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Membrane Biological Reactors

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Membrane Biological Reactors

Faisal I. Hai | Kazuo Yamamoto | Chung-Hak Lee

(2013)

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Additional Information

Book Details

ISBN
978-1-78040-133-1
Edition
1
Language
English
Pages
484
Subjects
The environment
Environmental science, engineering & technology
Water supply & treatment

Abstract

In recent years the MBR market has experienced unprecedented growth. The best practice in the field is constantly changing and unique quality requirements and management issues are regularly emerging. Membrane Biological Reactors: Theory, Modeling, Design, Management and Applications to Wastewater Reuse comprehensively covers the salient features and emerging issues associated with the MBR technology. The book provides thorough coverage starting from biological aspects and fundamentals of membranes, via modeling and design concepts, to practitioners’ perspective and good application examples. 
Membrane Biological Reactors focuses on all the relevant emerging issues raised by including the latest research from renowned experts in the field. It is a valuable reference to the academic and professional community and suitable for undergraduate and postgraduate teaching in Environmental Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology. 
Editors: Faisal I. Hai, University of Wollongong, Australia Kazuo Yamamoto, University of Tokyo, Japan Chung-Hak Lee, Seoul National University, Korea. 

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover\r Cover
Contents vii
List of abbreviations xv
Nomenclature xxiii
About the editors xxix
Preface xxxi
Chapter 1: Introduction to membrane biological reactors 1
ABSTRACT 1
1.1 MEMBRANE BIOLOGICAL REACTORS – DEFINITION AND APPLICATION 1
1.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF BIOSOLIDS SEPARATION MBRs 2
1.3 PROCESS COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE (CAS) PROCESS 5
1.4 FACTORS INFLUENCING PERFORMANCE/DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 8
1.5 MARKET DRIVERS/RESTRAINTS AND DEVELOPMENT TREND\r 8
1.5.1 Current status and typical drivers 8
1.5.2 Challenges 10
1.5.3 The way forward 13
1.6 MBR MARKET\r 13
1.6.1 Global market overview 13
1.6.2 Regional key drivers and constraints and market trend 13
1.6.2.1 Asia-pacific 13
1.6.2.2 Europe 18
1.6.2.3 Americas (North America and Latin America) 20
1.6.2.4 Middle East and Africa 20
1.7 WORLDWIDE RESEARCH TREND 21
1.8 SUMMARY AND FUTURE OUTLOOK 22
REFERENCES 23
Chapter 2:\rProcess fundamentals: From conventional biological wastewater treatment to MBR 29
ABSTRACT 29
2.1 INTRODUCTION 29
2.2 NEED FOR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT 30
2.3 MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES, THEIR ENVIRONMENTS AND DEGRADATION PATHWAYS OF POLLUTANTS \r 30
2.4 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT FUNDAMENTALS 32
2.4.1 Conventional activated sludge (CAS) process basics 34
2.4.2 Nitrogen removal 35
2.4.3 Phosphorus removal 35
2.4.4 Combined biological nutrient removal (BNR) 36
2.4.5 Operational requirements 37
2.4.5.1 Oxygen 37
2.4.5.2 Sludge management 37
2.5 MEMBRANE FUNDAMENTALS 37
2.5.1 Membrane performance parameters 38
2.5.2 Membrane classifications 39
2.5.3 Membrane materials, system configurations and operating modes 41
2.6 FUNDAMENTALS OF MBR\r 42
2.6.1 History of MBR technology 42
2.6.2 Differences between CAS and MBR processes 42
2.6.3 Design of MBR Systems 43
2.6.3.1 MBR arrangements 43
2.6.3.2 Element types used in MBR system 45
2.6.3.3 Membrane unit life span in MBR 46
