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Book Details
Abstract
The scope of this comprehensive new edition of Handbook of Biological Wastewater Treatment ranges from the design of the activated sludge system, final settlers, auxiliary units (sludge thickeners and digesters) to pre-treatment units such as primary settlers and UASB reactors. The core of the book deals with the optimized design of biological and chemical nutrient removal. The book presents the state-of-the-art theory concerning the various aspects of the activated sludge system and develops procedures for optimized cost-based design and operation. It offers a truly integrated cost-based design method that can be easily implemented in spreadsheets and adapted to the particular needs of the user. Handbook of Biological Wastewater Treatment: Second Edition incorporates valuable new material that improves the instructive qualities of the first edition. The book has a new structure that makes the material more readily understandable and the numerous additional examples clarify the text. On the website www.wastewaterhandbook.com three free excel design spreadsheets for different configurations (secondary treatment with and without primary settling and nitrogen removal) can be downloaded to get the reader started with their own design projects. New sections have been added throughout: to explain the difference between true and apparent yield while the section on the F/M ratio, and especially the reasons not to use it, has been expanded; to demonstrate the effect of the oxygen recycle to the anoxic zones on both the denitrification capacity and the concept of available nitrate is explained in more detail. the latest developments on the causes and solution to sludge bulking and scum formation to show the rapid developments of innovative nitrogen removal and sludge separation problems the anaerobic pre-treatment section is completely rewritten based on the experiences obtained from an extensive review of large full-scale UASB based sewage treatment plants a new section on industrial anaerobic wastewater treatment three new appendices have been added. These deal with the calibration of the denitrification model, empirical design guidelines for final settler design (STORA/STOWA and ATV) and with the potential for development of denitrification in the final settler. A new chapter on moving bed biofilm reactors Handbook of Biological Wastewater Treatment: Second Edition is written for post graduate students and engineers in consulting firms and environmental protection agencies. It is an invaluable resource for everybody working in the field of wastewater treatment. Lecturer support material is available when adopted for university courses. This includes course material for the first 7 modules in the form of PDF printouts and an exercise file with questions and answers and a symbol list. AUTHORS Prof. dr. ir. A.C. van Haandel, Federal University of Campina Grande - Brazil Ir. J.G.M. van der Lubbe, Biothane Systems International - Veolia, The Netherlands Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ORGANIC MATERIAL AND BACTERIAL METABOLISM ORGANIC MATERIAL REMOVAL AERATION NITROGEN REMOVAL INNOVATIVE SYSTEMS FOR NITROGEN REMOVAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL SLUDGE SETTLING SLUDGE BULKING AND SCUM FORMATION MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS MOVING BED BIOFILM REACTORS SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL ANAEROBIC PRETREATMENT INTEGRATED COST-BASED DESIGN AND OPERATION Appendices DETERMINATION OF THE OXYGEN UPTAKE RATE CALIBRATION OF THE GENERAL MODEL THE NON-IDEAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEM DETERMINATION OF NITRIFICATION KINETICS DETERMINATION OF DENITRIFICATION KINETICS EXTENSIONS TO THE IDEAL MODEL EMPIRIC METHODS FOR FINAL SETTLER SIZING RISK OF DENITRIFICATION IN THE FINAL SETTLER AEROBIC GRANULATED SLUDGE
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover page | 1 | ||
| Half title page | 2 | ||
| Title page | 4 | ||
| Copyright page | 5 | ||
| Contents | 6 | ||
| Preface | 16 | ||
