Fate | 23 | ||
1.2.2.2 Effects | 24 | ||
1.2.3 Triazine herbicides | 24 | ||
1.2.3.1 Fate | 25 | ||
1.2.3.2 Effects | 26 | ||
1.2.4 Substituted ureas | 26 | ||
1.2.4.1 Fate | 27 | ||
1.2.4.2 Effects | 27 | ||
1.2.5 Legislation | 28 | ||
1.3 PHARMACEUTICALS | 29 | ||
1.3.1 Fate | 31 | ||
1.3.2 Effects | 35 | ||
1.3.3 Legislation | 36 | ||
1.4 STEROID HORMONES | 37 | ||
1.4.1 Fate | 38 | ||
1.4.2 Effects | 40 | ||
1.4.3 Legislation | 41 | ||
1.5 SURFACTANTS AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS | 41 | ||
1.5.1 Fate | 43 | ||
1.5.2 Effects | 45 | ||
1.5.3 Legislation | 46 | ||
1.6 PERFLUORINATED COMPOUNDS | 46 | ||
1.6.1 Fate | 47 | ||
1.6.2 Effects | 48 | ||
1.6.3 Legislation | 49 | ||
1.7 REFERENCES | 51 | ||
Chapter 2: Analytical methods for the identification of Micropollutants and their transformation products | 69 | ||
2.1 INTRODUCTION | 69 | ||
2.2 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO THE ANALYTICS OF MICROPOLLUTANTS | 76 | ||
2.2.1 Computational methods to evaluate the degradation of micropollutants | 76 | ||
2.2.1.1 Frontier electron density analysis (Frontier orbital theory) | 77 | ||
2.2.2 Chemometrics in analysis | 79 | ||
2.2.2.1 Parafac | 80 | ||
2.2.2.2 MCR | 80 | ||
2.2.2.3 BLLS | 81 | ||
2.2.2.4 U-PLS | 81 | ||
2.2.2.5 ANN | 82 | ||
2.3 INSTRUMENTAL METHODS | 82 | ||
2.3.1 Sample preparation | 83 | ||
2.3.1.1 Sample extraction | 83 | ||
2.3.1.2 Chromatographic separation | 85 | ||
2.3.1.3 Capillary electrophoresis (CE) | 85 | ||
2.3.2 Detection of micropollutants transformation products | 87 | ||
2.3.2.1 Mass spectrometry | 88 | ||
2.3.3 UV-Visible spectroscopy | 92 | ||
2.3.4 NMR spectroscopy | 92 | ||
2.3.5 Biological assessment of the degradation products | 94 | ||
2.3.5.1 Ecotoxicological assessment of environmental risk (toxicity) | 95 | ||
2.3.5.2 Assessment of estrogenic activity | 96 | ||
2.3.5.3 Assessment of antimicrobial activity | 97 | ||
2.3.5.4 Biosensors | 97 | ||
2.4 IDENTIFICATION LEVELS OF MICROPOLLUTANTS TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS | 98 | ||
2.5 CONCLUSIONS | 101 | ||
2.6 REFERENCES | 101 | ||
Chapter 3: Sensors and biosensors for endocrine disrupting chemicals: State-of-the-art and future trends | 109 | ||
3.1 INTRODUCTION | 109 | ||
3.2 SENSORS AND BIOSENSORS | 110 | ||
3.2.1 The need for alternative methods | 110 | ||
3.2.2 Electrochemical sensors | 111 | ||
3.2.3 Biosensors | 112 | ||
3.2.4 New generation immunosensors | 116 | ||
3.3 TRENDS IN SENSORS AND BIOSENSORS | 122 | ||
3.3.1 Screen printed sensors and biosensors | 122 | ||
3.3.2 Nanotechnology applications | 122 | ||
3.3.3 Molecular imprinted polymer sensors | 124 | ||
3.3.4 Conducting polymers | 128 | ||
3.4 FUTURE OF SENSING | 130 | ||
3.5 REFERENCES | 131 | ||
Chapter 4: Nanofiltration membranes and nanofilters | 145 | ||
4.1 INTRODUCTION OF NANOFILTRATION | 145 | ||
