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Book Details
Abstract
Particles in water play an important role in all kinds of water quality and treatment issues. Since the early beginnings of centralised water production and treatment, the main goal of water purification was primarily the removal of water turbidity in order to produce clear water free from visible particles.
The Handbook on Particle Separation Processes provides knowledge and expertise from a selected group of international experts with a wealth of experience in the field of particles and particle separation in water and wastewater treatment. The Handbook on Particle Separation Processes includes an edited selection of presentations and workshops held at the academic summer school Particle Separation in Water and Wastewater Treatment, organised under the supervision of the IWA Specialist Group Particle Separation.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover page | 1 | ||
| Half title page | 2 | ||
| Title page | 4 | ||
| Copyright page | 5 | ||
| Contents | 6 | ||
| Preface | 12 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 16 | ||
| 1.1 INTRODUCTION | 16 | ||
| 1.2 THIS HANDBOOK | 17 | ||
| 1.3 FOCUS ON PARTICLES | 18 | ||
| 1.4 OCCURRENCE OF PARTICLES IN WATER | 18 | ||
| 1.4 PARTICLE SEPARATION PROCESSES | 21 | ||
| 1.4.1 Removal of particles >30 µm | 21 | ||
| 1.4.2 Removal of particles between 0.5 µm and 30 µm | 21 | ||
| 1.4.3 Removal of particles <0.5 µm | 23 | ||
| 1.4.4 Flocculation | 23 | ||
| 1.4.5 NOM-removal | 23 | ||
| 1.4.6 Flotation | 25 | ||
| 1.5 CHARACTERISING THE MEMBRANE FILTRATION OF WASTEWATER | 25 | ||
| 1.5.1 Particle characterisation for effluent filtration | 25 | ||
| 1.5.2 Sludge particle characterisation for MBR-applications | 26 | ||
| 1.6 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS OF PARTICLE SEPARATION | 27 | ||
| 1.6.1 Jet-Mixed Separator | 27 | ||
| 1.6.2 Rainwater treatment | 27 | ||
| 1.6.3 Direct membrane filtration | 28 | ||
| 1.7 REFERENCES | 28 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 30 | ||
| 2.1 INTRODUCTION | 30 | ||
| 2.2 OCCURRENCE OF PARTICLES IN WATER | 31 | ||
| 2.3 SCALE OF PARTICLE OBSERVATION | 32 | ||
| 2.4 SINGLE PARTICLE CHARACTERIZATION | 33 | ||
| 2.4.1 Size and shape | 33 | ||
| 2.4.1.1 Definition of particle size | 34 | ||
| 2.4.1.2 Shape factor | 36 | ||
| 2.4.1.3 Particle agglomerates | 38 | ||
| 2.4.2 Microscopic analysis | 41 | ||
| 2.4.2.1 Optical microscopy | 42 | ||
| 2.4.2.2 Electron microscopy | 42 | ||
| 2.4.2.3 Sample preparation | 45 | ||
| 2.4.2.4 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) | 46 | ||
| 2.4.2.5 Overview on microscopic techniques | 46 | ||
| 2.4.3 Particle density | 48 | ||
| 2.4.4 Particle mobility | 48 | ||
| 2.4.5 Sedimentation characteristics | 48 | ||
| 2.4.6 Shear strength | 50 | ||
| 2.4.7 Electrical surface charge | 50 | ||
| 2.4.8 Chemical composition | 51 | ||
| 2.5 SUSPENSION CHARACTERIZATION | 51 | ||
| 2.5.1 Bulk parameters | 52 | ||
| 2.5.1.1 Dry solids mass (TSS) | 52 | ||
| 2.5.1.2 Turbidity | 52 | ||
| 2.5.2 Particle size distribution | 53 | ||
| 2.5.3 Particle shear strength distribution | 59 | ||
| 2.5.4 Particle characterization including nanoparticles | 59 | ||
| 2.5.4.1 Sampling for nanoparticle analysis by sedimentation and centrifugation | 60 | ||
| 2.5.4.2 Field Flow Fractionation | 60 | ||
| 2.5.4.3 Laser-Induced Breakdown Detection (LIBD) | 62 | ||
| 2.5.5 Nanoparticles in drinking water treatment | 63 | ||
| 2.5.5.1 Nanoparticles in conventional drinking water and in membrane treatment | 63 | ||
| 2.5.5.2 AFM measurements | 63 | ||
| 2.5.5.3 TEM investigation | 64 | ||
| 2.5.5.4 LIBD measurements | 66 | ||
| 2.5.5.5 Comparing TEM and LIBD measurements | 66 | ||
| 2.5.5.6 Comparison between two different treatment schemes | 66 | ||
| 2.5.6 Synthetic nanoparticles in surface runoff | 69 | ||
| 2.6 OVERVIEW: PARTICLE SEPARATION PROCESSES | 69 | ||