2.6.4 Process overview 46
2.6.5 Biology in MBR 47
2.6.6 Operation of the membrane system in MBR 47
2.6.6.1 Fouling classification 48
2.6.6.2 Fouling control 49
2.6.6.3 Membrane integrity 50
2.6.7 Energy utilization in MBR 51
2.7 SUMMARY AND FUTURE OUTLOOK 52
REFERENCES 52
Chapter 3:\rMembrane bioreactors: Design, operation and maintenance 55
ABSTRACT 55
3.1 INTRODUCTION 55
3.2 TECHNICAL CONCEPTS 56
3.3 REFERENCE DATA ON DESIGN AND OPERATION 56
3.3.1 Municipal/Urban applications 58
3.3.1.1 Ulu Pandan MBR, Singapore 58
3.3.1.2 Cloudcroft, New Mexico, USA 59
3.3.1.3 Beddington Zero Energy Development MBR, Great Britain 60
3.3.2 Industrial applications 61
3.3.2.1 COOPERL Lamballe, abattoir wastewater, France 61
3.3.2.2 Aquapolo ambiental, S.A., Brazil 61
3.3.3 Groundwater replenishment 62
3.3.3.1 Glessen MBR, Germany 62
3.4 MBR DESIGN\r 63
3.4.1 Design workflow 63
3.4.2 General plant layout 65
3.4.2.1 Integrated or separate filtration units 65
3.4.3 Wastewater composition, volume and temperature 66
3.4.4 Process units: Inflow equalisation 68
3.4.5 Process units: Mechanical pre-treatment 68
3.4.6 Process units: Biological treatment 70
3.4.7 Process units: Membrane unit design 75
3.4.8 Process units: Aeration 80
3.4.9 Process units: Automation 83
3.4.10 Cost evaluations 84
3.4.11 Alternative MBR concepts 85
3.5 OPERATION AND PLANT MANAGEMENT 85
3.5.1 Membrane cleaning and maintenance 85
3.5.2 Process reliability 86
3.5.3 Residuals and waste sludge management 87
3.5.4 Personnel and qualification 88
3.6 R&D NEEDS FROM AN OPERATORS PERSPECTIVE 88
3.7 SUMMARY AND FUTURE OUTLOOK 89
REFERENCES 90
Chapter 4:\rMonitoring, characterization and control of membrane biofouling in MBR 97
ABSTRACT 97
4.1 INTRODUCTION 97
4.2 MONITORING\r 98
4.2.1 Importance of monitoring 98
4.2.2 Methods used for assessment of filterability of mixed liquor 99
4.2.2.1 Simple methods used in conventional activated sludge (CAS) 99
4.2.2.2 Critical flux measurements 99
4.2.2.3 Use of stirred dead-end cells 99
4.2.2.4 Recently proposed methods 99
4.2.3 Identification of dominant parameters in filterability of mixed liquor 101
4.2.3.1 MLSS and viscosity 102
4.2.3.2 Relative hydrophobicity (RH) 102
4.2.3.3 Particle size 102
4.2.3.4 EPS/SMP 103
4.2.4 Problems to be addressed in monitoring of the filterability of mixed liquor 103
4.3 CHARACTERIZATION OF MEMBRANE FOULANTS IN MBRs 104
4.3.1 Approaches to morphological visualization 104
4.3.1.1 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 104
4.3.1.2 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) 105
4.3.1.3 Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) 105
4.3.1.4 Direct observation (DiO) 107
4.3.2 Approaches to componential characterization 108
4.3.2.1 Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) 108
4.3.2.2 Spectroscopic techniques for organic matter characterization 109
4.3.3 Approaches to microbiological identification 110
4.3.4 Summary of approaches to characterization 112
4.4 BIOFOULING CONTROL 115
4.4.1 Membrane development 115
4.4.2 Chemical approaches 116
4.4.2.1 Chemical cleaning 116
4.4.2.2 Chemical additives 117
4.4.3 Physical (hydrodynamic, mechanical) approaches 118
4.4.3.1 Aeration 118
4.4.3.2 Backflushing 119
4.4.3.3 Moving media 120
4.4.3.4 Critical flux 120
4.4.3.5 Electrical control 120
4.4.4 Biological approaches 121
4.4.4.1 Control of membrane biofouling by inhibiting quorum sensing 122
4.4.4.2 Control of membrane biofouling by nitric oxide 125
4.4.4.3 Control of membrane biofouling by enzymatic disruption of EPS 126
4.4.4.4 Control of membrane biofouling by bacteriophage 126
4.5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE OUTLOOK 127
REFERENCES 127
