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Book Details
Abstract
Flood Risk and Social Justice is a response to the rising significance of floods and flood-related disasters worldwide, as an initiative to promote a socially just approach to the problems of flood risk. It integrates the human-social and the technological components to provide a holistic view.
This book treats flooding as a multi-dimensional human and natural world tragedy that must be accommodated using all the social and technological means that can be mobilised before, during and after the flooding event. It covers socially just flood risk mitigation practices which necessitate a wide range of multidisciplinary approaches, starting from social and wider environmental needs, including feedback cycles between human needs and technological means. Flood Risk and Social Justice looks at how to judge whether a risk is acceptable or not by addressing an understanding of social and phenomenological considerations rather than simple calculations of probabilities multiplied by unwanted outcomes and their balancing between costs and benefits.
It is argued that the present ‘flood management’ practice should be largely replaced by the social justice approach where particular attention is given to deciding what is the right thing to do within a much wider context. Thus it insists upon the validity of modes of human understanding which cannot be addressed within the limited context of modern science. Flood Risk and Social Justice is written to support a wide range of audiences and seeks to improve the dialogue between researchers and practitioners from different disciplines (including post-graduate engineering, environmental and social science students, industry practitioners, academics, planners, environmental advocacy groups and environmental law professionals) who have a strong interest in a new kind of social justice work that can act as a continuous counter-balance to the various mechanisms that unceasingly give rise to profound injustices.
More information about this book can be found in this article written for the WaterWiki by the author: http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/FloodRiskandSocialJustice
Authors: Zoran Vojinovic is Associate Professor at the UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands, with almost 20 years of consulting and research experience in various aspects of water industry in New Zealand, Australia, Asia, Europe, Central/South America and the Caribbean. Michael B. Abbott is Emeritus Professor at the UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands, and a Director of the European Institute for Industrial Leadership in Brussels. He founded and developed the disciplines of Computational Hydraulics and Hydroinformatics and co-founded, the Journal of Hydroinformatics with Professor Roger Falconer.
"The book fills this gap in the current literature by broadening the focus of traditional flood management practice. It offers, in one place, an overview on issues that range from the social and ethical, to the scientific and practical. I commend this most interesting book to people of good will who are concerned with the risk of flooding, and with the education of new model engineers, and say to them: Read on!" J. PHILIP O’KANE, Emeritus Professor, University College Cork, Ireland.