| 2.6.1 Removal of particles >30 μm | 70 | ||
| 2.6.2 Removal of particles between 0.5 μm and 30 μm | 71 | ||
| 2.6.3 Removal of particles <0.5 μm | 71 | ||
| 2.7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 72 | ||
| 2.8 REFERENCES | 72 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 76 | ||
| 3.1 INTRODUCTION | 76 | ||
| 3.1.1 Background | 76 | ||
| 3.1.2 Types of NOM and their Sources | 77 | ||
| 3.1.3 Methods for Removal of Different Types of NOM/EfOM during Water Treatment | 77 | ||
| 3.2 NOM IN WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT/REUSE | 79 | ||
| 3.2.1 Relevance of NOM in Drinking Water Treatment | 79 | ||
| 3.2.2 Relevance of EfOM in Wastewater Effluent Treatment/Reuse | 80 | ||
| 3.3 QUANTIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF NOM | 80 | ||
| 3.3.1 Sampling and Processing | 80 | ||
| 3.3.2 TOC and DOC | 81 | ||
| 3.3.3 UVA254 and SUVA | 81 | ||
| 3.3.4 Differential UVA (ΔUVA) | 83 | ||
| 3.3.5 XAD Resin Fractionation | 84 | ||
| 3.3.6 Dissolved Organic Nitrogen (DON) | 84 | ||
| 3.3.7 Fluorescence Excitation Emission Matrices (F-EEM) | 85 | ||
| 3.3.8 Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC-DOC) | 85 | ||
| 3.3.9 Biodegradable Dissolved Organic Carbon (BDOC) | 90 | ||
| 3.3.10 Polarity Rapid Assessment Method (PRAM) | 92 | ||
| 3.4 CASE STUDIES OF NOM ANALYSIS FOR ASSESSMENT, IMPROVEMENT AND DESIGN AND OPERATION OF WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS | 92 | ||
| 3.4.1 Surface Water Treatment | 92 | ||
| 3.4.2 Groundwater Treatment | 93 | ||
| 3.4.3 Seawater Desalination | 94 | ||
| 3.4.4 Bank Filtration and Artificial Recharge and Recovery | 96 | ||
| 3.5 PERSPECTIVES AND RECOMMENDATIONS | 98 | ||
| 3.6 REFERENCES | 99 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 104 | ||
| 4.1 INTRODUCTION | 104 | ||
| 4.2 MEMBRANE (NANO) FILTRATION | 105 | ||
| 4.3 COAGULATION/FILTRATION | 106 | ||
| 4.3.1 General | 106 | ||
| 4.3.2 Alternative filter configurations | 108 | ||
| 4.3.3 Coagulation/membrane filtration | 110 | ||
| 4.4 OXIDATION/BIOFILTRATION | 111 | ||
| 4.4.1 Oxidation | 111 | ||
| 4.4.2 Ozonation/biofiltration | 112 | ||
| 4.4.3 The OBM-process | 113 | ||
| 4.5 SORPTION PROCESSES | 114 | ||
| 4.5.1 GAC adsorption | 114 | ||
| 4.5.2 Chemisorption (Ion exchange) | 114 | ||
| 4.6 CONCLUSIONS | 115 | ||
| 4.7 REFERENCES | 115 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 118 | ||
| 5.1 INTRODUCTION | 118 | ||
| 5.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLOCCULATION | 119 | ||
| 5.2.1 Floc density function | 119 | ||
| 5.2.2 Flocculation kinetics and GC0T value | 120 | ||
| 5.3 FLOCCULATION IN MONOLITH CERAMIC MEMBRANE | 122 | ||
| 5.3.1 Theoretical consideration | 122 | ||
| 5.3.2 Experimental consideration | 125 | ||
| 5.3.2.1 Experimental set-up | 125 | ||
| 5.3.2.2 Experimental results | 126 | ||
| 5.3.2.2.1 Visual experiment | 126 | ||
| 5.3.2.2.2 Flocculation of coagulated micro-particles in the monolith channel | 126 | ||
| 5.4 CONCLUSIONS | 129 | ||
| 5.5 ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 130 | ||
| 5.6 REFERENCES | 130 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 132 | ||
| 6.1 INTRODUCTION | 132 | ||
| 6.2 HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENTS IN THE DAF PROCESS | 133 | ||
| 6.3 MODELLING OF COLLISION EFFICIENCY BETWEEN MICROBUBBLES AND PARTICLES | 135 | ||
| 6.4 CHARACTERIZATION OF BUBBLE SIZE | 137 | ||
| 6.5 CHARACTERIZATION OF BUBBLE CHARGE | 138 | ||
| 6.6 MECHANISM FOR PRODUCING POSITIVELY CHARGED BUBBLES | 139 | ||
| 6.7 VERIFICATION OF REMOVAL USING POSITIVELY CHARGED BUBBLES | 140 | ||
| 6.8 RESEARCH NEEDS | 141 | ||
| 6.9 REFERENCES | 143 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 144 | ||
| 7.1 INTRODUCTION | 144 | ||
| 7.2 THE SPECIFIC ULTRA FILTRATION RESISTANCE METHOD (SUR) | 144 | ||
| 7.2.1 Introduction | 144 | ||
| 7.2.2 Theoretical basis of the SUR | 145 | ||