4.2 NANOFILTRATION MEMBRANE MATERIALS | 148 | ||
4.3 SEPARATION AND FOULING OF NANOFILTRATION | 152 | ||
4.4 NANOFILTRATION OF MICROPOLLUTANTS IN WATER | 158 | ||
4.5 REFERENCES | 168 | ||
Chapter 5: Physico-chemical treatment of Micropollutants: Adsorption and ion exchange | 181 | ||
5.1 INTRODUCTION | 181 | ||
5.2 THE MAIN STAGES OF ADSORPTION & ION EXCHANGE SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT | 183 | ||
5.3 CARBONS IN WATER TREATMENT AND MEDICINE | 185 | ||
5.4 ZEOLITES (CLAYS) | 188 | ||
5.5 ION EXCHANGE RESINS OR ION EXCHANGE POLYMERS | 189 | ||
5.6 INORGANIC ION-EXCHANGERS | 192 | ||
5.6.1 Ferrocyanides adsorbents | 193 | ||
5.6.2 Synthesis of inorganic ion exchangers | 200 | ||
5.7 BIOSORBENTS (BIOMASSES): AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS, MICROORGANISMS | 203 | ||
5.8 HYBRID AND COMPOSITE ADSORBENTS AND ION EXCHANGERS | 207 | ||
5.9 COMMENTS ON THE THEORY AND FUTURE OF ADSORPTION AND ION-EXCHANGE SCIENCE | 208 | ||
5.10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 210 | ||
5.11 REFERENCES | 210 | ||
Chapter 6: Physico-chemical treatment of Micropollutants: coagulation and membrane processes | 221 | ||
6.1 COAGULATION | 221 | ||
6.1.1 Enhanced coagulation | 222 | ||
a) Effects of physical-chemical properties of micropollutants | 224 | ||
b) Choice of coagulants and dosage | 226 | ||
c) pH and alkalinity | 227 | ||
6.1.2 Coagulation-oxidation | 229 | ||
6.2 MEMBRANE PROCESSES | 231 | ||
6.2.1 Mechanisms of solute rejection during membrane treatment | 232 | ||
6.2.2 Micropollutant removal by microfiltration | 233 | ||
6.2.3 Micropollutant removal by ultrafiltration | 234 | ||
a) Ultrafiltration alone | 234 | ||
b) Combination of ultrafiltration and powdered activated carbon | 235 | ||
c) Combination of ultrafiltration and biological module (membrane bioreactor) | 236 | ||
6.2.4 Micropollutant removal by reverse osmosis | 241 | ||
6.2.5 Electrodialysis | 243 | ||
6.3 REFERENCES | 249 | ||
Chapter 7: Biological treatment of Micropollutants | 255 | ||
7.1 INTRODUCTION | 255 | ||
7.2 MUNICIPAL SEWAGE AS THE SOURCE OF MICROPOLLUTANTS | 256 | ||
7.2.1 Urine source separation and possible advantages | 259 | ||
7.2.2 Biological degradation in source separated urine | 263 | ||
7.3 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF MICROPOLLUTANTS | 265 | ||
7.3.1 Analysis of Micropollutants | 266 | ||
7.3.1.1 Analytical techniques used for wastewater and sludge samples | 267 | ||
7.3.1.2 Endocrine disrupting effect | 268 | ||
7.3.2 Removal mechanisms of Micropollutants | 270 | ||
7.3.2.1 Sorption | 270 | ||
7.3.2.2 Abiotic degradation and volatilization | 273 | ||
7.3.2.3 Biodegradation | 274 | ||
7.3.3 Factors affecting the biological removal efficiency | 275 | ||
7.3.3.1 Compound structure | 275 | ||
7.3.3.2 Bioavailability | 277 | ||