"This monumental volume is surely entirely unique in the world of practical hydrology and engineering. The introductory sections on the "technocratic" way of thinking versus Wisdom include references to and quotations from Heidegger, Corbin, Nasr and others whose very existence is unknown to many of the usual readers of such a volume. The author's vision of how technology might be used to contribute wisely to a more just and sustainable world is compelling, inclusive and of the utmost importance." DR. TOM CHEETHAM, Fellow Of The Temenos Academy
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Cover | Cover | ||
Contents | v | ||
Foreword by J. Philip O’Kane | xvii | ||
Foreword by Jean A. Cunge | xxi | ||
Preface | xxv | ||
Acknowledgements | xxix | ||
Introduction | xxxi | ||
Part I: The Nature of Urban Flood Risk | 1 | ||
Chapter 1: Urban areas and flooding | 3 | ||
1.1 OVERVIEW OF PART I | 3 | ||
1.2 URBAN AREAS AND FLOODING – WHAT CAN WE CONCLUDE SO FAR? | 3 | ||
1.3 FURTHER OBSERVATIONS | 6 | ||
Chapter 2: Tracing the roots of urban flood risk | 13 | ||
2.1 INTRODUCING THE HOLISTIC POINT OF VIEW | 13 | ||
2.2 TRACING THE NATURAL ROOTS OF URBAN FLOOD RISK | 17 | ||
2.3 TRACING THE TECHNICAL ROOTS OF URBAN FLOOD RISK | 18 | ||
2.4 TRACING THE SOCIAL ROOTS OF URBAN FLOOD RISK | 19 | ||
2.5 TRACING THE ROOTS OF URBAN FLOOD RISK RELATED TO THE HUMAN MIND | 21 | ||
2.6 SOCIOTECHNOLOGY AS A MEANS FOR FLOOD RISK MITIGATION | 25 | ||
2.7 THE EVOLUTION OF FLOOD MITIGATION PRACTICE | 27 | ||
2.8 AN OVERVIEW OF CURRENT DISASTER RISK ASSESSMENT PRACTICE | 30 | ||
2.9 SOME NOTABLE COMPLEXITIES OF LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES AND THEIR LIMITATIONS IN MITIGATING RISK FROM FLOOD DISASTERS | 35 | ||
2.10 URBAN POOR AND DISASTER RISK | 38 | ||
Chapter 3: The nature of risk | 41 | ||
3.1 DIFFERENT CONTEXTS OF RISK | 41 | ||
3.2 RISK AS AN EXISTENTIAL CATEGORY | 42 | ||
3.3 THE REFLEXIVITY OF RISK | 44 | ||
3.4 RISK AS A DYNAMIC PHENOMENON | 45 | ||
3.5 RISK AND SCALE OF COMMUNITIES | 46 | ||
3.6 RISK AND POVERTY | 46 | ||
3.7 ON RACE, CLASS, ETHNICITY AND GENDER | 46 | ||
3.8 REPETITION AND FAILURE | 46 | ||
3.9 FOR AN ENLIGHTENED THEORY OF CATASTROPHE: WHEN THE IMPOSSIBLE IS CERTAIN | 47 | ||
3.10 THE INTRODUCTION OF AUTOCHTHONIC KNOWLEDGES | 48 | ||
3.11 THE EXISTENTIAL NATURE OF INSTITUTIONAL RISK | 48 | ||
3.12 INTRODUCING THE NOTION OF SOCIAL JUSTICE IN FLOOD RISK MITIGATION | 50 | ||
3.13 FROM A HYDROINFORMATICS OF THE QUANTITIES TO A HYDROINFORMATICS OF THE QUALITIES | 52 | ||
Part II: Adding Social and Ethical Aspects into Flood Risk Mitigation | 53 | ||
Chapter 4: The technocratic way of thinking | 55 | ||
4.1 OVERVIEW OF PART II | 55 | ||
4.2 THE ENGINEERING PROFESSION | 57 | ||
4.3 THE ORIGINS AND NATURE OF MODERN SCIENCE | 59 | ||
4.3.1 The limitations of modern science | 62 | ||
4.3.2 The global consequences of modern science | 66 | ||
4.3.3 The definability of reality, truth, space and time | 67 | ||
4.3.4 On numbers and money | 71 | ||
4.3.5 The limitations of modern technology | 72 | ||
Chapter 5: Historical perspectives of social justice | 79 | ||
5.1 WHAT IS SOCIAL JUSTICE? | 79 | ||
5.2 ANARCHISTIC PRECEDENTS AND PRECURSORS | 81 | ||
5.3 FROM WINSTANLEY TO GODWIN | 82 | ||
5.4 FROM PROUDHON TO BAKUNIN | 86 | ||
5.5 FROM KROPOTKIN UNTIL TODAY | 92 | ||
5.6 MARXIST TRADITIONS | 97 | ||
5.7 RIGHTS TRADITIONS | 99 | ||
5.8 ECOLOGICAL JUSTICE | 100 | ||
Chapter 6: Characterisations of social justice | 101 | ||
6.1 SOCIAL JUSTICE AS AN EXISTENTIELL | 101 | ||
6.2 A STATE OF SOCIAL JUSTICE AS A TRANSCENDENTAL STATE | 103 | ||
6.3 A STATE OF SOCIAL JUSTICE AS A TELEOLOGICAL SUSPENSION OF THE ETHICAL | 107 | ||
