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Book Details
Abstract
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Drinking Water Quality Management from Catchment to Consumer is a best practice book that builds on the experience of water suppliers and experts across the world in order to provide a practical guide to help utilities improve the management of drinking water quality. It is based on the Water Safety Plan approach and the principles of the Bonn Charter for Safe Drinking Water, and is intended to complement and support other relevant publications particularly the WHO Water Safety Plan Manual. It has evolved from the work of The Bonn Network which is a global group of water suppliers originally established to develop and share best practice in drinking water quality management based on the Bonn Charter.
The emphasis is on practical information “by operators for operators”, learning from the experience of a range of water suppliers across the world. The book supports and encourages users to think through the best way for them to improve drinking water quality management taking account of local factors. It recognises that whilst water suppliers are central to the provision of good drinking water, this has to take place within a broader legal, institutional, and financial framework which is the responsibility of Government and others. It thus highlights the ways that water suppliers can work with a range of partners to ensure that all are committed to the same goal of good safe drinking water.
Drinking Water Quality Management from Catchment to Consumer is an essential reference for water quality, laboratory and operational managers from water utilities around the world. It is also helpful to consultants working in this area and regulatory, health and municipal, and catchment management authorities. The book is of interest to academics working in the field of drinking water quality, and risk management and may be used on any courses aimed at managing drinking water quality.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover page | 1 | ||
| Half title page | 2 | ||
| Title page | 4 | ||
| Copyright page | 5 | ||
| Contents | 6 | ||
| Foreword | 18 | ||
| About the authors | 22 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 24 | ||
| Background and use of this book | 26 | ||
| Glossary of key terms and abbreviations | 30 | ||
| Dedication | 34 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 36 | ||
| Why water safety plans and the Bonn Charter? | 36 | ||
| 1.1 INTRODUCTION | 36 | ||
| 1.2 WHY AND HOW DID THE WATER SAFETY PLAN APPROACH DEVELOP? | 37 | ||
| 1.3 WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES FOR WATER SAFETY PLANS | 41 | ||
| 1.3.1 Health and statutory standards | 41 | ||
| 1.3.2 Consumer acceptability | 41 | ||
| 1.3.3 Quality reliability and consumer trust | 42 | ||
| 1.4 BENEFITS OF A WSP AND RESOURCES NECESSARY FOR IMPLEMENTATION | 43 | ||
| 1.4.1 Introduction | 43 | ||
| 1.4.2 Benefits of a WSP | 43 | ||
| 1.4.2.1 Avoiding incidents which impact public health | 43 | ||
| 1.4.2.2 Improved compliance with regulatory and other requirements | 43 | ||
| 1.4.2.3 Improved consumer trust | 43 | ||
