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Abstract
Today’s urban water managers are faced with an unprecedented set of issues that call for a different approach to urban water management. These include the urgent changes needed to respond to climate change, population growth, growing resource constraints, and rapidly increasing global urbanization. Not only are these issues difficult to address, but they are facing us in an environment that is increasingly unpredictable and complex. Although innovative, new tools are now available to water professionals to address these challenges, solving the water problems of tomorrow cannot be done by the water professionals alone. Instead, the city of the future, whether in the developed or developing world, must integrate water management planning and operations with other city services to meet the needs of humans and the environment in a dramatically superior manner.
Water Sensitive Cities has been developed from selected papers from 2009 Singapore Water Week “Planning for Sustainable Solutions” and also papers taken from other IWA events. It pulls together material that supports the water professionals’ need for useful and up-to-date material.
Authors: Carol Howe, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, The Netherlands Cynthia Mitchell, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover page | 1 | ||
| Half title page | 2 | ||
| Title page | 3 | ||
| Copyright page | 4 | ||
| Contents | 5 | ||
| Foreword | 14 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 19 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 21 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 22 | ||
| REFERENCES | 26 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 28 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 28 | ||
| 2.1 INTRODUCTION | 28 | ||
| 2.2 INFRASTRUCTURE THAT MIMICS AND WORKS WITH NATURE | 30 | ||
| 2.2.1 Networks of decentralized and centralized infrastructure | 30 | ||
| 2.2.2 Interdisciplinary integration across infrastructure sectors | 31 | ||
| 2.3 RESTORING THE WATER COMMONS | 32 | ||
| 2.3.1 Water at the heart of all life | 33 | ||
| 2.3.2 Enhancing the commons through smart, clean, and green design | 33 | ||
| 2.4 DESIGN PRACTICES AND VALUES IN THE NEW WATER PARADIGM | 37 | ||
| 2.4.1 Capturing the benefits in practice | 38 | ||
| 2.4.2 Watershed and planetary externalities | 39 | ||
| 2.5 POLICIES TO RESTORE THE WATER COMMONS | 39 | ||
| 2.5.1 Current governance constraints | 39 | ||
| 2.5.2 New pricing principles and incentives | 40 | ||
| 2.5.3 Learning from other sectors | 41 | ||
| 2.5.4 Achieving an optimal mix is difficult… | 42 | ||
| 2.5.5 … and urgent so we must act artfully now | 44 | ||
| 2.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS | 45 | ||
| REFERENCES | 45 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 48 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 48 | ||
| 3.1 INTRODUCTION | 48 | ||
| 3.2 TRADITIONAL & ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT | 49 | ||
| 3.3 ENVISAGING WATER SENSITIVE CITIES | 51 | ||
| 3.4 TRANSITIONING TO THE WATER SENSITIVE CITY | 53 | ||
| 3.5 BARRIERS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR TRANSITIONING | 56 | ||
| 3.6 CONCLUSION | 58 | ||
| REFERENCES | 59 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 62 | ||
| 4.1 INTRODUCTION | 62 | ||
| 4.1.1 New costing perspectives | 63 | ||
| 4.1.2 Participatory, deliberative decision making in developing water systems | 64 | ||