| Notes on the second edition | 18 | ||
| About the authors | 22 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 24 | ||
| Symbols, parameters and abbreviations | 26 | ||
| LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS | 26 | ||
| LIST OF SYMBOLS AND PARAMETERS | 28 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 48 | ||
| Scope of the text | 48 | ||
| 1.0 INTRODUCTION | 48 | ||
| 1.1 ADVANCES IN SECONDARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT | 49 | ||
| 1.2 TERTIARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT | 50 | ||
| 1.3 TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE ON ACTIVATED SLUDGE DESIGN | 52 | ||
| 1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE TEXT | 53 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 56 | ||
| Organic material and bacterial metabolism | 56 | ||
| 2.0 INTRODUCTION | 56 | ||
| 2.1 MEASUREMENT OF ORGANIC MATERIAL | 56 | ||
| 2.1.1 The COD test | 57 | ||
| 2.1.2 The BOD test | 59 | ||
| 2.1.3 The TOC test | 62 | ||
| 2.2 COMPARISON OF MEASUREMENT PARAMETERS | 63 | ||
| 2.3 METABOLISM | 64 | ||
| 2.3.1 Oxidative metabolism | 65 | ||
| 2.3.2 Anoxic respiration | 67 | ||
| 2.3.3 Anaerobic digestion | 69 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 72 | ||
| Organic material removal | 72 | ||
| 3.0 INTRODUCTION | 72 | ||
| 3.1 ORGANIC MATERIAL AND ACTIVATED SLUDGE COMPOSITION | 73 | ||
| 3.1.1 Organic material fractions in wastewater | 73 | ||
| 3.1.2 Activated sludge composition | 74 | ||
| 3.1.2.1 Active sludge | 76 | ||
| 3.1.2.2 Inactive sludge | 76 | ||
| 3.1.2.3 Inorganic sludge | 76 | ||
| 3.1.2.4 Definition of sludge fractions | 77 | ||
| 3.1.3 Mass balance of the organic material | 78 | ||
| 3.2 MODEL NOTATION | 83 | ||
| 3.3 STEADY-STATE MODEL OF THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEM | 85 | ||
| 3.3.1 Model development | 85 | ||
| 3.3.1.1 Definition of sludge age | 86 | ||
| 3.3.1.2 COD fraction discharged with the effluent | 87 | ||
| 3.3.1.3 COD fraction in the excess sludge | 87 | ||
| 3.3.1.4 COD fraction oxidised for respiration | 91 | ||
| 3.3.1.5 Model summary and evaluation | 92 | ||
| 3.3.2 Model calibration | 96 | ||
| 3.3.3 Model applications | 100 | ||
| 3.3.3.1 Sludge mass and composition | 100 | ||
| 3.3.3.2 Biological reactor volume | 103 | ||
| 3.3.3.3 Excess sludge production and nutrient demand | 105 | ||
| 3.3.3.4 Temperature effect | 109 | ||
| 3.3.3.5 True yield versus apparent yield | 110 | ||
| 3.3.3.6 F/M ratio | 112 | ||
| 3.3.4 Selection and control of the sludge age | 114 | ||
| 3.4 GENERAL MODEL OF THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEM | 117 | ||
| 3.4.1 Model development | 120 | ||
| 3.4.2 Model calibration | 123 | ||
| 3.4.3 Application of the general model | 124 | ||
| 3.5 CONFIGURATIONS OF THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEM | 125 | ||
| 3.5.1 Conventional activated sludge systems | 125 | ||
| 3.5.2 Sequential batch systems | 126 | ||
| 3.5.3 Carrousels | 128 | ||
| 3.5.4 Aerated lagoons | 129 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 132 | ||
| Aeration | 132 | ||
| 4.0 INTRODUCTION | 132 | ||
| 4.1 AERATION THEORY | 135 | ||
| 4.1.1 Factors affecting kla and DOs | 136 | ||
| 4.1.2 Effect of local pressure on DOs | 136 | ||
| 4.1.3 Effect of temperature on kla and DOs | 138 | ||
| 4.1.4 Oxygen transfer efficiency for surface aerators | 139 | ||
| 4.1.5 Power requirement for diffused aeration | 141 | ||
| 4.2 METHODS TO DETERMINE THE OXYGEN TRANSFER EFFICIENCY | 144 | ||
| 4.2.1 Determination of the standard oxygen transfer efficiency | 144 | ||
| 4.2.2 Determination of the actual oxygen transfer efficiency | 146 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 154 | ||
| Nitrogen removal | 154 | ||
| 5.0 INTRODUCTION | 154 | ||
| 5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF NITROGEN REMOVAL | 155 | ||
| 5.1.1 Forms and reactions of nitrogenous matter | 155 | ||
| 5.1.2 Mass balance of nitrogenous matter | 157 | ||
| 5.1.3 Stoichiometrics of reactions with nitrogenous matter | 162 | ||
| 5.1.3.1 Oxygen consumption | 162 | ||
