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Flood Risk and Social Justice

Flood Risk and Social Justice

Zoran Vojinovic | Michael B. Abbott

(2012)

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Abstract

Flood Risk and Social Justice is a response to the rising significance of floods and flood-related disasters worldwide, as an initiative to promote a socially just approach to the problems of flood risk. It integrates the human-social and the technological components to provide a holistic view. 
This book treats flooding as a multi-dimensional human and natural world tragedy that must be accommodated using all the social and technological means that can be mobilised before, during and after the flooding event. It covers socially just flood risk mitigation practices which necessitate a wide range of multidisciplinary approaches, starting from social and wider environmental needs, including feedback cycles between human needs and technological means. Flood Risk and Social Justice looks at how to judge whether a risk is acceptable or not by addressing an understanding of social and phenomenological considerations rather than simple calculations of probabilities multiplied by unwanted outcomes and their balancing between costs and benefits.  
It is argued that the present ‘flood management’ practice should be largely replaced by the social justice approach where particular attention is given to deciding what is the right thing to do within a much wider context. Thus it insists upon the validity of modes of human understanding which cannot be addressed within the limited context of modern science. Flood Risk and Social Justice is written to support a wide range of audiences and seeks to improve the dialogue between researchers and practitioners from different disciplines (including post-graduate engineering, environmental and social science students, industry practitioners, academics, planners, environmental advocacy groups and environmental law professionals) who have a strong interest in a new kind of social justice work that can act as a continuous counter-balance to the various mechanisms that unceasingly give rise to profound injustices. 
More information about this book can be found in this article written for the WaterWiki by the author: http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/FloodRiskandSocialJustice
Authors: Zoran Vojinovic is Associate Professor at the UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands, with almost 20 years of consulting and research experience in various aspects of water industry in New Zealand, Australia, Asia, Europe, Central/South America and the Caribbean. Michael B. Abbott is Emeritus Professor at the UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands, and a Director of the European Institute for Industrial Leadership in Brussels. He founded and developed the disciplines of Computational Hydraulics and Hydroinformatics and co-founded, the Journal of Hydroinformatics with Professor Roger Falconer. 


"The book fills this gap in the current literature by broadening the focus of traditional flood management practice. It offers, in one place, an overview on issues that range from the social and ethical, to the scientific and practical. I commend this most interesting book to people of good will who are concerned with the risk of flooding, and with the education of new model engineers, and say to them: Read on!" J. PHILIP O’KANE, Emeritus Professor, University College Cork, Ireland. 
