BOOK
Reduction, Modification and Valorisation of Sludge
Azael Fabregat | Christophe Bengoa | Josep Font | Frank Stueber
(2011)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The adoption of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive requires sewage sludge to be subsequently treated and the Sewage Sludge Directive regulates the uses and properties of stabilised sludge for being either recycled or disposed. Both directives drive specific actions in two complementary ways. Reduction, Modification and Valorisation of Sludge aims at developing strategies for the disposal and reuse of waste sludge. It aims to develop several processes for reducing both amount and toxicity of sludge, with simultaneous transformation into green energy vectors such as methane or hydrogen. Mesophilic and mainly thermophilic and autothermophilic conditions are explored as classical alternatives for sludge stabilisation, assuring sanitary conditions of the treated sludge. Valuable materials are obtained from sludge, such as activated carbons, which are used in conventional adsorption processes and in innovative advanced oxidation processes. Guidelines are provided for technology selection in agreement with the geographic, economic and technical characteristics of the sewage plants, demonstration of the feasibility of new applications for the sewage sludge, manufacturing of activated carbon from sludge sewage as innovative recycling of sludge waste, and a deep understanding of the methods involved.
Visit the IWA WaterWiki to read and share material related to this title: http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/GLOBALATLASOFEXCRETAWASTEWATERSLUDGEANDBIOSOLIDSMANAGEMENTMOVINGFORWARDTHESUSTAINABLEANDWELCOMEUSESOFAGLOBALRESOURCE
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Half title page | 2 | ||
| Title page | 4 | ||
| Copyright page | 5 | ||
| Contents page | 6 | ||
| Preface | 12 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 16 | ||
| SUMMARY | 16 | ||
| Project objectives | 16 | ||
| Work performed | 16 | ||
| End results | 17 | ||
| METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES EMPLOYED | 17 | ||
| Approach employed | 17 | ||
| Experimental methodology | 18 | ||
| ACHIEVEMENTS RELATED TO THE STATE OF THE ART | 21 | ||
| Fundamentals of thermophilic sludge stabilisation | 21 | ||
| Effect of temperature on thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD) | 23 | ||
| Effect of hydraulic retention time on TAD | 25 | ||
| Impact of the pre-treatment on the raw sludge | 26 | ||
| Conclusions | 40 | ||
| IMPACT OF THE TECHNOLOGY ON ITS INDUSTRY OR RESEARCH SECTOR | 40 | ||
| Overall view | 40 | ||
| Mesophilic anaerobic digestion | 43 | ||
| Thermophilic anerobic digestion | 45 | ||
| Comparison between the two proposals | 46 | ||
| Thermal pre-treatment | 46 | ||
| Hydrogen peroxide addition | 47 | ||
| Conclusive remarks | 49 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 52 | ||
| SUMMARY | 52 | ||
| Project objectives | 52 | ||
| Work performed | 52 | ||
| End results | 53 | ||
| METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES EMPLOYED | 53 | ||
| Approach employed | 53 | ||
| Experimental methodology | 54 | ||
| ACHIEVEMENTS RELATED TO THE STATE OF THE ART | 56 | ||
| Baseline effect of HRT on ATAD at 55ºC | 57 | ||
| Experimental characterisation of aeration and mixing: simulation studies | 59 | ||
| Optimisation of aeration and mixing | 60 | ||
| Assessment of better aeration and impact of pre-treatments | 62 | ||
| Numerical study on mixing and aeration | 62 | ||
| Concluding remarks | 63 | ||
| IMPACT OF THE TECHNOLOGY ON ITS INDUSTRY OR RESEARCH SECTOR | 63 | ||
| Overall view | 63 | ||
| Applicability of ATAD | 64 | ||
| REFERENCES | 66 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 68 | ||
| SUMMARY | 68 | ||
| Project objectives | 68 | ||
| Work performed | 68 | ||
| METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES EMPLOYED | 69 | ||
| Fermentation apparatus | 69 | ||
| Evaluation of pre-treatment strategies | 70 | ||
| Stabilisation of hydrogen production | 70 | ||
| Two-phase fermentation of sewage biosolids | 70 | ||
| Optimisation of sparging process | 70 | ||
| ACHIEVEMENTS RELATED TO THE STATE OF THE ART | 71 | ||
| Current knowledge regarding fermentative hydrogen production | 71 | ||
| Advancement from state of the art | 72 | ||
| IMPACT OF THE TECHNOLOGY ON ITS INDUSTRY OR RESEARCH SECTOR | 75 | ||
| REFERENCES | 76 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 78 | ||
| SUMMARY | 78 | ||
| Project objectives | 78 | ||
| Work performed | 78 | ||
| End results | 79 | ||
| METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES EMPLOYED | 79 | ||
| Extraction of enzymes from activated sludge | 79 | ||