Chapter 5: Advanced wastewater treatment using MBRs: Nutrient removal and disinfection 137
ABSTRACT 137
5.1 INTRODUCTION 138
5.2 REUSE AND RECYCLING OF RECLAIMED WASTEWATER 138
5.2.1 Urban reuse 141
5.2.2 Agricultural reuse 141
5.2.3 Impoundments 142
5.2.4 Environmental reuse 142
5.2.5 Industrial reuse 142
5.2.6 Groundwater recharge – nonpotable reuse 143
5.2.7 Potable reuse 143
5.3 ADVANCED DESIGNS OF MBRs FOR NUTRIENT REMOVAL 143
5.3.1 Design of MBRs for removal of organic matter and nitrogen 145
5.3.2 Design of MBRs for simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus 145
5.4 EFFECTS OF THE MICROBIAL COMMUNITY ON NUTRIENT REMOVAL IN MBRs 146
5.5 CASE STUDIES: REUSE AND RECYCLING OF MBR EFFLUENTS 148
5.6 NUTRIENT RECOVERY FROM MBR EFFLUENTS 151
5.7 CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH PATHOGEN REMOVAL BY MBRs 152
5.8 POST-TREATMENTS FOR DISINFECTION OF THE MBR EFFLUENTS 155
5.8.1 Chlorination 155
5.8.2 Ultraviolet irradiation 156
5.8.3 Ozonation 156
5.8.4 Other post-treatments for MBR effluents 156
5.8.5 Applications of AOPs for MBR effluents 157
5.9 SUMMARY AND FUTURE OUTLOOK 157
REFERENCES 158
Chapter 6:\rWastewater reuse: Removal of emerging trace organic contaminants (TrOC) 165
ABSTRACT 165
6.1 INTRODUCTION 165
6.2 TrOC IN WATER AND THEIR POTENTIAL IMPACT ON REUSE 166
6.3 RELATIVE PERFORMANCE OF MBR AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES\r 167
6.3.1 Conceptual expectations 167
6.3.2 Reported comparative performance of CAS and MBR 168
6.4 EFFECT OF TrOC PRESENCE IN WASTEWATER ON BASIC PERFORMANCE OF MBR 170
6.5 FACTORS AFFECTING TrOC REMOVAL BY MBR 171
6.5.1 Characteristics of the TrOC 171
6.5.1.1 Categorization based on usage 171
6.5.1.2 Physicochemical properties 172
6.5.2 Operating parameters 179
6.5.2.1 Concentration, characteristics and acclimatization of biomass 179
6.5.2.2 Solids retention time (SRT) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) 180
6.5.2.3 Cometabolism and TrOC loading 183
6.5.2.4 Mixed liquor pH 184
6.5.2.5 Mixed liquor temperature 185
6.5.2.6 Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen concentration 186
6.6 CORRELATION OF TrOC REMOVAL WITH NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION 187
6.7 EFFECT OF MBR-EFFLUENT DISINFECTION ON TrOC REMOVAL 189
6.8 OVERALL FATE AND METABOLIC PATHWAYS 189
6.9 POST TREATMENTS AND MBR-BASED HYBRID SYSTEMS 190
6.9.1 Combination with physicochemical processes 191
6.9.2 Bioaugmented MBR for TrOC removal 193
6.10 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE OUTLOOK 194
REFERENCES 195
Chapter 7:\rImpacts of hazardous events on performance of membrane bioreactors 207
ABSTRACT 207
7.1 INTRODUCTION – HAZARDOUS EVENTS IN RISK ASSESSMENT 207
7.2 CHARACTERISATION OF POTENTIAL HAZARDOUS EVENTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON MBR OPERATION 209
7.2.1 Deviation from normal operation 210
7.2.1.1 Collection 210
7.2.1.2 Pre-treatment 210
7.2.1.3 Activated sludge process 210
7.2.1.4 Membrane filtration 211
7.2.1.5 Post-treatment 212
7.3 EXPECTED CONSEQUENCES OF KEY HAZARDOUS EVENTS TYPES 212
7.3.1 Impact on the removal of bulk organic matter and nutrients 212
7.3.2 Impact on the removal of microorganisms and microbial indicators 214
7.4 ASSESSING LIKELIHOODS OF MBR HAZARDOUS EVENTS 217
7.5 MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS EVENTS THROUGH ENGINEERED REDUNDANCY AND MULTIPLE BARRIER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 218
7.6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK 219
REFERENCES 219
Chapter 8:\rCost benefit and environmental Life Cycle Assessment 223
ABSTRACT 223
8.1 INTRODUCTION 224
8.2 COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS 224