"This monumental volume is surely entirely unique in the world of practical hydrology and engineering. The introductory sections on the "technocratic" way of thinking versus Wisdom include references to and quotations from Heidegger, Corbin, Nasr and others whose very existence is unknown to many of the usual readers of such a volume. The author's vision of how technology might be used to contribute wisely to a more just and sustainable world is compelling, inclusive and of the utmost importance." DR. TOM CHEETHAM, Fellow Of The Temenos Academy

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover Cover
Contents v
Foreword by J. Philip O’Kane xvii
Foreword by Jean A. Cunge xxi
Preface xxv
Acknowledgements xxix
Introduction xxxi
Part I: The Nature of Urban Flood Risk 1
Chapter 1: Urban areas and flooding 3
1.1 OVERVIEW OF PART I 3
1.2 URBAN AREAS AND FLOODING – WHAT CAN WE CONCLUDE SO FAR? 3
1.3 FURTHER OBSERVATIONS 6
Chapter 2: Tracing the roots of urban flood risk 13
2.1 INTRODUCING THE HOLISTIC POINT OF VIEW 13
2.2 TRACING THE NATURAL ROOTS OF URBAN FLOOD RISK 17
2.3 TRACING THE TECHNICAL ROOTS OF URBAN FLOOD RISK 18
2.4 TRACING THE SOCIAL ROOTS OF URBAN FLOOD RISK 19
2.5 TRACING THE ROOTS OF URBAN FLOOD RISK RELATED TO THE HUMAN MIND 21
2.6 SOCIOTECHNOLOGY AS A MEANS FOR FLOOD RISK MITIGATION 25
2.7 THE EVOLUTION OF FLOOD MITIGATION PRACTICE 27
2.8 AN OVERVIEW OF CURRENT DISASTER RISK ASSESSMENT PRACTICE 30
2.9 SOME NOTABLE COMPLEXITIES OF LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES AND THEIR LIMITATIONS IN MITIGATING RISK FROM FLOOD DISASTERS 35
2.10 URBAN POOR AND DISASTER RISK 38
Chapter 3: The nature of risk 41
3.1 DIFFERENT CONTEXTS OF RISK 41
3.2 RISK AS AN EXISTENTIAL CATEGORY 42
3.3 THE REFLEXIVITY OF RISK 44
3.4 RISK AS A DYNAMIC PHENOMENON 45
3.5 RISK AND SCALE OF COMMUNITIES 46
3.6 RISK AND POVERTY 46
3.7 ON RACE, CLASS, ETHNICITY AND GENDER 46
3.8 REPETITION AND FAILURE 46
3.9 FOR AN ENLIGHTENED THEORY OF CATASTROPHE: WHEN THE IMPOSSIBLE IS CERTAIN 47
3.10 THE INTRODUCTION OF AUTOCHTHONIC KNOWLEDGES 48
3.11 THE EXISTENTIAL NATURE OF INSTITUTIONAL RISK 48
3.12 INTRODUCING THE NOTION OF SOCIAL JUSTICE IN FLOOD RISK MITIGATION 50
3.13 FROM A HYDROINFORMATICS OF THE QUANTITIES TO A HYDROINFORMATICS OF THE QUALITIES 52
Part II: Adding Social and Ethical Aspects into Flood Risk Mitigation 53
Chapter 4: The technocratic way of thinking 55
4.1 OVERVIEW OF PART II 55
4.2 THE ENGINEERING PROFESSION 57
4.3 THE ORIGINS AND NATURE OF MODERN SCIENCE 59
4.3.1 The limitations of modern science 62
4.3.2 The global consequences of modern science 66
4.3.3 The definability of reality, truth, space and time 67
4.3.4 On numbers and money 71
4.3.5 The limitations of modern technology 72
Chapter 5: Historical perspectives of social justice 79
5.1 WHAT IS SOCIAL JUSTICE? 79
5.2 ANARCHISTIC PRECEDENTS AND PRECURSORS 81
5.3 FROM WINSTANLEY TO GODWIN 82
5.4 FROM PROUDHON TO BAKUNIN 86
5.5 FROM KROPOTKIN UNTIL TODAY 92
5.6 MARXIST TRADITIONS 97
5.7 RIGHTS TRADITIONS 99
5.8 ECOLOGICAL JUSTICE 100
Chapter 6: Characterisations of social justice 101
6.1 SOCIAL JUSTICE AS AN EXISTENTIELL 101
6.2 A STATE OF SOCIAL JUSTICE AS A TRANSCENDENTAL STATE 103
6.3 A STATE OF SOCIAL JUSTICE AS A TELEOLOGICAL SUSPENSION OF THE ETHICAL 107
6.4 THE REPRESENTATION OF SOCIAL JUSTICE 111
Chapter 7: Realising social justice in the context of flood risk mitigation 115
7.1 A PARADIGM SHIFT 115
7.2 STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION AS A MEANS FOR REALISING SOCIAL JUSTICE 117
7.3 ETHICS AS A CENTRAL PART OF RISK ANALYSIS 121
7.3.1 The restricted liberty principle 121
7.3.2 Reciprocity principle 122
7.4 AN OVERVIEW OF ETHICAL THEORIES 122
7.4.1 Consequentialism 123
7.4.2 Deontological ethics 127
7.4.3 Virtue ethics 130
7.4.4 (Egalitarian) rights-based theories 134