6.4 THE REPRESENTATION OF SOCIAL JUSTICE | 111 | ||
Chapter 7: Realising social justice in the context of flood risk mitigation | 115 | ||
7.1 A PARADIGM SHIFT | 115 | ||
7.2 STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION AS A MEANS FOR REALISING SOCIAL JUSTICE | 117 | ||
7.3 ETHICS AS A CENTRAL PART OF RISK ANALYSIS | 121 | ||
7.3.1 The restricted liberty principle | 121 | ||
7.3.2 Reciprocity principle | 122 | ||
7.4 AN OVERVIEW OF ETHICAL THEORIES | 122 | ||
7.4.1 Consequentialism | 123 | ||
7.4.2 Deontological ethics | 127 | ||
7.4.3 Virtue ethics | 130 | ||
7.4.4 (Egalitarian) rights-based theories | 134 | ||
7.5 INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS | 137 | ||
7.6 ENHANCING STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION WITHIN LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS | 139 | ||
7.7 INTEGRATING PUBLIC PLANNING PROCESSES | 141 | ||
Chapter 8: Leadership and social justice | 143 | ||
8.1 WHY LEADERSHIP? | 143 | ||
8.2 ON LEADERSHIP IN GENERAL | 144 | ||
8.3 THE VARIETY IN THE FORMS OF LEADERSHIP | 147 | ||
8.4 LEADERSHIP, MANAGEMENT AND ORGANISATIONS | 150 | ||
8.5 THE CONCEPTS OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT LEADERSHIP AND THEIR REGULAR AND IRREGULAR FORMS | 152 | ||
8.6 ANARCHISTIC SYSTEMS AND CHAOTIC SYSTEMS | 155 | ||
8.7 AN EXISTENTIAL-PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF THE PREHISTORIC ORIGINS OF LEADERSHIP | 157 | ||
8.8 THE TAXONOMIES OF LEADERSHIP AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH THE TAXONOMIES OF POWER STRUCTURES AND KNOWLEDGE RELATIONS | 158 | ||
Chapter 9: On sociotechnology | 163 | ||
9.1 LEADERSHIP AS A SOCIOTECHNICAL ACTIVITY | 163 | ||
9.2 CHARACTERISATIONS OF SOCIOTECHNOLOGY | 164 | ||
9.3 EARLY POLITICAL AND ORGANISED-RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENTS SEEN AS SOCIOTECHNOLOGIES | 164 | ||
9.4 THE SOCIOTECHNOLOGY OF NETWORKS AS THE HALLMARKS OF MODERNITY AND THE RISE OF PARTICIPATIVE DEMOCRACY | 169 | ||
Chapter 10: Data – Information – Knowledge – Understanding – Wisdom | 171 | ||
10.1 WHY DO IT AT ALL? | 171 | ||
10.2 THE REALITIES AND THE IDEALITIES OF KNOWLEDGE - AND THE NOTION OF A 'KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY’ | 172 | ||
10.3 THE ENCAPSULATION OF KNOWLEDGE IN PRODUCTS AND SERVICES: THE CONCEPT OF 'KNOWLEDGE CONTENT’ | 175 | ||
10.4 THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE FLOWS, KNOWLEDGE GRADIENTS AND RATES OF CIRCULATION OF KNOWLEDGE | 176 | ||
Chapter 11: The role of hydroinformatics in active stakeholder participation | 181 | ||
11.1 THE RELATION OF HYDROINFORMATICS TO COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY | 181 | ||
11.2 WHAT DOES HYDROINFORMATICS CURRENTLY PROVIDE AND WHAT DOES SOCIETY WANT? | 183 | ||
11.3 THE HYDROINFORMATICIAN IN THE SERVICE OF SOCIAL JUSTICE | 184 | ||
11.4 FOR WHAT, THEN, IS THE HYDROINFORMATICIAN SEARCHING? | 187 | ||
11.5 THE HYDROINFORMATICS OF THE QUALITIES | 189 | ||
11.6 CASE STUDY: THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AS A MANIFESTATION OF SOCIAL JUSTICE: THE CASE OF THE DENMARK-SWEDEN CONNECTION | 190 | ||
11.6.1 A first paradigm case of a stakeholder participation process | 190 | ||
11.6.2 The possibilities for active stakeholder participation in the 'Third World’ | 197 | ||
Part III: Scientific and Technical Aspects of Flooding | 199 | ||
Chapter 12: Floods and drainage systems | 201 | ||
12.1 OVERVIEW OF PART III | 201 | ||
12.2 TYPES OF FLOODS | 201 | ||
12.3 IMPACTS OF FLOODS | 203 | ||