8.2.1 Modeling of operational costs of WWTP and membrane technologies 225
8.2.2 Calculation of the environmental benefits associated with WWTP the shadow prices methodology 225
8.3 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT\r 227
8.3.1 Life cycle assessment methodology 227
8.3.1.1 Goal and scope 227
8.3.1.2 Life Cycle Inventory analysis 227
8.3.1.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment 228
8.3.1.4 Interpretation of results 228
8.3.2 Life Cycle Assessment of WWTP and membrane technologies 228
8.4 ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF FULL SCALE MBR 230
8.4.1 Economic profile 231
8.4.2 Environmental profile 233
8.4.2.1 Goal and scope 233
8.4.2.2 Life Cycle Inventory analysis 234
8.4.2.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment 238
8.4.2.3.1 Impact assessment methodology 238
8.4.2.3.2 General overview 238
8.4.2.3.3 Eutrophication 239
8.4.2.3.4 Acidification 239
8.4.2.3.5 Global warming 240
8.4.2.3.6 Human toxicity 241
8.4.2.3.7 Freshwater ecotoxicity 242
8.4.2.4 Results interpretation 243
8.5 ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF PILOT PLANT MBR 244
8.5.1 Goal and scope 244
8.5.2 Life Cycle Inventory analysis 245
8.5.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment 250
8.5.3.1 Impact assessment methodology 250
8.5.3.2 Eutrophication 251
8.5.3.3 Acidification 251
8.5.3.4 Global warming 252
8.5.3.5 Human toxicity 252
8.5.3.6 Freshwater ecotoxicity 253
8.5.4 Result interpretation 254
8.6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK 255
REFERENCES 255
Chapter 9:\rMBR modeling studies 263
ABSTRACT 263
9.1 INTRODUCTION 263
9.2 BIOLOGICAL MODELS\r 264
9.2.1 Introduction to ASM models 264
9.2.2 ASMs to MBR modeling 267
9.2.3 Application of unmodified/conventional ASMs to MBR 268
9.2.3.1 Estimation of sludge production 270
9.2.3.2 Nitrogen and phosphorous removal process performance 275
9.2.4 Application of modified/integrated ASMs models to MBR 279
9.2.4.1 Modeling of SMP/EPS formation and degradation 279
9.3 FILTRATION MODELS 285
9.4. CFD AND HYDRODYNAMICS – MODELING OF MBR TANKS AND FLUID DYNAMICS 289
9.4.1 Module design 289
9.4.2 Process design and operation 289
9.5 CONTROL AND OPERATIONAL STRATEGIES 290
9.6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK 291
REFERENCES 291
Chapter 10:\rGas-diffusion, extractive, biocatalytic, and electrochemical membrane biological reactors 299
ABSTRACT 299
10.1 INTRODUCTION 299
10.2 MEMBRANE BIOFILM REACTORS (MBfRs)\r 301
10.2.1 Overview 301
10.2.2 Membrane materials and configurations 301
10.2.3 Aeration MBfRs 302
10.2.3.1 Removal of organic matter 302
10.2.3.2 Removal of nutrients 304
10.2.3.3 Removal of xenobiotics 306
10.2.4 Hydrogen MBfRs 307
10.2.5 Methane MBfRs 308
10.3 EXTRACTIVE MBRs FOR CORROSIVE/TOXIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT 308
10.4 BIOCATALYTIC MBRs\r 310
10.4.1 Types and applications of biocatalytic MBRs 310
10.4.2 Membranes for biocatalytic MBRs 312
10.4.3 Enzymatic membrane reactors (EMRs) for xenobiotics removal 312
10.4.4 Membrane fouling in EMRs for xenobiotics removal 316
10.4.5 Inhibition of enzymatic activity in EMRs for xenobiotics removal 316
10.4.6 Immobilized-cell membrane reactors (ICMRs) for xenobiotics removal 317
10.5 ELECTROCHEMICAL MBRs 320
10.6 SUMMARY AND FUTURE OUTLOOK 322
REFERENCES 323
Chapter 11:\rAnaerobic MBRs 335
ABSTRACT 335
11.1 INTRODUCTION 336
11.2 HISTORY 337
11.3 SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS 337
11.4 APPLICATIONS OF AnMBRS 339
11.4.1 Municipal wastewater treatment 339
11.4.2 Industrial wastewater treatment 341
11.5 MEMBRANE FOULING 344
11.5.1 Membrane fouling mechanisms 346