7.3.3.3 Dissolved oxygen and pH | 277 | ||
7.3.3.4 Hydraulic and sludge retention time | 279 | ||
7.3.3.5 Organic load rate | 282 | ||
7.3.3.6 Temperature | 282 | ||
7.3.4 Biological treatment of Micropollutants in different processes | 284 | ||
7.3.4.1 Activated sludge systems | 284 | ||
7.3.4.2 Wetlands | 288 | ||
7.3.4.3 Membrane bioreactors | 290 | ||
7.3.4.4 Anaerobic treatment | 291 | ||
7.3.4.5 Other bioreactors | 293 | ||
7.3.5 Biological treatment of Micropollutants in sludge | 294 | ||
7.3.6 Specific microorganisms/cultures used for biodegradation of Micropollutants | 294 | ||
7.3.7 Formation of by-products during biodegradation | 296 | ||
7.4 REFERENCES | 297 | ||
Chapter 8: UV irradiation for Micropollutant removal from aqueous solutions in the presence of H⊂2O⊂2 | 311 | ||
8.1 INTRODUCTION | 311 | ||
8.2 THEORY OF UV/H2O2 | 312 | ||
8.2.1 General | 312 | ||
8.2.2 Photolysis | 314 | ||
8.2.3 Mechanisms UV/H⊂2O⊂2 oxidation | 315 | ||
8.2.4 Ozone/UV | 316 | ||
8.3 LABORATORY SCALE EXPERIMENTS OF UV/H⊂2O⊂2 | 316 | ||
8.3.1 General | 316 | ||
8.3.2 Treatment of contaminated groundwater | 316 | ||
8.3.3 Drinking water applications | 319 | ||
8.3.4 Municipal waste water | 321 | ||
8.3.5 Paper and pulp industry | 323 | ||
8.4 OTHER UV BASED TECHNIQUES | 323 | ||
8.5 ALTERNATIVE RADIATION SOURCES | 325 | ||
8.6 PRACTICAL ISSUES OF UV/H⊂2O⊂2 TREATMENT | 326 | ||
8.7 COST ESTIMATION & PERFORMANCE | 329 | ||
8.8 REFERENCES | 332 | ||
Chapter 9: Hybrid Advanced Oxidation techniques based on cavitation for Micropollutants degradation | 337 | ||
9.1 INTRODUCTION | 337 | ||
9.2 THEORY OF ULTRASOUND | 338 | ||
9.2.1 Cavitation phenomena | 338 | ||
9.2.2 The general hypothesis in sonochemical processing | 338 | ||
9.2.3 Cavitation effects | 339 | ||
9.2.4 Factors affecting the efficiency of sonochemical degradation | 341 | ||
9.2.4.1 Ultrasonic frequency | 341 | ||
9.2.4.2 Input electrical power | 342 | ||
9.2.4.3 Nature of the compound and the reaction pH | 342 | ||
9.2.4.4 The reaction temperature | 343 | ||
9.2.4.5 The presence of additives | 343 | ||
9.2.4.6 Ultrasonic equipment | 345 | ||
9.3 HYBRID CAVITATION-BASED TECHNOLOGIES | 346 | ||
9.3.1 US/oxidant | 346 | ||
9.3.1.1 US/H⊂2O⊂2 | 346 | ||
9.3.1.2 US/O⊂3 | 347 | ||
9.3.2 US/UV | 349 | ||
9.3.3 US/A | 349 | ||
9.3.4 US/EO | 350 | ||
9.3.5 US/MW | 351 | ||
9.4 DEGRADATION OF MICROPOLLUTANTS | 352 | ||
9.4.1 Degradation of pharmaceuticals by hybrid techniques based on cavitation | 352 | ||
9.4.2 Degradation of organic dyes by hybrid techniques based on cavitation | 356 | ||
9.4.3 Degradation of pesticides by hybrid techniques based on cavitation | 359 | ||
9.5 SCALE-UP CONSIDERATIONS | 364 | ||
9.6 ECONOMICAL ASPECTS OF CAVITATION BASED TREATMENT | 366 | ||
9.7 CONCLUSIONS | 369 | ||
9.8 REFERENCES | 369 | ||
Chapter 10: Advanced catalytic oxidation of emerging Micropollutants | 377 | ||