| 1.4.2.4 Improved confidence of key stakeholders | 44 | ||
| 1.4.2.5 Cost effectiveness and investment planning | 44 | ||
| 1.4.2.6 Improved staff commitment | 44 | ||
| 1.4.2.7 Competition with peers | 44 | ||
| 1.4.3 The resources necessary for WSP implementation | 45 | ||
| 1.4.3.1 Introduction | 45 | ||
| 1.4.3.2 Initial set up costs | 45 | ||
| 1.4.3.3 WSP maintenance costs | 46 | ||
| 1.4.3.4 Operational and capital improvement programmes | 46 | ||
| REFERENCES | 46 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 48 | ||
| Developing a supportive organisational culture | 48 | ||
| 2.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE AND COMMITMENT FOR WSP IMPLEMENTATION | 48 | ||
| 2.1.1 Introduction | 48 | ||
| 2.1.2 What is organisational culture? | 49 | ||
| 2.1.3 How does culture influence WSP adoption? | 49 | ||
| 2.1.4 Managing water quality as part of overall business risk management | 50 | ||
| 2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL RISK MANAGEMENT ORGANISATIONS | 50 | ||
| 2.2.1 Lessons from other sectors | 50 | ||
| 2.2.2 Criteria for successful WSP adoption | 51 | ||
| 2.3 SECURING MANAGERIAL AND ORGANISATIONAL COMMITMENT FOR WSP IMPLEMENTATION | 52 | ||
| 2.3.1 Why is managerial commitment important? | 52 | ||
| 2.3.2 Demonstrating managerial commitment | 52 | ||
| 2.3.3 Employees wishing to secure managerial commitment | 53 | ||
| 2.3.4 Organisational commitment and motivation | 53 | ||
| 2.3.4.1 Securing staff commitment | 54 | ||
| 2.3.4.2 Securing staff motivation | 54 | ||
| 2.3.5 Awareness of the importance of water quality and public health protection | 55 | ||
| 2.3.6 WSP awareness programmes | 55 | ||
| 2.4 IMPROVING ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE FOR WSP IMPLEMENTATION | 56 | ||
| 2.4.1 Developing and improving risk leadership | 56 | ||
| 2.4.2 Improving organisational WSP culture | 57 | ||
| 2.4.2.1 Mission statements | 58 | ||
| 2.4.2.2 Internal cultures | 58 | ||
| 2.4.2.3 Types of working structure | 58 | ||
| 2.4.2.4 Blockers to WSP development | 59 | ||
| 2.4.2.5 External implementers | 59 | ||
| 2.4.2.6 WSPs help to create culture | 59 | ||
| 2.4.3 Piloting WSPs | 59 | ||
| REFERENCES | 61 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 64 | ||
| Operational policies to support water safety plans | 64 | ||
| 3.1 INTRODUCTION | 64 | ||
| 3.2 RISK MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES FOR WSPS | 64 | ||
| 3.2.1 Introduction | 64 | ||
| 3.2.2 Setting up a risk management structure | 66 | ||
| 3.2.3 What form of risk assessment to use? | 67 | ||
| 3.2.4 Criteria for action and risk acceptability | 67 | ||
| 3.2.5 Control measures | 67 | ||
| 3.2.6 Assessing WSP effectiveness | 68 | ||
| 3.2.7 WSP documentation and review | 68 | ||
| 3.3 ASSET MANAGEMENT | 70 | ||
| 3.3.1 Introduction | 70 | ||
| 3.3.2 Asset management and water quality | 71 | ||
| 3.4 TRAINING AND AWARENESS | 71 | ||
| 3.5 OPERATING PROCEDURES | 72 | ||
| 3.5.1 Introduction | 72 | ||
| 3.5.2 Standardised operating procedures | 72 | ||
| 3.5.3 Permits to work | 73 | ||
| 3.5.4 Equipment calibration and testing | 73 | ||
| 3.5.5 Hygienic work practices | 73 | ||