12.4 COLLECTION SYSTEMS | 204 | ||
12.5 WASTEWATER SYSTEMS | 209 | ||
12.6 STORMWATER SYSTEMS | 212 | ||
12.7 COMBINED SYSTEMS | 214 | ||
Chapter 13: Quantifying urban processes | 217 | ||
13.1 URBAN HYDROLOGY | 217 | ||
13.2 URBAN MORPHOLOGY | 219 | ||
13.3 CLIMATE CHANGE | 221 | ||
13.4 URBAN DRAINAGE HYDRAULICS | 224 | ||
13.5 BACKGROUND TO MODELLING | 226 | ||
13.5.1 Introduction | 226 | ||
13.5.2 Model categories | 227 | ||
13.5.3 What is a model? | 230 | ||
13.5.4 Calibration of a model | 231 | ||
13.5.5 Confirming a model | 232 | ||
Chapter 14: Data collection for modelling | 235 | ||
14.1 PREPARING FOR A DATA COLLECTION CAMPAIGN | 235 | ||
14.2 SPATIAL DATA COLLECTION | 236 | ||
14.3 TERRAIN DATA COLLECTION | 238 | ||
14.4 COMBINING MULTIDIMENSIONAL VIEWS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION TO IMPROVE DETAILS OF URBAN FEATURES | 245 | ||
14.5 BATHYMETRY DATA COLLECTION | 247 | ||
14.6 TEMPORAL DATA COLLECTION | 249 | ||
14.6.1 Meteorological data | 250 | ||
14.6.2 Wastewater and stormwater systems and treatment plants | 252 | ||
14.6.3 Receiving waters | 257 | ||
14.7 MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY | 258 | ||
14.8 OTHER DATA | 259 | ||
14.9 DATA VALIDATION, PROCESSING, HANDLING AND STORAGE | 259 | ||
14.10 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS | 260 | ||
Chapter 15: Rainfall data analysis and catchment delineation | 267 | ||
15.1 USE OF STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY | 267 | ||
15.2 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL | 268 | ||
15.3 FREQUENCY OF RAINFALL EVENTS | 270 | ||
15.4 DESIGN RAINFALL | 271 | ||
15.4.1 Intensity-duration-frequency curves | 272 | ||
15.4.2 Storm profile | 273 | ||
15.5 SELECTION OF DESIGN STORM | 275 | ||
15.6 ANNUAL TIME SERIES | 275 | ||
15.7 SYNTHETIC TIME SERIES | 275 | ||
15.8 DELINEATION OF CATCHMENTS AND SUB-CATCHMENTS | 275 | ||
Chapter 16: Modelling wet weather and dry weather flows | 281 | ||
16.1 MODELLING RAINFALL-RUNOFF FROM URBAN AREAS | 281 | ||
16.1.1 Runoff Coefficient Model | 282 | ||
16.1.2 The Horton infiltration model | 282 | ||
16.1.3 Conceptual framework for rainfall-runoff models (UK) | 285 | ||
16.1.4 Rainfall-losses models (UK) | 286 | ||
Depression storage model (UK) | 286 | ||
Percentage runoff model (UK) | 286 | ||
16.1.5 The US Soil Conservation Method SCS model | 287 | ||
16.2 RAINFALL-RUNOFF ROUTING MODELS | 289 | ||
16.2.1 Design unit hydrograph | 289 | ||
16.2.2 Time-area method | 291 | ||
16.2.3 Linear reservoir | 291 | ||
16.2.4 Kinematic Wave (Nonlinear Reservoir) | 292 | ||
16.2.5 Runoff routing models (UK) | 293 | ||
16.2.6 Extension for large sub-catchments | 293 | ||
16.3 DRY WEATHER FLOWS | 294 | ||
16.4 POLLUTANT LOADING AND WASHOFF | 295 | ||
16.4.1 Attached pollutants | 297 | ||
16.4.2 Dissolved pollutants | 297 | ||
Chapter 17: Hydraulic modelling | 299 | ||
17.1 THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS | 299 | ||
17.2 SAINT VENANT EQUATIONS | 304 | ||
17.3 1D SAINT VENANT EQUATIONS | 306 | ||
17.3.1 Algorithmic form | 307 | ||
17.3.2 Characteristic form | 308 | ||
17.3.3 Discharge form | 309 | ||
17.3.4 Approximate forms | 310 | ||
17.4 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR PIPE FLOW | 311 | ||
17.5 PRESSURISED FLOW | 313 | ||
Preissmann slot | 316 | ||
17.6 MANHOLE STORAGE | 318 | ||
17.7 ANCILLARY STRUCTURES | 319 | ||
17.8 MODELLING WATER QUALITY | 322 | ||
17.8.1 Process simplification | 322 | ||
17.8.2 Sediment transport | 322 | ||