| 4.1.3 Shifting from a resource focus to service focus | 64 | ||
| 4.1.4 Systemic thinking & synergies between energy, water reuse and nutrient recovery | 65 | ||
| 4.2 MANAGING A TRANSITION TOWARD RESTORATIVE FUTURES | 65 | ||
| 4.3 ADOPTING STRATEGIC NICHE MANAGEMENT TO IMPLEMENT RADICAL INNOVATION IN RESOURCE RECOVERY AND REUSE | 68 | ||
| 4.4 PHOSPHORUS SECURITY: A CASE FOR TRANSITION | 69 | ||
| 4.4.1 A new global challenge: from phosphorus pollutionto phosphorus scarcity | 69 | ||
| 4.5 THE ROLE OF NICHE BASED APPROACHES TO RESOURCE RECOVERY IN A SUSTAINABLE PHOSPHOROUS FUTURE | 72 | ||
| 4.6 CONCLUSION | 75 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 76 | ||
| REFERENCES | 76 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 82 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 82 | ||
| 5.1 INTRODUCTION | 83 | ||
| 5.2 OPPORTUNITIES TO INFLUENCE WATER-RELATED ENERGY | 85 | ||
| 5.2.1 Energy use in the provision of water | 86 | ||
| 5.2.2 Energy use associated with the use of water | 87 | ||
| 5.2.3 Energy associated with the nutrient cycle | 88 | ||
| 5.2.4 Urban heat island effect | 89 | ||
| 5.3 THE WATER-ENERGY NEXUS IN THE BIGGER PICTURE OF URBAN METABOLISM | 89 | ||
| 5.3.1 Recent urban metabolism analysis | 90 | ||
| 5.3.2 Recent application of the metabolism model | 91 | ||
| 5.4 WATER AND ENERGY INTEGRATION FUTURES | 93 | ||
| 5.5 CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS | 96 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 97 | ||
| REFERENCES | 97 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 100 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 100 | ||
| 6.1 INTRODUCTION | 100 | ||
| 6.2 CHALLENGES FACING WATER PROVIDERS | 101 | ||
| 6.3 SUSTAINABILITY A PATH FORWARD | 104 | ||
| 6.4 A FRAMEWORK FOR TRANSFORMATION TO SUSTAINABLE UTILITIES | 106 | ||
| 6.4.1 Key success factors | 106 | ||
| 6.4.1.1 Leadership | 106 | ||
| 6.4.1.2 Strategic Business Planning | 108 | ||
| 6.4.1.3 Effective Management and Governance | 108 | ||
| 6.4.1.4 Efficient Use of Resources | 109 | ||
| 6.4.1.5 Full Cost Life Cycle Accounting | 110 | ||
| 6.4.1.6 Integrated Resource Management | 110 | ||
| 6.5 CONCLUSIONS | 112 | ||
| REFERENCES | 112 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 115 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 115 | ||
| 7.1 INTRODUCTION: WICKED PROBLEMS AND COMPLEX SYSTEMS | 116 | ||
| 7.2 UNDERSTANDING THE TERMINOLOGY | 117 | ||
| 7.3 DISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY | 118 | ||
| 7.4 SWITCH: A PROJECT DESIGNED FOR INTEGRATION AND SUSTAINABILITY | 120 | ||
| 7.5 RECOMMENDATIONS | 123 | ||
| 7.5.1 Changes to the education system | 123 | ||
| 7.5.2 Better balanced teams | 123 | ||
| 7.5.3 Training of teams | 123 | ||
| 7.5.4 Appoint a neutral lead facilitator/coordinator/translator | 124 | ||
| 7.5.5 New learning environments | 124 | ||
| 7.6 CONCLUSIONS | 124 | ||
| REFERENCES | 125 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 127 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 127 | ||
| 8.1 INTRODUCTION | 128 | ||
| 8.2 NEGATIVE TERMINOLOGY AND IMAGES | 130 | ||
| 8.2.1 Would you like a glass of treated sewage, dear? | 130 | ||
| 8.2.2 Quality, not history | 131 | ||
| 8.2.3 Recycled water: do not drink | 131 | ||
| 8.2.4 Microconstituents | 132 | ||
| 8.3 ANOMALIES | 132 | ||
| 8.3.1 Water reuse is the water industry’s best kept secret | 132 | ||
