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Abstract
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Mass Flow and Energy Efficiency of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants presents the results of a series of studies that examined the mass flow and balance, and energy efficiency, of municipal wastewater treatment plants; it offers a vision of the future for municipal wastewater treatment plants. These studies were undertaken as part of the R & D program of the Public Utilities Board (PUB), Singapore. The book covers the latest practical and academic developments and provides: a detailed picture of the mass flow and transfer of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), solids, nitrogen and phosphorus and energy efficiency in a large municipal wastewater treatment plants in Singapore.
The results are compared with the Strass wastewater treatment plant, Austria, which reaches energy self-sufficiency, and the approaches for improvement are proposed. a description of the biological conversions and mass flow and energy recovery in an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor - activated sludge process (UASB-ASP) - and compares this to the conventional activated sludge process. a comprehensive and critical review of the current state of the art of energy efficiency of municipal wastewater treatment plants including benchmarks, best available technologies and practices in energy saving and recovery, institution policies, and road maps to high energy recovery and high efficiency plants. a vision of future wastewater treatment plants including the major challenges of the paradigm shift from waste removal to resource recovery, technologies and processes to be studied, integrated sanitation system and management and policies.
Mass Flow and Energy Efficiency of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants is a valuable reference on energy and sustainable management of municipal wastewater treatment plants, and will be especially useful for process and design researchers in wastewater research institutions, engineers, consultants and managers in water companies and water utilities, as well as students and academic staff in civil/sanitation/environment departments in universities.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover page | 1 | ||
| Half title page | 2 | ||
| Title page | 4 | ||
| Copyright page | 5 | ||
| Contents | 6 | ||
| Preface | 10 | ||
| Contributors and acknowledgements | 12 | ||
| About the author | 14 | ||
| CAO YE SHI | 14 | ||
| Nomenclature | 16 | ||
| ABBREVIATIONS | 16 | ||
| SYMBOLS | 19 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 22 | ||
| 1.1 INTRODUCTION | 22 | ||
| 1.2 APPROACHES AND METHODS | 23 | ||
| 1.2.1 Ulu Pandan water reclamation plant | 23 | ||
| 1.2.2 Information and data collection | 24 | ||
| 1.2.3 Mass balance and simplification | 25 | ||
| 1.3 RESULTS | 25 | ||
| 1.3.1 Hydraulic flow and compositions | 25 | ||
| 1.3.1.1 Hydraulic flow | 25 | ||
| 1.3.1.2 Influent mass loading rates | 26 | ||
| 1.3.2 Carbonaceous mass flow and distribution | 28 | ||
| 1.3.3 Nitrogenous mass flow and distribution | 30 | ||
| 1.3.4 Phosphorous mass flow and distribution | 32 | ||
| 1.3.5 Energy utilization distribution and efficiency | 33 | ||
| 1.4 DISCUSSION | 34 | ||
| 1.4.1 Nitrogenous and phosphorous matters in the solid line | 34 | ||
| 1.4.1.1 Operation of the holding tanks | 34 | ||
| 1.4.1.2 Nitrogen and phosphorus in the anaerobic digesters | 34 | ||
| 1.4.2 Reject stream | 34 | ||
| 1.4.3 Solids mass flow and balance | 35 | ||
| 1.4.4 Benchmark with Strass WWTP | 35 | ||
| 1.4.5 Improvement of the unit operation and roadmap to increase energy efficiency | 37 | ||
| 1.4.5.1 Pre-concentrating | 37 | ||
| 1.4.5.2 Optimization of activated sludge process operation | 37 | ||
| 1.4.5.3 Enhancement of the solid stream performance and operation | 38 | ||
| 1.5 CONCLUSIONS | 38 | ||
| REFERENCES | 39 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 42 | ||
| 2.1 INTRODUCTION | 42 | ||
| 2.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS | 43 | ||
| 2.2.1 Feed sewage and sludge seeds | 43 | ||
| 2.2.2 Laboratory-scale system | 43 | ||
| 2.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 44 | ||
| 2.3.1 Characterization of the influent raw sewage | 44 | ||
| 2.3.2 Biological conversion and carbonaceous matter balance in the UASB reactor | 45 | ||
| 2.3.2.1 COD and SCFAs removal | 45 | ||
| 2.3.2.2 Nitrogen and phosphorus conversion | 47 | ||
| 2.3.2.3 Sulphur conversion | 48 | ||
| 2.3.2.4 Solid stabilization | 48 | ||
| 2.3.2.5 Gas production | 49 | ||
| 2.3.2.6 Effect of sludge blanket level and SRT | 51 | ||
| 2.3.2.7 Carbonaceous matter mass balance | 51 | ||
| 2.3.3 Performance of the activated sludge process | 53 | ||
| 2.3.3.1 COD removal | 53 | ||
| 2.3.3.2 Nitrification | 53 | ||