| ACHIEVEMENTS RELATED TO THE STATE OF THE ART | 80 | ||
| Fundamentals about the extraction of enzymes from activated sludge | 80 | ||
| Defi nition of enzymatic activity used for each type of enzyme | 83 | ||
| Extraction of enzymes by stirring disintegration: evaluation of the disintegration time effect and the use of additives on the p | 83 | ||
| Extraction of enzymes by ultrasonication: evaluation of the disintegration time and the ultrasonic power on the protease and lip | 85 | ||
| Extraction of enzymes by ultrasonication: extension of the study to the detection of seven hydrolytic enzymes | 86 | ||
| Purifi cation of the lipase fraction | 89 | ||
| IMPACT OF THE TECHNOLOGY ON ITS INDUSTRY OR RESEARCH SECTOR | 90 | ||
| Research impacts | 90 | ||
| Social and environmental impacts | 90 | ||
| Industrial and economical impacts | 91 | ||
| REFERENCES | 92 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 94 | ||
| SUMMARY | 94 | ||
| Project objectives | 94 | ||
| Work performed | 94 | ||
| End results | 94 | ||
| ACHIEVEMENTS RELATED TO THE STATE OF THE ART | 95 | ||
| Introduction | 95 | ||
| State of the art and research objectives | 95 | ||
| METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES EMPLOYED | 97 | ||
| Characterization of research objects – effect of sewage sludge origin on pyrolysis behaviour | 98 | ||
| Infl uence of the pyrolysis extent on gasifi cation process | 100 | ||
| Gasifi cation reagent impact on the yield and kinetics | 102 | ||
| Kinetics of sewage sludge pyrolysis and gasifi cation | 102 | ||
| IMPACT OF THE TECHNOLOGY ON ITS INDUSTRY OR RESEARCH SECTOR | 105 | ||
| REFERENCES | 106 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 108 | ||
| SUMMARY | 108 | ||
| Project objectives | 108 | ||
| Work performed | 108 | ||
| End results | 109 | ||
| METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES EMPLOYED | 109 | ||
| Disintegration | 109 | ||
| Fermentation | 110 | ||
| Sequencing batch reactors | 110 | ||
| ACHIEVEMENTS RELATED TO THE STATE OF THE ART | 110 | ||
| Costs of sludge disposal | 111 | ||
| Infl uent COD/N ratio and required N removal | 112 | ||
| Extent of fi lamentous bacteria presence in sludge | 112 | ||
| Energy requirements of disintegration method | 112 | ||
| Conclusions | 112 | ||
| IMPACT OF THE TECHNOLOGY ON ITS INDUSTRY OR RESEARCH SECTOR | 113 | ||
| REFERENCES | 114 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 116 | ||
| SUMMARY | 116 | ||
| Project objectives | 116 | ||
| Work performed | 116 | ||
| End results | 117 | ||
| METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES EMPLOYED Partial nitrifi cation pilot plants | 117 | ||
| Partial nitrifi cation pilot plants | 117 | ||
| Methodologies | 118 | ||
| ACHIEVEMENTS RELATED TO THE STATE OF THE ART | 118 | ||
| Automatic control loops to achieve partial nitrifi cation | 118 | ||
| Full and stable partial nitrifi cation process in an activated sludge system | 120 | ||
| Full and stable partial nitrifi cation process in a biofi lm airlift reactor | 121 | ||
| Coupling the partial nitrifi cation with a denitrifi cation process | 121 | ||
| Mathematical model for describing the performance of the partial nitrifi cation | 122 | ||
| IMPACT OF THE TECHNOLOGY ON ITS INDUSTRY OR RESEARCH SECTOR | 125 | ||
| Social, environmental and industrial benefi ts of the intensive treatment of the reject water | 125 | ||
| Economical viability of the partial nitrifi cation technologies developed in project | 126 | ||
| Proposed alternatives | 126 | ||
| Economical evaluation of the alternatives | 127 | ||
| Investment costs | 127 | ||
| Operational costs | 128 | ||
| Economical comparison between alternatives | 129 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 132 | ||
| SUMMARY | 132 | ||
| METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES EMPLOYED | 132 | ||
| Plant confi guration | 132 | ||
| Sampling and analysis | 133 | ||
| ACHIEVEMENTS RELATED TO THE STATE OF THE ART | 133 | ||
| Plant performance | 133 | ||
| Biomass accumulation | 134 | ||
| Sludge characteristics | 134 | ||
| Model development | 137 | ||
| Sludge production model | 137 | ||
| Aeration model for the biological process and fouling prevention | 138 | ||
| Sludge handling model | 139 | ||
| Sensitivity analysis | 139 | ||
| Cost considerations | 139 | ||
| Conclusion | 141 | ||
| Nomenclature | 141 | ||
| REFERENCES | 141 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 144 | ||
| SUMMARY | 144 | ||
| Project objectives | 144 | ||
| Work performed | 144 | ||
| End results | 144 | ||
| METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES EMPLOYED | 145 | ||
| Methodologies | 145 | ||
| Approaches | 145 | ||
| ACHIEVEMENTS RELATED TO THE STATE OF THE ART | 146 | ||
| Preliminar | 146 | ||