10.1 INTRODUCTION | 377 | ||
10.2 HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS | 378 | ||
10.2.1 Desirable properties of the catalyst | 379 | ||
10.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CATALYSIS | 380 | ||
10.4 ADVANCED CATALYTIC OXIDATION PROCESSES FOR THE REMOVAL OF EMERGING CONTAMINANTS FROM THE AQUEOUS PHASE | 381 | ||
10.4.1 Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation processes (CWPO) | 381 | ||
10.4.1.1 Homogeneous Fenton process | 381 | ||
10.4.1.2 Heterogeneous Fenton process | 384 | ||
10.4.1.3 Heterogenized catalyst for the micropollutants removal | 385 | ||
10.4.2 Other metal catalysts in wet peroxide oxidation of micropollutants | 387 | ||
10.4.3 Catalytic ozonation of micropollutants | 389 | ||
10.4.4 Photocatalytic degradation of micropollutants | 391 | ||
10.4.4.1 Titanium dioxide catalyzed degradation of micropollutants | 393 | ||
10.4.4.2 Photo-Fenton process for the degradation of micropollutants | 395 | ||
10.4.4.3 Other photocatalysts in the degradation of micropollutants | 397 | ||
10.4.5 Sonocatalytic degradation of micropollutants | 399 | ||
10.4.6 Microwave-assisted catalytic degradation of miropollutants | 404 | ||
10.4.7 Electrocatalytic oxidation | 406 | ||
10.4.7.1 Degradation of micropollutants with electrocatalytic and coupled electrocatalytic methods | 408 | ||
10.4.8 Biocatalytic oxidation of micropollutants | 411 | ||
10.4.9 Catalytic wet air oxidation of micropollutants | 413 | ||
10.5 ADVANCED NANOCATALYTIC OXIDATION OF MICROPOLLUTANTS | 415 | ||
10.6 CONCLUSIONS | 430 | ||
10.7 REFERENCES | 431 | ||
Chapter 11: Existence, Impacts, Transport and Treatments of Herbicides in Great Barrier Reef Catchments in Australia | 441 | ||
11.1 INTRODUCTION | 441 | ||
11.2 PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPS) | 442 | ||
11.3 HERBICIDES AND PESTICIDES | 449 | ||
11.4 GREAT BARRIER REEF (GBR) | 454 | ||
11.4.1 Background | 454 | ||
11.4.2 Transport of Herbicides and Pesticides into the GBR | 455 | ||
11.5 PERSISTENCE OF HERBICIDES AND PESTICIDES IN THE GBR CATCHMENTS AND LAGOON | 458 | ||
11.6 IMPACT TO THE GBR ECOSYSTEM DUE TO THE PERSISTENCE OF HERBICIDES AND PESTICIDES | 461 | ||
11.7 REMOVAL OF HERBICIDES BY DIFFERENT WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES | 463 | ||
11.8 POSSIBLE METHODS OF TREATMENT OF POPS INCLUDING HERBICIDES AND PESTICIDES FROM CATCHMENT DISCHARGES | 466 | ||
11.8.1 Biological Processes | 466 | ||
11.8.2 Adsorption Processes | 467 | ||
11.8.3 Wetland Processes | 467 | ||
11.8.4 Pressure Driven Membrane Filtration Processes | 468 | ||
11.8.5 Hybrid Systems | 469 | ||
11.8.6 Hybrid Systems – Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) | 470 | ||
11.8.7 Other Processes | 473 | ||
11.9 CONCLUSIONS | 473 | ||
11.10 REFERENCES | 473 | ||
tIndex | 481 |