7.5 INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS 137
7.6 ENHANCING STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION WITHIN LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 139
7.7 INTEGRATING PUBLIC PLANNING PROCESSES 141
Chapter 8: Leadership and social justice 143
8.1 WHY LEADERSHIP? 143
8.2 ON LEADERSHIP IN GENERAL 144
8.3 THE VARIETY IN THE FORMS OF LEADERSHIP 147
8.4 LEADERSHIP, MANAGEMENT AND ORGANISATIONS 150
8.5 THE CONCEPTS OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT LEADERSHIP AND THEIR REGULAR AND IRREGULAR FORMS 152
8.6 ANARCHISTIC SYSTEMS AND CHAOTIC SYSTEMS 155
8.7 AN EXISTENTIAL-PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF THE PREHISTORIC ORIGINS OF LEADERSHIP 157
8.8 THE TAXONOMIES OF LEADERSHIP AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH THE TAXONOMIES OF POWER STRUCTURES AND KNOWLEDGE RELATIONS 158
Chapter 9: On sociotechnology 163
9.1 LEADERSHIP AS A SOCIOTECHNICAL ACTIVITY 163
9.2 CHARACTERISATIONS OF SOCIOTECHNOLOGY 164
9.3 EARLY POLITICAL AND ORGANISED-RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENTS SEEN AS SOCIOTECHNOLOGIES 164
9.4 THE SOCIOTECHNOLOGY OF NETWORKS AS THE HALLMARKS OF MODERNITY AND THE RISE OF PARTICIPATIVE DEMOCRACY 169
Chapter 10: Data – Information – Knowledge – Understanding – Wisdom 171
10.1 WHY DO IT AT ALL? 171
10.2 THE REALITIES AND THE IDEALITIES OF KNOWLEDGE - AND THE NOTION OF A 'KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY’ 172
10.3 THE ENCAPSULATION OF KNOWLEDGE IN PRODUCTS AND SERVICES: THE CONCEPT OF 'KNOWLEDGE CONTENT’ 175
10.4 THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE FLOWS, KNOWLEDGE GRADIENTS AND RATES OF CIRCULATION OF KNOWLEDGE 176
Chapter 11: The role of hydroinformatics in active stakeholder participation 181
11.1 THE RELATION OF HYDROINFORMATICS TO COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY 181
11.2 WHAT DOES HYDROINFORMATICS CURRENTLY PROVIDE AND WHAT DOES SOCIETY WANT? 183
11.3 THE HYDROINFORMATICIAN IN THE SERVICE OF SOCIAL JUSTICE 184
11.4 FOR WHAT, THEN, IS THE HYDROINFORMATICIAN SEARCHING? 187
11.5 THE HYDROINFORMATICS OF THE QUALITIES 189
11.6 CASE STUDY: THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AS A MANIFESTATION OF SOCIAL JUSTICE: THE CASE OF THE DENMARK-SWEDEN CONNECTION 190
11.6.1 A first paradigm case of a stakeholder participation process 190
11.6.2 The possibilities for active stakeholder participation in the 'Third World’ 197
Part III: Scientific and Technical Aspects of Flooding 199
Chapter 12: Floods and drainage systems 201
12.1 OVERVIEW OF PART III 201
12.2 TYPES OF FLOODS 201
12.3 IMPACTS OF FLOODS 203
12.4 COLLECTION SYSTEMS 204
12.5 WASTEWATER SYSTEMS 209
12.6 STORMWATER SYSTEMS 212
12.7 COMBINED SYSTEMS 214
Chapter 13: Quantifying urban processes 217
13.1 URBAN HYDROLOGY 217
13.2 URBAN MORPHOLOGY 219
13.3 CLIMATE CHANGE 221
13.4 URBAN DRAINAGE HYDRAULICS 224
13.5 BACKGROUND TO MODELLING 226
13.5.1 Introduction 226
13.5.2 Model categories 227
13.5.3 What is a model? 230
13.5.4 Calibration of a model 231
13.5.5 Confirming a model 232
Chapter 14: Data collection for modelling 235
14.1 PREPARING FOR A DATA COLLECTION CAMPAIGN 235
14.2 SPATIAL DATA COLLECTION 236
14.3 TERRAIN DATA COLLECTION 238
14.4 COMBINING MULTIDIMENSIONAL VIEWS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION TO IMPROVE DETAILS OF URBAN FEATURES 245
14.5 BATHYMETRY DATA COLLECTION 247
14.6 TEMPORAL DATA COLLECTION 249
14.6.1 Meteorological data 250
14.6.2 Wastewater and stormwater systems and treatment plants 252
14.6.3 Receiving waters 257
14.7 MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY 258
14.8 OTHER DATA 259
14.9 DATA VALIDATION, PROCESSING, HANDLING AND STORAGE 259