| 3.5.5.1 Definition of restricted areas/operations | 73 | ||
| 3.5.5.2 Designation of personnel who can work in restricted areas | 74 | ||
| 3.5.5.3 Medical screening | 74 | ||
| 3.5.5.4 Hygienic working procedures in restricted areas | 74 | ||
| 3.6 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES | 74 | ||
| 3.6.1 Introduction | 74 | ||
| 3.6.2 A scalable incident response system | 75 | ||
| 3.6.3 Managing the early stages of an incident | 76 | ||
| 3.6.4 Involvement of external organisations | 76 | ||
| 3.6.5 Training and rehearsal | 76 | ||
| 3.6.6 Dealing with the media | 76 | ||
| 3.6.7 Incident management plans and their documentation | 77 | ||
| 3.6.7.1 Roles and responsibilities | 77 | ||
| 3.6.7.2 Process for mobilising resources | 77 | ||
| 3.6.7.3 Support and back up for all key staff | 77 | ||
| 3.6.7.4 Emergency management centre | 77 | ||
| 3.6.7.5 Access to records and plans | 78 | ||
| 3.6.7.6 Access to emergency equipment and spares | 78 | ||
| 3.6.7.7 Emergencies impacting public health | 78 | ||
| 3.6.7.8 Communication | 78 | ||
| 3.6.7.9 Incident logs | 79 | ||
| 3.6.7.10 Stand down procedures | 79 | ||
| 3.7 CONTRACTORS AND SUPPLIERS | 79 | ||
| 3.7.1 Contractors | 79 | ||
| 3.7.2 Suppliers | 79 | ||
| 3.8 STAKEHOLDER PARTNERSHIPS | 80 | ||
| 3.9 RELIABILITY OF SUPPORT INFRASTRUCTURE | 80 | ||
| 3.9.1 Introduction | 80 | ||
| 3.9.2 Power and energy supplies | 81 | ||
| 3.9.3 Telemetry and remote sensors | 81 | ||
| 3.9.4 Flooding and other extreme weather events | 81 | ||
| 3.9.5 Site security | 81 | ||
| 3.9.6 IT availability and back up | 82 | ||
| 3.9.7 Laboratory facilities | 82 | ||
| 3.10 MONITORING, DOCUMENTATION AND REPORTING | 82 | ||
| 3.10.1 Introduction | 82 | ||
| 3.10.2 Documentation | 82 | ||
| 3.10.3 Water quality sampling and analysis | 83 | ||
| 3.10.4 Monitoring and reporting | 83 | ||
| REFERENCES | 84 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 86 | ||
| Developing a catchment water safety plan | 86 | ||
| 4.1 FACTORS UNDERPINNING THE DEVELOPMENT OF CATCHMENT WATER SAFETY PLANS | 86 | ||
| 4.1.1 Introduction | 86 | ||
| 4.1.2 Characteristics of different catchment types | 86 | ||
| 4.1.3 Objectives for catchment WSPs | 87 | ||
| 4.1.4 Impact of raw water pollution on drinking water treatment | 88 | ||
| 4.1.5 Categories of pollution risk | 89 | ||
| 4.2 DEVELOPING A CATCHMENT WATER SAFETY PLAN | 89 | ||
| 4.2.1 A framework for catchment WSPs | 89 | ||
| 4.2.2 Identifying key catchment stakeholders | 90 | ||
| 4.2.2.1 National/regional level partnerships | 90 | ||
| 4.2.2.2 Local catchment partnerships | 91 | ||
| 4.2.3 Developing catchment partnerships | 91 | ||
| 4.2.4 Mapping and characterising the catchment | 93 | ||
| 4.2.5 Identifying hazards and hazardous activities | 94 | ||
| 4.2.6 Assessing risks, promoting mitigation measures and verifying their effectiveness | 95 | ||
| 4.2.7 Implementing risk-based raw water monitoring | 95 | ||
| 4.2.7.1 Introduction | 95 | ||
| 4.2.7.2 Objectives of monitoring | 96 | ||
| 4.2.7.3 Sampling programme design | 97 | ||
| 4.2.7.4 Automatic intake monitoring systems | 97 | ||
| 4.2.8 Implementing catchment warning and response procedures | 98 | ||
| 4.2.8.1 Organisations typically involved | 98 | ||