17.8.3 Chemical pollutants | 323 | ||
17.9 GROUNDWATER | 326 | ||
Chapter 18: Numerical solutions of equations | 329 | ||
18.1 NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF THE SAINT VENANT EQUATIONS | 329 | ||
18.1.1 Discretization | 329 | ||
18.1.2 Method of characteristics | 331 | ||
18.1.3 6-point implicit scheme | 333 | ||
18.1.4 4-point implicit scheme | 335 | ||
18.1.5 Double sweep algorithm | 336 | ||
18.1.6 Network of pipes or channels | 336 | ||
18.1.7 SWMM | 337 | ||
18.1.8 Roe scheme | 338 | ||
18.1.9 McCormack scheme | 340 | ||
18.1.10 Small depth problem | 341 | ||
18.1.11 Treatment of sub- and super-critical flows | 341 | ||
18.1.12 Reduction of the convective momentum term | 341 | ||
18.1.13 Generation of the initial condition | 342 | ||
18.1.14 Groundwater | 343 | ||
18.1.15 Solving the pollutant transport equations | 343 | ||
18.2 2D ABOVE-GROUND FLOW MODELLING | 343 | ||
18.2.1 Numerical solution of the 2D equations | 344 | ||
18.2.2 Integrating 1D and 2D models | 346 | ||
18.2.3 Wetting and drying | 347 | ||
Chapter 19: Modelling practice | 349 | ||
19.1 MODEL INSTANTIATION | 349 | ||
19.2 MODELLING FLOW IN NETWORKS OF CHANNELS AND/OR PIPES | 350 | ||
19.3 1D MODELLING APPROACH | 351 | ||
19.4 SIMPLIFICATION OF 1D MODELS | 352 | ||
Head-loss at backdrop manholes | 354 | ||
Head-loss at converging junctions | 354 | ||
Head-loss at diverging junctions | 354 | ||
Head-loss at outfalls and head manholes | 354 | ||
19.5 1D/1D MODELLING APPROACH | 355 | ||
19.6 1D/2D MODELLING APPROACH | 356 | ||
19.7 ISSUES CONCERNED WITH SETTING UP THE 2D OVERLAND FLOW MODEL WITH REGULAR GRIDS | 358 | ||
19.8 REPRESENTATION OF KEY FEATURES WITHIN COARSE GRID RESOLUTIONS | 363 | ||
19.8.1 A method based on sub-grid scale porosity treatment and adjustment of storage characteristics | 363 | ||
19.8.2 A method based on adjusted conveyance and storage characteristics | 363 | ||
19.8.3 A multilayered approach | 366 | ||
19.8.4 An approach based on multi-cell finite difference solver as implemented in MIKEFLOOD and MIKE21 | 367 | ||
19.9 DECIDING ON A MODELLING APPROACH | 367 | ||
19.10 DETERMINING PEAK FLOWS IN A DENDRITIC NETWORK | 369 | ||
19.11 USING DESIGN RAINFALL EVENTS FOR DESIGN OF PIPE NETWORKS | 370 | ||
19.12 MODELLING TREATMENT WORKS | 370 | ||
19.13 MODELLING RECEIVING WATERS | 370 | ||
19.14 INSTANTIATING AN URBAN DRAINAGE SIMULATION MODEL | 371 | ||
19.15 MODEL APPLICATION | 371 | ||
19.16 EVENT-BASED AND LONG-TERM SIMULATIONS | 372 | ||
19.17 DESIGN OF SYSTEMS | 374 | ||
19.18 DESIGNING FOR EXCEEDANCE | 375 | ||
19.19 HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS | 375 | ||
19.20 INFILTRATION AND INFLOW ANALYSIS FOR WASTEWATER SYSTEMS | 377 | ||
19.21 CSO ANALYSIS | 378 | ||
19.22 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF PIPES AND CHANNELS | 380 | ||
19.23 STORAGE FACILITY ANALYSIS | 381 | ||
19.23.1 On-line tanks | 382 | ||
19.23.2 Off-line tanks | 382 | ||
19.23.3 Pumped storage tanks | 383 | ||
19.23.4 Designing for sediments | 383 | ||
19.23.5 Levels of service for receiving waters | 383 | ||
19.23.6 Sizing of tanks: European practice | 384 | ||
19.24 MODELLING REAL TIME CONTROL OPTIONS | 384 | ||
19.25 SYSTEM REHABILITATION | 386 | ||
19.26 URBAN POLLUTION MANAGEMENT | 391 | ||
19.27 RIVER MODELLING | 392 | ||
19.28 COASTAL SYSTEMS MODELLING | 394 | ||
19.29 GROUNDWATER MODELLING | 395 | ||
19.30 INTEGRATED MODELLING | 396 | ||
Part IV: Practical Aspects of Flood Risk Assessment and Mitigation | 399 | ||
Chapter 20: Flood risk assessment | 401 | ||