14.10 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS 260
Chapter 15: Rainfall data analysis and catchment delineation 267
15.1 USE OF STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 267
15.2 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL 268
15.3 FREQUENCY OF RAINFALL EVENTS 270
15.4 DESIGN RAINFALL 271
15.4.1 Intensity-duration-frequency curves 272
15.4.2 Storm profile 273
15.5 SELECTION OF DESIGN STORM 275
15.6 ANNUAL TIME SERIES 275
15.7 SYNTHETIC TIME SERIES 275
15.8 DELINEATION OF CATCHMENTS AND SUB-CATCHMENTS 275
Chapter 16: Modelling wet weather and dry weather flows 281
16.1 MODELLING RAINFALL-RUNOFF FROM URBAN AREAS 281
16.1.1 Runoff Coefficient Model 282
16.1.2 The Horton infiltration model 282
16.1.3 Conceptual framework for rainfall-runoff models (UK) 285
16.1.4 Rainfall-losses models (UK) 286
Depression storage model (UK) 286
Percentage runoff model (UK) 286
16.1.5 The US Soil Conservation Method SCS model 287
16.2 RAINFALL-RUNOFF ROUTING MODELS 289
16.2.1 Design unit hydrograph 289
16.2.2 Time-area method 291
16.2.3 Linear reservoir 291
16.2.4 Kinematic Wave (Nonlinear Reservoir) 292
16.2.5 Runoff routing models (UK) 293
16.2.6 Extension for large sub-catchments 293
16.3 DRY WEATHER FLOWS 294
16.4 POLLUTANT LOADING AND WASHOFF 295
16.4.1 Attached pollutants 297
16.4.2 Dissolved pollutants 297
Chapter 17: Hydraulic modelling 299
17.1 THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS 299
17.2 SAINT VENANT EQUATIONS 304
17.3 1D SAINT VENANT EQUATIONS 306
17.3.1 Algorithmic form 307
17.3.2 Characteristic form 308
17.3.3 Discharge form 309
17.3.4 Approximate forms 310
17.4 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR PIPE FLOW 311
17.5 PRESSURISED FLOW 313
Preissmann slot 316
17.6 MANHOLE STORAGE 318
17.7 ANCILLARY STRUCTURES 319
17.8 MODELLING WATER QUALITY 322
17.8.1 Process simplification 322
17.8.2 Sediment transport 322
17.8.3 Chemical pollutants 323
17.9 GROUNDWATER 326
Chapter 18: Numerical solutions of equations 329
18.1 NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF THE SAINT VENANT EQUATIONS 329
18.1.1 Discretization 329
18.1.2 Method of characteristics 331
18.1.3 6-point implicit scheme 333
18.1.4 4-point implicit scheme 335
18.1.5 Double sweep algorithm 336
18.1.6 Network of pipes or channels 336
18.1.7 SWMM 337
18.1.8 Roe scheme 338
18.1.9 McCormack scheme 340
18.1.10 Small depth problem 341
18.1.11 Treatment of sub- and super-critical flows 341
18.1.12 Reduction of the convective momentum term 341
18.1.13 Generation of the initial condition 342
18.1.14 Groundwater 343
18.1.15 Solving the pollutant transport equations 343
18.2 2D ABOVE-GROUND FLOW MODELLING 343
18.2.1 Numerical solution of the 2D equations 344
18.2.2 Integrating 1D and 2D models 346
18.2.3 Wetting and drying 347
Chapter 19: Modelling practice 349
19.1 MODEL INSTANTIATION 349
19.2 MODELLING FLOW IN NETWORKS OF CHANNELS AND/OR PIPES 350
19.3 1D MODELLING APPROACH 351
19.4 SIMPLIFICATION OF 1D MODELS 352
Head-loss at backdrop manholes 354
Head-loss at converging junctions 354
Head-loss at diverging junctions 354
Head-loss at outfalls and head manholes 354
19.5 1D/1D MODELLING APPROACH 355
19.6 1D/2D MODELLING APPROACH 356
19.7 ISSUES CONCERNED WITH SETTING UP THE 2D OVERLAND FLOW MODEL WITH REGULAR GRIDS 358
19.8 REPRESENTATION OF KEY FEATURES WITHIN COARSE GRID RESOLUTIONS 363
19.8.1 A method based on sub-grid scale porosity treatment and adjustment of storage characteristics 363
19.8.2 A method based on adjusted conveyance and storage characteristics 363
19.8.3 A multilayered approach 366
19.8.4 An approach based on multi-cell finite difference solver as implemented in MIKEFLOOD and MIKE21 367