| 4.2.8.2 Early warning procedures | 98 | ||
| 4.2.8.3 Pollution awareness training | 99 | ||
| 4.2.8.4 Effective, timely and accurate communication | 99 | ||
| 4.2.8.5 Pollution travel time estimation | 99 | ||
| 4.3 METHODOLOGIES FOR ASSESSING RISKS AND MANAGING SURFACE WATER CATCHMENTS | 100 | ||
| 4.3.1 Introduction | 100 | ||
| 4.3.2 Use of predictive models | 100 | ||
| 4.4 METHODOLOGIES FOR ASSESSING AND MANAGING GROUNDWATER CATCHMENTS | 101 | ||
| 4.4.1 Strategies for control of groundwater pollution | 101 | ||
| 4.4.2 Objectives for groundwater pollution prevention | 102 | ||
| 4.4.2.1 Preventing Future Pollution | 102 | ||
| 4.4.2.2 Dealing with Existing Pollution Sources | 104 | ||
| 4.4.2.3 Selecting New Groundwater Supply Areas | 104 | ||
| 4.4.3 Mapping overall groundwater pollution vulnerability | 104 | ||
| 4.4.4 Inventory and classification of subsurface potential contaminant load | 105 | ||
| 4.4.5 Groundwater source protection areas (SPAs) | 106 | ||
| 4.4.6 Placing restrictions on hazards or hazardous activities within defined catchment areas | 107 | ||
| 4.4.7 Groundwater monitoring strategies | 110 | ||
| 4.5 COMMON CATCHMENT RISKS AND THEIR MITIGATION | 110 | ||
| 4.5.1 Introduction | 110 | ||
| 4.5.2 Naturally occurring surface water hazards | 112 | ||
| 4.5.3 Natural groundwater hazards | 112 | ||
| 4.5.4 Microbiological hazards | 113 | ||
| 4.5.5 Sewage and wastewater reuse | 115 | ||
| 4.5.6 Pesticides | 115 | ||
| 4.5.7 Nitrate | 116 | ||
| 4.5.8 Urban development and runoff | 117 | ||
| 4.5.9 Fuel storage and transport | 117 | ||
| 4.5.10 Industry | 118 | ||
| 4.5.11 Solid waste disposal | 119 | ||
| 4.5.12 Mining and mineral extraction | 119 | ||
| 4.5.13 Algae and algal toxins | 120 | ||
| 4.5.14 Colour in upland catchments | 120 | ||
| 4.5.15 Radiological | 121 | ||
| 4.5.16 Saline intrusion | 121 | ||
| 4.5.17 Recreation | 121 | ||
| REFERENCES | 122 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 126 | ||
| Developing a treatment water safety plan | 126 | ||
| 5.1 INTRODUCTION | 126 | ||
| 5.2 THE MULTI BARRIER APPROACH TO WATER TREATMENT | 128 | ||
| 5.3 ABSTRACTION MANAGEMENT | 130 | ||
| 5.3.1 Water quality risks within the catchment | 130 | ||
| 5.3.2 Risk based management of abstractions | 130 | ||
| 5.3.3 Raw water screening and straining | 131 | ||
| 5.3.4 Risks associated with raw water storage | 132 | ||
| 5.3.5 Wellhead protection for groundwater abstractions | 134 | ||
| 5.4 TREATMENT CHEMICALS | 134 | ||
| 5.4.1 Legislation covering treatment chemicals | 136 | ||
| 5.4.2 Availability of chemicals | 136 | ||
| 5.4.3 Chemical delivery to site | 136 | ||
| 5.4.4 On-site generation of treatment chemicals | 137 | ||
| 5.4.5 Chemical storage | 137 | ||
| 5.4.6 Chemical dosing pumps and dosing lines | 138 | ||
| 5.5 DISINFECTION | 138 | ||
| 5.5.1 Introduction | 138 | ||
| 5.5.2 Chlorine | 140 | ||
| 5.5.3 Chlorine dioxide | 141 | ||
| 5.5.4 Ozone | 142 | ||
| 5.5.5 UV disinfection | 143 | ||
| 5.6 SOLIDS/LIQUIDS SEPARATION AND REMOVAL PROCESSES | 144 | ||
| 5.6.1 Introduction | 144 | ||
| 5.6.2 Coagulation/flocculation | 144 | ||
| 5.6.3 Clarification | 146 | ||
| 5.6.4 Filtration | 147 | ||