11.5.2 Membrane fouling characterization 348
11.5.2.1 Physical characterization 348
11.5.2.2 Chemical characterization 348
11.5.2.3 Microbiological characterization 349
11.6 FACTORS AFFECTING THE TREATMENT PERFORMANCE AND MEMBRANE FOULING 349
11.6.1 Membrane properties 354
11.6.2 Effects of operating and environmental conditions 355
11.6.2.1 Effects of solid retention time (SRT) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) 356
11.6.2.2 Effects of temperature and pH 356
11.6.2.3 Wastewater composition 358
11.6.3 Hydrodynamic conditions 358
11.6.4 Sludge properties 359
11.6.4.1 Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) 359
11.6.4.2 Particle size distribution 360
11.6.4.3 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and soluble microbial products (SMP) 360
11.6.5 Strategies for performance stability and membrane fouling control 362
11.6.5.1 Reducing the fouling rate 362
11.6.5.2 Membrane cleaning 363
11.7 COMMERCIAL POTENTIAL OF AnMBRS\r 363
11.7.1 Water reuse and energy production 363
11.7.2 Reduced energy consumption 365
11.7.3 Economic analysis 365
11.8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE OUTLOOK 366
REFERENCES 367
Chapter 12:\rHybrid processes, new generation membranes and novel MBR designs 379
ABSTRACT 379
12.1 INTRODUCTION 379
12.2 INTEGRATED MBR SYSTEMS FOR WATER RECLAMATION 380
12.2.1 Biofilm MBR 380
12.2.2 Aerobic granular sludge MBR 382
12.2.3 MBR integrated with physico-chemical processes 383
12.2.3.1 MBR with Fenton oxidation process 383
12.2.3.2 MBR with ozonation 383
12.2.3.3 MBR with activated carbon 383
12.2.3.4 MBR with coagulation 385
12.3 INNOVATIVE MEMBRANE DESIGN FOR MBR 385
12.3.1 CNT-doped membranes 385
12.3.2 TiO2-doped membranes 385
12.3.3 Grafted polymer membranes 387
12.3.4 Electrospun nanofiber membranes 387
12.4 INNOVATIVE MBR DESIGNS 387
12.4.1 NF-MBR 388
12.4.2 FO-MBR 388
12.4.3 MD-MBR 389
12.4.4 Air sparging for fouling control 391
12.4.5 Anammox-MBR 392
12.4.6 Bioaugmented MBR 392
12.5 INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS FOR ENERGY RECOVERY 393
12.5.1 Mechanical recovery of energy from MBR 393
12.5.2 PRO-MBR 393
12.5.3 MFC-MBR 395
12.6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE OUTLOOK 396
REFERENCES 396
Chapter 13:\rCommercial technologies and selected case studies 401
ABSTRACT 401
13.1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS\r 401
13.1.1 Background 401
13.1.2 Membrane materials 403
13.1.2.1 Polymeric membranes 403
13.1.2.2 Ceramic membranes 404
13.1.2.3 Membrane materials selected for commercial products 404
13.1.3 Module format 405
13.1.4 System configuration 408
13.1.5 Product nomenclature 409
13.2 MANUFACTURERS’ REVIEW\r 410
13.2.1 Overview 410
13.2.2 Immersed hollow fibre 413
13.2.2.1 GE-Zenon 413
13.2.2.2 Siemens-Memcor 415
13.2.2.3 Asahi-Kasei 417
13.2.2.4 Memstar 419
13.2.2.5 Mitsubishi rayon corporation (MRC) 421
13.2.2.6 Koch-Puron 423
13.2.2.7 Econity 425
13.2.2.8 Others 426
13.2.3 Immersed flat sheet 426
13.2.3.1 Kubota 426
13.2.3.2 Toray 429
13.2.3.3 Others 429
13.2.4 External 432
13.2.4.1 Crossflow 432
13.2.4.2 Air lift 433
13.3 CASE STUDIES\r 436
13.3.1 Immersed hollow fibre case studies 436
13.3.1.1 GE-Zenon: Energy optimization studies at Ulu Pandan, Singapore 436
13.3.1.2 Koch-Puron: A reliability and energy optimization demonstration at Santa Paula 437
13.3.2 Flat sheet case studies 440
13.3.2.1 Kubota, retrofit MBR 440
13.3.3 External case studies 441
13.3.3.1 Pentair-Xflow air lift MBR: Energy optimization at Ootmarsum 441
13.3.3.2 Aquabio/Berghof: Wastewater treatment at Kanes Food 441
13.4 SUMMARY AND FUTURE OUTLOOK 443
REFERENCES 444
Index 447

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