19.9 DECIDING ON A MODELLING APPROACH 367
19.10 DETERMINING PEAK FLOWS IN A DENDRITIC NETWORK 369
19.11 USING DESIGN RAINFALL EVENTS FOR DESIGN OF PIPE NETWORKS 370
19.12 MODELLING TREATMENT WORKS 370
19.13 MODELLING RECEIVING WATERS 370
19.14 INSTANTIATING AN URBAN DRAINAGE SIMULATION MODEL 371
19.15 MODEL APPLICATION 371
19.16 EVENT-BASED AND LONG-TERM SIMULATIONS 372
19.17 DESIGN OF SYSTEMS 374
19.18 DESIGNING FOR EXCEEDANCE 375
19.19 HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS 375
19.20 INFILTRATION AND INFLOW ANALYSIS FOR WASTEWATER SYSTEMS 377
19.21 CSO ANALYSIS 378
19.22 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF PIPES AND CHANNELS 380
19.23 STORAGE FACILITY ANALYSIS 381
19.23.1 On-line tanks 382
19.23.2 Off-line tanks 382
19.23.3 Pumped storage tanks 383
19.23.4 Designing for sediments 383
19.23.5 Levels of service for receiving waters 383
19.23.6 Sizing of tanks: European practice 384
19.24 MODELLING REAL TIME CONTROL OPTIONS 384
19.25 SYSTEM REHABILITATION 386
19.26 URBAN POLLUTION MANAGEMENT 391
19.27 RIVER MODELLING 392
19.28 COASTAL SYSTEMS MODELLING 394
19.29 GROUNDWATER MODELLING 395
19.30 INTEGRATED MODELLING 396
Part IV: Practical Aspects of Flood Risk Assessment and Mitigation 399
Chapter 20: Flood risk assessment 401
20.1 OVERVIEW OF PART IV 401
20.2 CURRENT PRACTICES 402
20.2.1 US practice 402
20.2.2 EU practice 403
20.2.3 UK practice 403
20.2.4 Australian and New Zealand practice 405
20.3 OVERVIEW OF DATA AND METHODS FOR FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT 406
20.3.1 Classification of data and methods 406
20.3.2 Social data requirements for flood risk assessment 407
20.3.3 Economic data requirements for flood risk assessment 407
20.3.4 Technical data requirements for flood risk assessment 407
20.3.5 Other data 408
20.3.6 Qualitative flood risk assessment 408
20.3.7 Quantitative flood risk assessment 410
20.3.8 Strengths and weaknesses of current methods 413
20.4 TOWARDS SOCIALLY-JUST FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION 413
20.4.1 The overall framework 413
20.4.2 Preparing for flood risk assessment 415
20.4.3 Identification of flood risk areas 415
20.4.4 Screening of flood risk areas 415
20.4.5 Combining qualitative and quantitative data and methods 416
20.4.6 Holistic risk assessment: addressing different root causes 419
20.4.7 Addressing the natural root causes 420
20.4.8 Addressing the technical root causes 421
20.4.9 Addressing the social root causes 422
20.4.10 Addressing the root causes related to decision makers 424
20.5 SCENARIO DEVELOPMENT FOR RISK ASSESSMENT 425
20.5.1 Modelling land-use change 426
20.5.2 Addressing climate change scenarios 430
20.6 USE OF MODELS AND SPATIAL VISUALISATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT WITHIN HYDROINFORMATICS ENVIRONMENTS 430
20.7 FLOOD HAZARD ASSESSMENT 434
20.7.1 Quantifying and mapping hazards from numerical model results 434
20.7.2 Quantifying and mapping hazards from satellite images 441
20.8 FLOOD VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT 447
20.8.1 Physical vulnerability assessment 447
20.8.2 Economic vulnerability assessment 450
20.8.3 Institutional vulnerability assessment 450
20.8.4 Environmental vulnerability assessment 450
20.8.5 Social vulnerability assessment 451
20.9 EXPOSURE 452
20.10 RESILIENCE AND COPING CAPACITY 452
20.11 UNCERTAINTY IN FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT 453
20.11.1 Treatment of uncertainly 453
20.11.2 Uncertainty associated with qualitative risk assessment 453
20.11.3 Uncertainty associated with quantitative risk assessment 454
20.11.4 Uncertainty associated with numerical modelling work 454