20.1 OVERVIEW OF PART IV | 401 | ||
20.2 CURRENT PRACTICES | 402 | ||
20.2.1 US practice | 402 | ||
20.2.2 EU practice | 403 | ||
20.2.3 UK practice | 403 | ||
20.2.4 Australian and New Zealand practice | 405 | ||
20.3 OVERVIEW OF DATA AND METHODS FOR FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT | 406 | ||
20.3.1 Classification of data and methods | 406 | ||
20.3.2 Social data requirements for flood risk assessment | 407 | ||
20.3.3 Economic data requirements for flood risk assessment | 407 | ||
20.3.4 Technical data requirements for flood risk assessment | 407 | ||
20.3.5 Other data | 408 | ||
20.3.6 Qualitative flood risk assessment | 408 | ||
20.3.7 Quantitative flood risk assessment | 410 | ||
20.3.8 Strengths and weaknesses of current methods | 413 | ||
20.4 TOWARDS SOCIALLY-JUST FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION | 413 | ||
20.4.1 The overall framework | 413 | ||
20.4.2 Preparing for flood risk assessment | 415 | ||
20.4.3 Identification of flood risk areas | 415 | ||
20.4.4 Screening of flood risk areas | 415 | ||
20.4.5 Combining qualitative and quantitative data and methods | 416 | ||
20.4.6 Holistic risk assessment: addressing different root causes | 419 | ||
20.4.7 Addressing the natural root causes | 420 | ||
20.4.8 Addressing the technical root causes | 421 | ||
20.4.9 Addressing the social root causes | 422 | ||
20.4.10 Addressing the root causes related to decision makers | 424 | ||
20.5 SCENARIO DEVELOPMENT FOR RISK ASSESSMENT | 425 | ||
20.5.1 Modelling land-use change | 426 | ||
20.5.2 Addressing climate change scenarios | 430 | ||
20.6 USE OF MODELS AND SPATIAL VISUALISATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT WITHIN HYDROINFORMATICS ENVIRONMENTS | 430 | ||
20.7 FLOOD HAZARD ASSESSMENT | 434 | ||
20.7.1 Quantifying and mapping hazards from numerical model results | 434 | ||
20.7.2 Quantifying and mapping hazards from satellite images | 441 | ||
20.8 FLOOD VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT | 447 | ||
20.8.1 Physical vulnerability assessment | 447 | ||
20.8.2 Economic vulnerability assessment | 450 | ||
20.8.3 Institutional vulnerability assessment | 450 | ||
20.8.4 Environmental vulnerability assessment | 450 | ||
20.8.5 Social vulnerability assessment | 451 | ||
20.9 EXPOSURE | 452 | ||
20.10 RESILIENCE AND COPING CAPACITY | 452 | ||
20.11 UNCERTAINTY IN FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT | 453 | ||
20.11.1 Treatment of uncertainly | 453 | ||
20.11.2 Uncertainty associated with qualitative risk assessment | 453 | ||
20.11.3 Uncertainty associated with quantitative risk assessment | 454 | ||
20.11.4 Uncertainty associated with numerical modelling work | 454 | ||
20.11.5 Communication of uncertainties | 457 | ||
20.12 ADDRESSING THE ATTRIBUTION OF FLOOD RISK FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES | 458 | ||
20.12.1 The holistic risk appraisal | 458 | ||
20.12.2 Risk attribution | 458 | ||
Chapter 21: Flood mitigation measures | 459 | ||
21.1 TYPES OF MEASURES | 459 | ||
21.1.1 Fluvial flood protection measures | 460 | ||
21.1.2 Coastal flood protection measures | 462 | ||
21.1.3 Flash flood protection measures | 464 | ||
21.1.4 Groundwater flood protection measures | 464 | ||
21.1.5 Pluvial flood protection measures | 464 | ||
21.2 UPGRADING OF CHANNELS AND PIPES | 465 | ||
21.3 CONSTRUCTION OF STORAGE FACILITIES | 466 | ||
21.4 ON-SITE-DETENTION AND RAINWATER REUSE | 469 | ||
21.5 SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (SUDS) | 469 | ||