| 5.7 ADVANCED/ADDITIONAL TREATMENT PROCESSES | 149 | ||
| 5.7.1 Introduction | 149 | ||
| 5.7.2 Carbon adsorption | 149 | ||
| 5.7.3 Advanced oxidation processes | 151 | ||
| 5.7.4 Membranes | 151 | ||
| 5.7.5 Ion Exchange | 152 | ||
| 5.8 WATER CONDITIONING | 153 | ||
| 5.8.1 Introduction | 153 | ||
| 5.8.2 Disinfectant residual | 153 | ||
| 5.8.3 Corrosion control | 154 | ||
| 5.9 WATER TREATMENT MONITORING AND CONTROL | 155 | ||
| 5.9.1 Types of monitoring | 155 | ||
| 5.9.2 Data acquisition and quality assurance | 156 | ||
| 5.9.3 Statistical process control | 157 | ||
| 5.9.4 Setting operational quality targets for treatment processes | 157 | ||
| 5.9.5 Validation of operational and critical limits | 158 | ||
| 5.9.6 Water and chemicals traceability | 158 | ||
| 5.10 TREATED WATER QUALITY TARGETS | 158 | ||
| 5.10.1 Introduction | 158 | ||
| 5.10.2 Water quality operational targets ex waterworks | 159 | ||
| 5.11 SITE SECURITY FOR WATER TREATMENT PLANTS | 159 | ||
| REFERENCES | 160 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 162 | ||
| Developing a distribution water safety plan | 162 | ||
| 6.1 INTRODUCTION | 162 | ||
| 6.2 PUMPING STATIONS | 164 | ||
| 6.2.1 Water quality risks | 164 | ||
| 6.2.2 Risk mitigation measures and control points | 165 | ||
| 6.3 TREATED WATER STORAGE | 165 | ||
| 6.3.1 Water quality risks | 165 | ||
| 6.3.2 Risk mitigation measures | 165 | ||
| 6.3.2.1 Design and security aspects | 166 | ||
| 6.3.2.2 Inspection and maintenance | 166 | ||
| 6.3.3 Typical control points | 167 | ||
| 6.3.3.1 Sampling and analysis | 167 | ||
| 6.3.3.2 Asset integrity | 167 | ||
| 6.4 WATER MIXING OR CHANGE OF SOURCE FEEDING NETWORK | 167 | ||
| 6.4.1 Water quality risks and their mitigation | 167 | ||
| 6.4.1.1 Effects due to hydraulic changes | 168 | ||
| 6.4.1.2 Changes to the nature of mains deposits | 168 | ||
| 6.4.1.3 Corrosion | 168 | ||
| 6.4.1.4 Organic and microbiological factors | 168 | ||
| 6.4.1.5 Other consumer related issues | 169 | ||
| 6.4.2 Typical control points | 169 | ||
| 6.5 CORROSION AND MAINS SEDIMENTS | 169 | ||
| 6.5.1 Water quality risks | 170 | ||
| 6.5.1.1 Residues from treatment works | 170 | ||
| 6.5.1.2 Corrosion products | 170 | ||
| 6.5.1.3 Biofilm | 170 | ||
| 6.5.2 Risk mitigation measures | 170 | ||
| 6.5.2.1 Waterworks residue management | 171 | ||
| 6.5.2.2 Mains cleaning/flushing programmes | 171 | ||
| 6.5.2.3 Network design | 171 | ||
| 6.5.2.4 Network rehabilitation programme | 171 | ||
| 6.5.2.5 Managing water mixing | 171 | ||
| 6.5.2.6 Biofilm management | 171 | ||
| 6.5.3 Typical control points | 171 | ||
| 6.6 MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE CORROSION CONTROL | 172 | ||
| 6.6.1 Water quality risks | 172 | ||
| 6.6.2 Risk mitigation measures and typical control points | 172 | ||
| 6.7 MICROBIAL REGROWTH AND NETWORK DISINFECTION | 173 | ||
| 6.7.1 Water quality risks | 173 | ||
| 6.7.2 Risk mitigation measures | 174 | ||
| 6.7.3 Typical control points | 175 | ||
| 6.8 INVERTEBRATE INFESTATION | 175 | ||
| 6.8.1 Water quality risks | 175 | ||
| 6.8.2 Risk mitigation measures | 176 | ||
| 6.8.2.1 At surface waterworks | 176 | ||
| 6.8.2.2 At service reservoirs | 176 | ||