20.11.5 Communication of uncertainties 457
20.12 ADDRESSING THE ATTRIBUTION OF FLOOD RISK FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES 458
20.12.1 The holistic risk appraisal 458
20.12.2 Risk attribution 458
Chapter 21: Flood mitigation measures 459
21.1 TYPES OF MEASURES 459
21.1.1 Fluvial flood protection measures 460
21.1.2 Coastal flood protection measures 462
21.1.3 Flash flood protection measures 464
21.1.4 Groundwater flood protection measures 464
21.1.5 Pluvial flood protection measures 464
21.2 UPGRADING OF CHANNELS AND PIPES 465
21.3 CONSTRUCTION OF STORAGE FACILITIES 466
21.4 ON-SITE-DETENTION AND RAINWATER REUSE 469
21.5 SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (SUDS) 469
21.6 LITTER MANAGEMENT 471
21.7 FLOOD FORECASTING AND WARNING SYSTEMS 472
21.8 REAL-TIME CONTROL SYSTEMS 473
21.9 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE 475
21.10 FLOOD PROOFING OF STRUCTURES 476
21.11 LAND-USE PLANNING REGULATIONS AND ENFORCEMENT OF STANDARDS AND CODES 477
21.12 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS FOR FLOOD RISK MITIGATION 477
21.13 IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND REVIEW OF MITIGATION MEASURES 480
Chapter 22: Production of plans 481
22.1 THE NEED FOR FLOOD MANAGEMENT PLANS 481
22.2 DATA AND INFORMATION 482
22.3 SOME COMMON STEPS IN THE PRODUCTION OF FLOOD RELATED PLANS 482
22.4 RISK COMMUNICATION 483
22.5 INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLANS 483
22.6 RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT PLANS 484
22.7 CATCHMENT FLOOD MANAGEMENT PLANS 486
22.8 COASTAL MANAGEMENT PLANS 487
22.9 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLANS 487
22.9.1 The aim of disaster management plans 487
22.9.2 Pre-disaster phase 489
22.9.3 During the disaster phase 490
22.9.4 Post-disaster phase 491
22.10 ASSET MANAGEMENT PLANS 493
22.10.1 The need for asset management 493
22.10.2 Asset management cycle 493
22.10.3 Asset management practice 496
22.10.4 Asset rehabilitation and optimised decision making 499
22.10.5 Asset management decision support systems 499
22.10.6 Outline of an asset management plan 500
Chapter 23: Case studies 503
23.1 CASE STUDY 1: FLOOD VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT, BELO HORIZONTE (BRAZIL) 503
23.1.1 Introduction 503
23.1.2 Hypotheses and research methodology 503
23.1.3 Application example 504
Flood hazard index 504
Exposure index 505
Vulnerability and susceptibility indices 505
Resilience indices 505
Risk indicators 506
Risk spatial representation 506
23.1.4 Results 506
23.1.5 Acknowledgment 507
23.2 CASE STUDY 2: FLOOD CONTROL CENTRE, BANGKOK (THAILAND) 507
23.2.1 Introduction 507
23.2.2 Flood Control Centre 508
23.2.3 Acknowledgment 512
23.3 CASE STUDY 3: FLOOD FORECASTING – FROM RAINFALL TO EMERGENCY RESPONSE (AUSTRALIA) 512
23.3.1 Introduction 512
23.3.2 Input data 513
23.3.3 Hydrologic model 514
23.3.4 Flood surface determination 514
23.3.5 Operation 516
23.3.6 Key flood intelligence 516
23.3.7 Predicted flood surface interrogation 516
23.3.8 Forward looking surface 517
23.3.9 Flood affected properties 518
23.3.10 Flood affected critical infrastructure 518
23.3.11 Evacuation routes 518
23.3.12 Sensitivity to forecast rainfall 519
23.3.13 Checking and validation 520
23.3.14 Future direction 520
23.3.15 Acknowledgment 521
23.4 CASE STUDY 4: THE SMART TUNNEL, KUALA LUMPUR (MALAYSIA) 521
23.4.1 Introduction 521
23.4.2 Project description 521
23.4.3 Project corridor 521
23.4.4 Traffic study 522
23.4.5 Major components of SMART project 523
23.4.6 Operational procedure 524
23.4.7 Acknowledgment 527
Afterword 529
References 533
PART I 533
PART II 535
PART III 542
PART IV 549
Index 557