21.6 LITTER MANAGEMENT | 471 | ||
21.7 FLOOD FORECASTING AND WARNING SYSTEMS | 472 | ||
21.8 REAL-TIME CONTROL SYSTEMS | 473 | ||
21.9 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE | 475 | ||
21.10 FLOOD PROOFING OF STRUCTURES | 476 | ||
21.11 LAND-USE PLANNING REGULATIONS AND ENFORCEMENT OF STANDARDS AND CODES | 477 | ||
21.12 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS FOR FLOOD RISK MITIGATION | 477 | ||
21.13 IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND REVIEW OF MITIGATION MEASURES | 480 | ||
Chapter 22: Production of plans | 481 | ||
22.1 THE NEED FOR FLOOD MANAGEMENT PLANS | 481 | ||
22.2 DATA AND INFORMATION | 482 | ||
22.3 SOME COMMON STEPS IN THE PRODUCTION OF FLOOD RELATED PLANS | 482 | ||
22.4 RISK COMMUNICATION | 483 | ||
22.5 INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLANS | 483 | ||
22.6 RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT PLANS | 484 | ||
22.7 CATCHMENT FLOOD MANAGEMENT PLANS | 486 | ||
22.8 COASTAL MANAGEMENT PLANS | 487 | ||
22.9 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLANS | 487 | ||
22.9.1 The aim of disaster management plans | 487 | ||
22.9.2 Pre-disaster phase | 489 | ||
22.9.3 During the disaster phase | 490 | ||
22.9.4 Post-disaster phase | 491 | ||
22.10 ASSET MANAGEMENT PLANS | 493 | ||
22.10.1 The need for asset management | 493 | ||
22.10.2 Asset management cycle | 493 | ||
22.10.3 Asset management practice | 496 | ||
22.10.4 Asset rehabilitation and optimised decision making | 499 | ||
22.10.5 Asset management decision support systems | 499 | ||
22.10.6 Outline of an asset management plan | 500 | ||
Chapter 23: Case studies | 503 | ||
23.1 CASE STUDY 1: FLOOD VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT, BELO HORIZONTE (BRAZIL) | 503 | ||
23.1.1 Introduction | 503 | ||
23.1.2 Hypotheses and research methodology | 503 | ||
23.1.3 Application example | 504 | ||
Flood hazard index | 504 | ||
Exposure index | 505 | ||
Vulnerability and susceptibility indices | 505 | ||
Resilience indices | 505 | ||
Risk indicators | 506 | ||
Risk spatial representation | 506 | ||
23.1.4 Results | 506 | ||
23.1.5 Acknowledgment | 507 | ||
23.2 CASE STUDY 2: FLOOD CONTROL CENTRE, BANGKOK (THAILAND) | 507 | ||
23.2.1 Introduction | 507 | ||
23.2.2 Flood Control Centre | 508 | ||
23.2.3 Acknowledgment | 512 | ||
23.3 CASE STUDY 3: FLOOD FORECASTING – FROM RAINFALL TO EMERGENCY RESPONSE (AUSTRALIA) | 512 | ||
23.3.1 Introduction | 512 | ||
23.3.2 Input data | 513 | ||
23.3.3 Hydrologic model | 514 | ||
23.3.4 Flood surface determination | 514 | ||
23.3.5 Operation | 516 | ||
23.3.6 Key flood intelligence | 516 | ||
23.3.7 Predicted flood surface interrogation | 516 | ||
23.3.8 Forward looking surface | 517 | ||
23.3.9 Flood affected properties | 518 | ||
23.3.10 Flood affected critical infrastructure | 518 | ||
23.3.11 Evacuation routes | 518 | ||
23.3.12 Sensitivity to forecast rainfall | 519 | ||
23.3.13 Checking and validation | 520 | ||
23.3.14 Future direction | 520 | ||
23.3.15 Acknowledgment | 521 | ||
23.4 CASE STUDY 4: THE SMART TUNNEL, KUALA LUMPUR (MALAYSIA) | 521 | ||
23.4.1 Introduction | 521 | ||
23.4.2 Project description | 521 | ||
23.4.3 Project corridor | 521 | ||
23.4.4 Traffic study | 522 | ||
23.4.5 Major components of SMART project | 523 | ||
23.4.6 Operational procedure | 524 | ||
23.4.7 Acknowledgment | 527 | ||
Afterword | 529 | ||
References | 533 | ||
PART I | 533 | ||
PART II | 535 | ||
PART III | 542 | ||
PART IV | 549 | ||
Index | 557 |