| 8.3.2 Two sets of guidelines for drinking water | 132 | ||
| 8.3.3 How long is the miracle mile? | 132 | ||
| 8.4 WE START TOO LATE | 133 | ||
| 8.5 SURVEYS | 134 | ||
| 8.6 THE PROBLEM IS NOT BEING ADDRESSED | 135 | ||
| 8.7 THE WAY FORWARD | 136 | ||
| 8.7.1 Terminology | 136 | ||
| 8.7.2 Training for presenters | 137 | ||
| 8.7.3 Cultural changes | 137 | ||
| 8.7.4 Anomalies | 137 | ||
| 8.7.5 Establishing trust | 137 | ||
| 8.8 AN EDUCATION PROGRAM IS URGENTLY NEEDED | 138 | ||
| REFERENCES | 139 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 140 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 140 | ||
| 9.1 INTRODUCTION | 141 | ||
| 9.2 WHY REUSE PROJECTS FAIL | 142 | ||
| 9.3 KEY COMPONENTS OF SUCCESSFUL REUSE OUTREACH PROGRAMS | 144 | ||
| 9.4 DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY SUPPORT | 150 | ||
| 9.5 THE WORLD WON’T THINK DIFFERENTLY ABOUT WATER UNTIL THE WATER INDUSTRY STARTS THINKING DIFFERENTLY | 152 | ||
| REFERENCES | 153 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 155 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 155 | ||
| 10.1 BACKGROUND | 155 | ||
| 10.2 WATER RECYCLING: BANE OR BOON? | 156 | ||
| 10.3 BREAKING THE PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIER | 157 | ||
| 10.4 CHANGING MINDSETS AND PERCEPTION | 158 | ||
| 10.5 ENGAGING THE STAKEHOLDERS | 158 | ||
| 10.6 FROM ZERO TO HERO | 161 | ||
| REFERENCES | 162 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 163 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 163 | ||
| 11.1 ARTICLE | 163 | ||
| 11.2 20 YEARS IN THE MAKING | 164 | ||
| 11.3 AN ADVANCE IN MULTI-PURPOSE URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT | 166 | ||
| 11.4 A MODEL FOR URBAN CENTRES | 167 | ||
| 11.5 SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND SUSTAINABLE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS | 168 | ||
| 11.6 ENGINEERING COMPLEXITY | 169 | ||
| 11.7 A MODEL FOR ‘CITIES OF THE FUTURE’ | 170 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 172 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 172 | ||
| 12.1 INTRODUCTION | 172 | ||
| 12.2 STRATEGIC PLANNING AND SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS | 173 | ||
| 12.2.1 The process of strategic planning | 173 | ||
| 12.2.2 Assessing sustainability | 174 | ||
| 12.3 SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT TOOLS AND SYSTEM BOUNDARIES: EFFECT ON RECOMMENDATIONS FOR URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT | 177 | ||
| 12.3.1 General | 177 | ||
| 12.3.2 Water-balance and energy studies for the development of urban water management strategies | 178 | ||
| 12.3.3 Application of QMRA to the entire urban water system | 179 | ||
| 12.3.4 A life cycle analysis (LCA) of the urban water system | 181 | ||
| 12.4 LESSONS LEARNED IN SWITCH DEMONSTRATION CITIES ON STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR THE URBAN WATER SYSTEM | 182 | ||
| 12.5 CONCLUSIONS | 183 | ||
| REFERENCES | 183 | ||
| Chapter 13 | 185 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 185 | ||
| 13.1 INTRODUCTION | 186 | ||
| 13.2 ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABITY | 188 | ||
| 13.2.1 Microscale assessment indices and metrics | 188 | ||
| 13.2.2 Need for macroscale criteria and assessment | 189 | ||
| 13.3 SEVEN ECOCITIES CASE STUDY | 192 | ||
| 13.3.1 Hammarby Sjöstad (Sweden) | 192 | ||
| 13.3.2 Dongtan (China) | 192 | ||
| 13.3.3 Qingdao (China) Ecoblock and Ecocity | 194 | ||