| 6.8.2.3 Within the network | 176 | ||
| 6.8.3 Typical control points | 177 | ||
| 6.9 INGRESS OF CONTAMINANTS TO THE NETWORK | 177 | ||
| 6.9.1 Water quality risks | 177 | ||
| 6.9.2 Risk mitigation measures and typical control points | 177 | ||
| 6.10 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK REPAIR PROCEDURES | 178 | ||
| 6.10.1 Water quality risks | 178 | ||
| 6.10.2 Risk mitigation measures | 178 | ||
| 6.10.2.1 Training in general hygienic work practices | 178 | ||
| 6.10.2.2 Staff and contractor supervision | 178 | ||
| 6.10.2.3 Planning the work | 179 | ||
| 6.10.2.4 Consumer notification | 179 | ||
| 6.10.2.5 Tools and equipment | 179 | ||
| 6.10.2.6 Procedures during repair | 179 | ||
| 6.10.2.7 Procedures after repair | 180 | ||
| 6.10.3 Typical control points | 180 | ||
| 6.11 LAYING NEW DISTRIBUTION MAINS | 180 | ||
| 6.11.1 Water quality risks | 180 | ||
| 6.11.2 Risk mitigation measures | 181 | ||
| 6.11.2.1 Planning the work | 181 | ||
| 6.11.2.2 Ground conditions | 181 | ||
| 6.11.2.3 Choice of pipes and equipment | 181 | ||
| 6.11.2.4 Network design | 181 | ||
| 6.11.2.5 Commissioning of new mains | 181 | ||
| 6.11.3 Typical control points | 182 | ||
| 6.12 INTERMITTENT SUPPLIES | 182 | ||
| 6.12.1 Water quality risks | 182 | ||
| 6.12.1.1 Ingress of contaminants | 182 | ||
| 6.12.1.2 Stagnation within the network | 182 | ||
| 6.12.1.3 Contamination within households | 182 | ||
| 6.12.2 Risk mitigation measures | 183 | ||
| 6.13 UNAUTHORISED ACCESS TO THE NETWORK | 183 | ||
| 6.13.1 Water quality risks | 183 | ||
| 6.13.2 Risk mitigation measures | 184 | ||
| 6.13.2.1 Security | 184 | ||
| 6.13.2.2 Education | 184 | ||
| 6.13.3 Typical control points | 184 | ||
| 6.13.3.1 Inspection | 184 | ||
| 6.13.3.2 Network pressure | 184 | ||
| 6.14 BACKSIPHONAGE INTO THE NETWORK | 184 | ||
| 6.14.1 Water quality risks | 184 | ||
| 6.14.2 Risk mitigation | 185 | ||
| 6.14.2.1 Risk assessment and prioritisation | 185 | ||
| 6.14.2.2 Risk mitigation measures | 185 | ||
| 6.14.3 Typical control points | 186 | ||
| 6.15 NETWORK DESIGN AND WATER QUALITY | 186 | ||
| 6.15.1 Introduction | 186 | ||
| 6.15.2 Water quality risks and their mitigation | 187 | ||
| 6.15.2.1 Excessive capacity | 187 | ||
| 6.15.2.2 Low flow, dead ends and loops | 187 | ||
| 6.15.2.3 Emergency cross connections | 187 | ||
| 6.15.2.4 Pressure management | 187 | ||
| 6.15.2.5 Access for maintenance | 188 | ||
| 6.15.2.6 Network zoning | 188 | ||
| 6.15.3 Typical control points | 188 | ||
| 6.16 NETWORK MATERIALS AND WATER QUALITY | 188 | ||
| 6.16.1 Water quality risks | 188 | ||
| 6.16.2 Risk mitigation measures and control points | 189 | ||
| 6.17 STRATEGIC TRUNK MAINS AND WATER QUALITY | 189 | ||
| 6.17.1 Water quality risks | 189 | ||
| 6.17.2 Risk mitigation measures | 190 | ||
| 6.17.3 Typical control points | 190 | ||
| 6.18 NETWORK MODELLING AND WATER QUALITY | 190 | ||
| 6.18.1 Introduction | 190 | ||
| 6.18.2 Constraints and limitations to use | 191 | ||
| 6.18.3 Water quality management uses | 191 | ||
| 6.18.3.1 Assessing the impact of new sources or water mixing | 191 | ||
| 6.18.3.2 Managing water quality deterioration | 191 | ||