| Infl uence of power ultrasound as pre-treatment process | 146 | ||
| Synthesis and characterization of catalysts | 148 | ||
| Operation in a continuous trickle bed reactor | 153 | ||
| IMPACT OF THE TECHNOLOGY ON ITS INDUSTRY OR RESEARCH SECTOR | 154 | ||
| REFERENCES | 155 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 158 | ||
| SUMMARY | 158 | ||
| Project objectives | 158 | ||
| Work performed | 158 | ||
| End results | 159 | ||
| METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES EMPLOYED | 160 | ||
| Sludge preparation | 160 | ||
| Sludge carbonisation/preparation | 160 | ||
| Sample characterisation | 161 | ||
| Hardened carbon preparation | 161 | ||
| ACHIEVEMENTS RELATED TO THE STATE OF THE ART | 161 | ||
| Production of high surface area SBAs | 161 | ||
| Development of a one-step production method for the production of SBAs | 162 | ||
| Utilisation of the response surface methodology method to evaluate the optimum steam activation conditions | 162 | ||
| Determination of the infl uence of the sludge type on the properties of the SBAs produced by physical activation | 163 | ||
| Production of high surface area SBAs by physical activation | 163 | ||
| Production of SBAs with a high EDC uptake | 164 | ||
| Development of post-activation techniques to mitigate the high leaching propensity of SBAs | 164 | ||
| Production of leaching resistant, hardened pellets | 164 | ||
| Appraisal of the effect of seasonal variation | 165 | ||
| IMPACT OF THE TECHNOLOGY ON INDUSTRY OR RESEARCH SECTOR | 165 | ||
| Research impacts | 165 | ||
| Social and environment impacts | 166 | ||
| Industrial and economic impacts | 167 | ||
| Conclusions | 170 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 170 | ||
| REFERENCES | 170 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 172 | ||
| SUMMARY | 172 | ||
| Work performed | 172 | ||
| End results | 173 | ||
| METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES EMPLOYED | 173 | ||
| Integrated approach employed | 173 | ||
| Experimental methodology | 173 | ||
| CFD simulation of CWAO in trickle bed reactor | 175 | ||
| ACHIEVEMENTS RELATED TO THE STATE OF THE ART | 176 | ||
| Introduction | 176 | ||
| Pioneering the use of sludge based carbons as a catalytic material in wet air oxidation of phenolic effl uents | 176 | ||
| Catalytic wet air oxidation over sludge based active carbons in stirred batch reactor | 176 | ||
| Catalytic wet air oxidation over sludge based active carbons in continuous trickle bed reactor | 179 | ||
| CFD investigation of pilot scale trickle bed reactor at cold and reacting fl ow conditions | 181 | ||
| IMPACT OF THE TECHNOLOGY ON ITS INDUSTRY OR RESEARCH SECTOR | 181 | ||
| Research impacts | 181 | ||
| Social and environment impacts | 181 | ||
| Industrial and economic impacts | 182 | ||
| Conclusion | 184 | ||
| REFERENCES | 184 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 186 | ||
| SUMMARY | 186 | ||
| Project objectives | 186 | ||
| Work performed | 186 | ||
| End results | 186 | ||
| METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES EMPLOYED | 187 | ||
| ACHIEVEMENTS RELATED TO THE STATE OF THE ART | 187 | ||
| Introduction: state of the art on activated carbon use and regeneration | 187 | ||
| Characterization of the sludge based carbonaceous materials and comparison with commercial activated carbons | 189 | ||
| Adsorption isotherms on SBCM, comparison with two commercial AC | 190 | ||
| Autoclave oxidation on SBCM, comparison with two commercial AC | 191 | ||
| AD-OX fi xed bed experiments in a mini automated set-up | 192 | ||
| AD-OX fi xed bed experiments in a semi industrial pilot reactor | 194 | ||
| AD-OX on real effl uents | 196 | ||
| Fenton and other advanced oxidation processes for AC regeneration | 196 | ||
| Conclusion | 197 | ||
| IMPACT OF THE TECHNOLOGY ON ITS INDUSTRY OR RESEARCH SECTOR | 198 | ||
| REFERENCES | 199 | ||
| Chapter 13 | 202 | ||
| Chapter 14 | 210 | ||
| SUMMARY | 210 | ||
| Project objectives | 210 | ||
| Work performed | 210 | ||
| End results | 210 | ||
| METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES EMPLOYED | 211 | ||
| Bioreactor setup | 211 | ||
| Methodologies | 211 | ||
| Approaches employed | 211 | ||
| ACHIEVEMENTS RELATED TO THE STATE OF THE ART | 212 | ||
| Evaluation of biofi lters’ performance parameters | 212 | ||
| Evaluation of SBC as fi lter bed material in a biofi lter | 216 | ||
| Model development, calibration and validation | 217 | ||
| IMPACT OF THE TECHNOLOGY ON ITS INDUSTRY OR RESEARCH SECTOR | 218 | ||
| Social, environmental and industrial benefi ts of the use of sludge-based carbon as fi lter bed in a biofi lter | 218 | ||
| Economical benefi ts of the use of sludge-based carbon as fi lter bed in a biofi lter | 219 | ||
| REFERENCES | 221 |