| 2.3.3.3 Denitrification | 55 | ||
| 2.3.3.4 Feasibility of phosphorus removal | 57 | ||
| 2.3.3.5 Effluent quality | 57 | ||
| 2.3.4 Comparisons between the coupled and conventional activated sludge processes | 58 | ||
| 2.4 CONCLUSIONS | 60 | ||
| REFERENCES | 61 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 64 | ||
| 3.1 INTRODUCTION | 64 | ||
| 3.1.1 Energy and municipal wastewater treatment | 64 | ||
| 3.1.2 Potentials of increasing energy efficiency | 65 | ||
| 3.1.3 Objectives | 65 | ||
| 3.1.4 Approaches | 66 | ||
| 3.1.5 Contents of the report | 66 | ||
| 3.2 ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF MUNICIPALWASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS | 66 | ||
| 3.2.1 Baseline investigation | 67 | ||
| 3.2.1.1 Electricity consumers | 67 | ||
| 3.2.1.2 Energy recovery contributors | 70 | ||
| 3.2.2 Benchmark of energy efficiency | 71 | ||
| 3.2.2.1 Performance indicators and benchmark | 71 | ||
| 3.2.2.2 Energy efficiency | 72 | ||
| 3.3 REDUCING ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION | 76 | ||
| 3.3.1 Aeration | 76 | ||
| 3.3.1.1 High efficiency systems | 76 | ||
| 3.3.1.2 Dynamic control | 76 | ||
| 3.3.2 General principles applicable to mechanical equipment | 77 | ||
| 3.3.3 Energy audit manuals and procedures | 77 | ||
| 3.3.4 Innovative processes | 78 | ||
| 3.3.4.1 Rationale process design | 78 | ||
| 3.3.4.2 Innovative processes | 79 | ||
| 3.4 INCREASING ELECTRICITY (ENERGY) GENERATION | 82 | ||
| 3.4.1 Enhancing electricity generation from biogas | 83 | ||
| 3.4.1.1 Pre-concentrating | 83 | ||
| 3.4.1.2 Enhancing performance of anaerobic digestion | 84 | ||
| 3.4.1.3 Combined heat and power (CHP) system – cogeneration | 85 | ||
| 3.4.1.4 Cost-effective analysis | 87 | ||
| 3.4.1.5 Gas cleaning | 87 | ||
| 3.4.1.6 Pre-treatment of wasting sludge | 88 | ||
| 3.4.1.7 Co-digestion | 88 | ||
| 3.4.2 Energy generation from thermal treatment of biosolids | 89 | ||
| 3.4.2.1 Thermal drying | 90 | ||
| 3.4.2.2 Incineration | 90 | ||
| 3.4.2.3 Gasification | 91 | ||
| 3.4.2.4 Pyrolysis | 92 | ||
| 3.4.2.5 Comparisons between biogas and thermal treatment options | 93 | ||
| 3.5 MANAGEMENT AND POLICIES | 94 | ||
| 3.5.1 Management tools | 94 | ||
| 3.5.2 Incentive policies for energy recovery | 94 | ||
| 3.6 ROADMAPS TOWARDS A POSITIVE ENERGY PLANT | 95 | ||
| 3.6.1 Achieving an energy efficiency of 30% to 50% | 95 | ||
| 3.6.2 Achieving an energy efficiency of 80% and beyond | 96 | ||
| 3.7 SUMMARY | 96 | ||
| REFERENCES | 98 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 104 | ||
| 4.1 ISSUES OF THE CURRENT WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS | 104 | ||
| 4.2 NEW PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF THE NEAR FUTURE MUNICIPALWASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS | 105 | ||
| 4.2.1 Water | 105 | ||
| 4.2.2 Biosolids (residual) | 105 | ||
| 4.2.3 Air | 105 | ||
| 4.2.4 Energy | 106 | ||
| 4.2.5 Chemicals | 106 | ||
| 4.3 R & D TOPICS | 107 | ||
| 4.3.1 Efficient utilization of particulate carbon in wastewater | 107 | ||
| 4.3.2 Retaining slow growth microorganisms in reactor | 107 | ||
| 4.3.3 Mechanistic investigation of hybrid (dual-phase) biological process | 108 | ||
| 4.3.4 Pre-concentrating | 108 | ||
| 4.3.5 Automatic on-line control of biological reactor | 109 | ||
| 4.3.6 Nutrient removal and recovery | 109 | ||
| 4.3.6.1 Nitrogen | 109 | ||
| 4.3.6.2 Phosphorus | 109 | ||
| 4.3.6.3 Sulphur | 110 | ||
| 4.3.7 Micro-pollutants removal | 110 | ||
| 4.3.8 Cost-effective disinfection | 110 | ||
| 4.3.9 Mitigation of greenhouse gas emission | 110 | ||
| 4.3.10 Membrane improvements | 111 | ||
| 4.3.11 High efficiency gasification and pyrolysis | 111 | ||
| 4.3.12 Energy recovery from heat and other sources | 111 | ||
| 4.3.13 Technologies to keep special notice of | 111 | ||
| 4.3.13.1 Algal engineering | 111 | ||
| 4.3.13.2 Biohydrogen | 112 | ||
| 4.3.13.3 Plastic production from wastewater by mixed culture | 112 | ||
| 4.4 NOVEL ANAEROBIC AMMONIA CONVERSION PROCESSES BEYOND THE CURRENT HORIZON | 112 | ||
| 4.4.1 ANaerobic AMMonium OXidation (ANAMMOX) in main stream | 112 | ||
| 4.4.1.1 Areas of investigations | 114 | ||
| 4.4.2 Denitrification and Anaerobic Methane Oxidation (DAMO) process | 115 | ||
| 4.5 HYBRID SYSTEMS EXTENDING TO THE BOUNDARY OF CATCHMENT | 116 | ||
| 4.5.1 Problems with the current wastewater treatment plants andsanitation systems | 116 | ||
| 4.5.2 Black, grey water and decentralized system | 117 | ||
| 4.5.3 New urban sanitation system | 118 | ||
| 4.6 NEW MANAGEMENT TOOLS AND INSTITUTIONS | 119 | ||
| 4.6.1 Energy management systems | 119 | ||
| 4.6.2 Sustainability evaluation system | 119 | ||
| 4.6.3 Institutional reform | 119 | ||
| 4.6.4 Public communications | 120 | ||
| 4.7 SUMMARY | 120 | ||
| REFERENCES | 121 | ||
| INDEX | 126 |