| 13.3.4 Tianjin (China) | 195 | ||
| 13.3.5 Masdar (UAE) | 196 | ||
| 13.3.6 Treasure Island (San Francisco, California, USA) | 197 | ||
| 13.3.7 Sonoma Mountain Village | 197 | ||
| 13.4 SYNTHESIS | 198 | ||
| 13.4.1 Lack of Macroscale Assessment | 200 | ||
| 13.5 SUMMARY | 202 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 202 | ||
| REFERENCES | 202 | ||
| Chapter 14 | 205 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 205 | ||
| 14.1 INTRODUCTION | 206 | ||
| 14.2 BUILDING LEVEL SOLUTIONS | 207 | ||
| 14.2.1 Energy: conservation & on-site production | 207 | ||
| 14.2.2 Water | 207 | ||
| 14.2.3 Integrated systems for water, waste & energy | 208 | ||
| 14.3 NEED FOR NEIGHBOURHOOD SCALE SOLUTIONS | 209 | ||
| 14.4 SIX ECO-NEIGHBOURHOODS | 210 | ||
| 14.4.1 Energy in the eco-neighbourhoods | 212 | ||
| 14.4.2 Water and waste in the eco-neighbourhood | 213 | ||
| 14.5 IMPLICATIONS FOR URBAN DESIGN AND WATER | 215 | ||
| 14.6 CONCLUSION | 218 | ||
| REFERENCES | 218 | ||
| Chapter 15 | 220 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 220 | ||
| 15.1 INTRODUCTION | 220 | ||
| 15.2 WATER, THE KEY TO IMPROVEMENT | 221 | ||
| 15.2.1 Sustainable | 222 | ||
| 15.2.2 Climate-resilient | 225 | ||
| 15.2.3 Adaptable | 227 | ||
| 15.2.4 Healthy | 230 | ||
| 15.2.5 Pleasant | 230 | ||
| 15.3 TRANSITIONING TOWARDS WATER CITIES | 231 | ||
| 15.3.1 Mainstreaming of urban water management innovations | 232 | ||
| 15.3.2 Integration of urban water management in spatial planning | 232 | ||
| 15.3.2.1 Example from the Netherlands: Rotterdam Water City 20351 | 232 | ||
| 15.3.2.2 Example from Japan : Superlevee | 233 | ||
| 15.3.3 Stakeholder receptivity | 235 | ||
| 15.3.3.1 Example from the Netherlands : De Draai Heerhugowaard | 235 | ||
| 15.3.3.2 Example from Japan : Water recycling | 236 | ||
| 15.4 CONCLUSION | 237 | ||
| REFERENCES | 238 | ||
| Chapter 16 | 241 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 241 | ||
| 16.1 INTRODUCTION | 242 | ||
| 16.2 LODZ–CITY ON THE | 243 | ||
| 16.2.1 Ecohydrology–a more sustainable way forward | 245 | ||
| 16.2.2 Applying the ecohydrology to urban areas | 245 | ||
| 16.2.3 Blue green network | 252 | ||
| 16.3 CONCLUSIONS | 255 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 256 | ||
| REFERENCES | 256 | ||
| Chapter 17 | 260 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 260 | ||
| 17.1 CLIMATE CHANGE: PREVENTION AND ADAPTATION | 261 | ||
| 17.2 ROTTERDAM CLIMATE PROOF | 262 | ||
| 17.3 THE ROTTERDAM APPROACH | 263 | ||
| 17.3.1 Three pillars | 263 | ||
| 17.3.2 Rotterdam adaptation strategy (RAS) | 264 | ||
| 17.3.3 Five subject-related main themes | 265 | ||
| 17.3.3.1 Flood management | 265 | ||
| 17.3.3.2 Accessibility | 266 | ||
| 17.3.3.3 Adaptive building | 267 | ||
| 17.3.4 Seven strategic projects | 270 | ||
| 17.3.5 Connection between the pillars, themes and strategic projects | 271 | ||
| 17.4 IMPROVING URBAN ENVIRONMENTS | 271 | ||
| REFERENCES | 272 | ||
| Chapter 18 | 273 | ||
| 18.1 INTRODUCTION | 273 | ||
| 18.2 BACKGROUND | 277 | ||
| 18.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION | 278 | ||
| 18.3.1 Sustainable water sources | 278 | ||
| 18.3.2 Water strategy | 279 | ||
| 18.4 REGULATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN | 281 | ||
| 18.5 TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION | 282 | ||
| 18.6 SYSTEM INTEGRATION | 283 | ||
| 18.7 CONCLUSIONS | 284 | ||
| REFERENCES | 286 |