| 7.2.3 Experimental set-up and configuration | 147 | ||
| 7.2.3.1 Membrane module for SUR measurement | 148 | ||
| 7.2.3.2 Constant pressure difference device | 148 | ||
| 7.2.3.3 Total filtration time | 150 | ||
| 7.2.4 Influence of process parameters on the SUR | 152 | ||
| 7.2.4.1 Experimental procedure for measuring SUR | 152 | ||
| 7.2.4.2 Trans Membrane Pressure (TMP) | 152 | ||
| 7.2.4.3 Temperature of the feedwater | 155 | ||
| 7.2.5 SUR for evaluation of filtration characteristics | 157 | ||
| 7.2.5.1 Foulants concentration | 158 | ||
| 7.2.5.2 Evaluation of feedwater pre-treatment | 159 | ||
| 7.2.5.3 SUR determination at various WWTP’s in the Netherlands | 161 | ||
| 7.2.6 Discussion | 161 | ||
| 7.2.6.1 Parameter for dead-end ultra filtration | 161 | ||
| 7.2.6.2 Process conditions | 163 | ||
| 7.2.7 Conclusion | 166 | ||
| 7.3 THE DELFT FILTRATION CHARACTERISATION METHOD (DFCM) | 166 | ||
| 7.3.1 Introduction | 166 | ||
| 7.3.2 Methods and Materials | 167 | ||
| 7.3.2.1 Filtration unit | 167 | ||
| 7.3.2.2 Measuring protocol | 168 | ||
| 7.3.2.3 Output | 168 | ||
| 7.3.2.4 Sludge quality analyses | 168 | ||
| 7.3.2.5 Possibilities and limitations of DFCm | 169 | ||
| 7.2.3 DFCm results versus full-scale permeability development | 170 | ||
| 7.3.4 Filterability results | 172 | ||
| 7.3.4.1 Pilot comparison | 173 | ||
| 7.3.4.2 Long term sludge quality monitoring | 174 | ||
| 7.3.4.3 Batch experiments | 175 | ||
| 7.4 REFERENCES | 177 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 180 | ||
| 8.1 INTRODUCTION | 180 | ||
| 8.2 FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF JMS | 181 | ||
| 8.2.1 Phenomenon of simultaneous flocculation and sedimentation | 181 | ||
| 8.2.2 Hydrodynamic characteristics of JMS | 184 | ||
| 8.3 APPLICATION OF JMS TO WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT | 187 | ||
| 8.3.1 Pre-treatment for rapid sand filter | 187 | ||
| 8.3.2 Pre-treatment for biofilm reactor | 189 | ||
| 8.4 CONCLUSIONS | 196 | ||
| 8.21 REFERENCES | 197 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 198 | ||
| 9.1 INTRODUCTION | 198 | ||
| 9.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS | 199 | ||
| 9.2.1 Rainwater utilization facility | 199 | ||
| 9.2.2 Experimental conditions | 200 | ||
| 9.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 201 | ||
| 9.3.1 Water quality of “first-flush” runoff and stored rainwater in the tank | 201 | ||
| 9.3.2 Particle behaviour and removal in a rainwater tank | 202 | ||
| 9.3.3 Design considerations for a rainwater tank | 206 | ||
| 9.4 CONCLUSIONS | 206 | ||
| 9.5 REFERENCES | 207 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 208 | ||
| 10.1 INTRODUCTION | 208 | ||
| 10.2 REVIEW ON DIRECT MEMBRANE SEPARATION (DMS) OF WASTEWATER | 208 | ||
| 10.3 DIRECT ULTRAFILTRATION OF MUNICIPALWASTEATER | 210 | ||
| 10.4 APPLICATIONS AND REUSE POSSIBILITIES OF DIRECT UF | 211 | ||
| 10.5 RESEARCH STUDIES AT TU-DELFT | 212 | ||
| 10.5.1 Background | 212 | ||
| 10.5.1.1 Crossflow filtration | 212 | ||
| 10.5.1.2 Fouling mechanisms | 213 | ||
| 10.5.1.3 Filter cake compressibility | 213 | ||
| 10.5.1.4 Filterability and reversibility | 213 | ||
| 10.5.1.5 Critical flux concept | 213 | ||
| 10.5.2 Experimental set-up | 214 | ||
| 10.5.3 Fundamental role of operating conditions | 214 | ||
| 10.5.3.1 Experiments | 214 | ||
| 10.5.3.2 Results | 215 | ||
| 10.5.3.3 Conclusions | 218 | ||
| 10.5.4 Compressibility of filter cake | 218 | ||
| 10.5.5 Feasibility of constant TMP and constant flux operations | 219 | ||
| 10.5.5.1 Experimental | 219 | ||
| 10.5.5.2 Results | 220 | ||
| 10.5.6 Little effect of primary sedimentation | 221 | ||
| 10.5.6.1 Experimental | 221 | ||
| 10.5.6.2 Results | 221 | ||
| 10.5.7 Little effect of coagulant dosage | 223 | ||
| 10.5.7.1 Experimental | 223 | ||
| 10.5.7.2 Results | 224 | ||
| 10.6 COSTS | 225 | ||
| 10.7 CONCLUSIONS | 225 | ||
| 10.8 REFERENCES | 226 |