| 6.18.3.3 Planning booster disinfection | 192 | ||
| 6.18.3.4 Maintaining network integrity and pressure | 192 | ||
| 6.18.3.5 Assessing consumers impacted by water quality problems | 192 | ||
| 6.18.3.6 Analysing consumer complaint patterns | 192 | ||
| REFERENCES | 192 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 194 | ||
| Developing a consumer water safety plan | 194 | ||
| 7.1 INTRODUCTION | 194 | ||
| 7.2 STAKEHOLDERS, ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES | 195 | ||
| 7.2.1 Introduction | 195 | ||
| 7.2.2 Regulators | 196 | ||
| 7.2.3 Developers | 196 | ||
| 7.2.4 Contractors | 196 | ||
| 7.2.5 Plumbing manufacturers and retailers | 197 | ||
| 7.2.6 Consumers | 197 | ||
| 7.3 SYSTEM ASSESSMENT AND RISK MITIGATION | 197 | ||
| 7.3.1 Introduction | 197 | ||
| 7.3.2 Poor hydraulic demand and on-site storage | 199 | ||
| 7.3.3 Plumbing materials | 199 | ||
| 7.3.4 Water temperature | 200 | ||
| 7.3.5 Contamination through cross-connection and backsiphonage | 201 | ||
| 7.3.6 Plumbing repairs and alterations | 201 | ||
| 7.4 SENSITIVE CONSUMERS | 202 | ||
| 7.4.1 Introduction | 202 | ||
| 7.4.2 Medical treatment | 202 | ||
| 7.4.3 Commercial interests | 202 | ||
| 7.5 CONSUMER COMMUNICATION AND LIAISON | 203 | ||
| 7.6 CONSUMER FEEDBACK AND SURVEYS | 205 | ||
| 7.6.1 Introduction | 205 | ||
| 7.6.2 Dealing with consumer complaints and inquiries | 205 | ||
| 7.6.3 Consumer Acceptability Surveys | 207 | ||
| REFERENCES | 209 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 210 | ||
| Global experience of WSP implementation | 210 | ||
| 8.1 INTRODUCTION | 210 | ||
| 8.2 LESSONS LEARNED FROM WSP IMPLEMENTATION | 211 | ||
| 8.2.1 Inertia: A common first hurdle | 211 | ||
| 8.2.2 Where’s the added-value? | 212 | ||
| 8.2.3 How much will it cost me? | 212 | ||
| 8.2.4 How to make friends and influence people | 213 | ||
| 8.2.5 Have we implemented yet? | 213 | ||
| 8.3 MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF WSPS | 214 | ||
| 8.3.1 Output assessment | 214 | ||
| 8.3.2 Input assessment | 216 | ||
| 8.4 WATER SAFETY PLANS: INTEGRAL TO UTILITY STRATEGY AND PLANNING | 217 | ||
| 8.5 IMPACT AT SCALE | 219 | ||
| 8.6 SUMMARY | 221 | ||
| REFERENCES | 222 | ||
| Appendix 1 | 224 | ||
| The Bonn Charter for Safe Drinking Water | 224 | ||
| 1. INTRODUCTION | 224 | ||
| 1.1. Purpose | 224 | ||
| 1.2. The Goal | 224 | ||
| 1.3. Who is the Charter for? | 225 | ||
| 1.4. How should the Charter be used? | 225 | ||
| 1.5. Impetus for development of the Charter | 225 | ||
| 2. CONSUMER OUTCOMES | 225 | ||
| 3. KEY PRINCIPLES | 225 | ||
| 4. DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION | 226 | ||
| 5. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES | 227 | ||
| 5.1. What should Governments do? | 227 | ||
| 5.2. What should water suppliers do? | 227 | ||
| 5.3. What should regulatory authorities do? | 228 | ||
| 5.4. What should consumers do? | 228 | ||
| 5.5. What should all parties do? | 228 | ||
| 6. DRINKING WATER SAFETY PLANS | 228 | ||
| 7. VERIFICATION OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY | 230 | ||
| 8. CONCLUSION | 231 | ||
| NOTES | 231 | ||
| Appendix 2 | 234 | ||
| The Bonn Network | 234 |