| 5.1.3.2 Effects on alkalinity | 164 | ||
| 5.1.3.3 Effects on pH | 167 | ||
| 5.2 NITRIFICATION | 170 | ||
| 5.2.1 Nitrification kinetics | 171 | ||
| 5.2.2 Nitrification in systems with non aerated zones | 181 | ||
| 5.2.3 Nitrification potential and nitrification capacity | 183 | ||
| 5.2.4 Design procedure for nitrification | 184 | ||
| 5.3 DENITRIFICATION | 188 | ||
| 5.3.1 System configurations for denitrification | 189 | ||
| 5.3.1.1 Denitrification with an external carbon source | 189 | ||
| 5.3.1.2 Denitrification with an internal carbon source | 190 | ||
| 5.3.2 Denitrification kinetics | 193 | ||
| 5.3.2.1 Sludge production in anoxic/aerobic systems | 193 | ||
| 5.3.2.2 Denitrification rates | 194 | ||
| 5.3.2.3 Minimum anoxic mass fraction in the pre-D reactor | 196 | ||
| 5.3.3 Denitrification capacity | 198 | ||
| 5.3.3.1 Denitrification capacity in a pre-D reactor | 198 | ||
| 5.3.3.2 Denitrification capacity in a post-D reactor | 200 | ||
| 5.3.4 Available nitrate | 203 | ||
| 5.4 DESIGNING AND OPTIMISING NITROGEN REMOVAL | 205 | ||
| 5.4.1 Calculation of nitrogen removal capacity | 207 | ||
| 5.4.2 Optimised design of nitrogen removal | 212 | ||
| 5.4.2.1 Complete nitrogen removal | 213 | ||
| 5.4.2.2 Incomplete nitrogen removal | 216 | ||
| 5.4.2.3 Effect of recirculation of oxygen on denitrification capacity | 219 | ||
| 5.4.2.4 Design procedure for optimized nitrogen removal | 224 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 228 | ||
| Innovative systems for nitrogen removal | 228 | ||
| 6.0 INTRODUCTION | 228 | ||
| 6.1 NITROGEN REMOVAL OVER NITRITE | 230 | ||
| 6.1.1 Basic principles of nitritation | 231 | ||
| 6.1.2 Kinetics of high rate ammonium oxidation | 234 | ||
| 6.1.3 Reactor configuration and operation | 235 | ||
| 6.1.4 Required model enhancements | 236 | ||
| 6.2 ANAEROBIC AMMONIUM OXIDATION | 237 | ||
| 6.2.1 Anammox process characteristics | 238 | ||
| 6.2.2 Reactor design and configuration | 240 | ||
| 6.3 COMBINATION OF NITRITATION WITH ANAMMOX | 242 | ||
| 6.3.1 Two stage configuration (nitritation reactor–Anammox) | 242 | ||
| 6.3.2 Case study: full scale SHARON - Anammox treatment | 245 | ||
| 6.3.3 Single reactor configurations | 246 | ||
| 6.4 BIOAUGMENTATION | 250 | ||
| 6.5 SIDE STREAM NITROGEN REMOVAL: EVALUATION AND POTENTIAL | 251 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 254 | ||
| Phosphorus removal | 254 | ||
| 7.0 INTRODUCTION | 254 | ||
| 7.1 BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL | 255 | ||
| 7.1.1 Mechanisms involved in biological phosphorus removal | 255 | ||
| 7.1.2 Bio-P removal system configurations | 259 | ||
| 7.1.3 Model of biological phosphorus removal | 261 | ||
| 7.1.3.1 Enhanced cultures | 261 | ||
| 7.1.3.2 Mixed cultures | 267 | ||
| 7.1.3.3 Denitrification of bio-P organisms | 272 | ||
| 7.1.3.4 DISCHARGE OF ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS WITH THE EFFLUENT | 275 | ||
| 7.2 OPTIMISATION OF BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL | 276 | ||
| 7.2.1 Influence of wastewater characteristics | 276 | ||
| 7.2.2 Improving substrate availability for nutrient removal | 278 | ||
| 7.2.3 Optimisation of operational conditions | 280 | ||
| 7.2.4 Resolving operational problems | 285 | ||
| 7.3 CHEMICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL | 286 | ||
| 7.3.1 Stoichiometrics of chemical phosphorus removal | 286 | ||
| 7.3.1.1 Addition of metal salts | 286 | ||
| 7.3.1.2 Addition of lime | 288 | ||
| 7.3.1.3 Effects on pH | 289 | ||
| 7.3.2 Chemical phosphorus removal configurations | 290 | ||
| 7.3.2.1 Pre-precipitation | 292 | ||
| 7.3.2.2 Simultaneous precipitation | 294 | ||
| 7.3.2.3 Post-precipitation | 299 | ||
| 7.3.2.4 Sidestream precipitation | 300 | ||
| 7.3.3 Design procedure for chemical phosphorus removal | 302 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 306 | ||
| Sludge settling | 306 | ||
| 8.0 INTRODUCTION | 306 | ||
| 8.1 METHODS TO DETERMINE SLUDGE SETTLEABILITY | 307 | ||
| 8.1.1 Zone settling rate test | 307 | ||
| 8.1.2 Alternative parameters for sludge settleability | 310 | ||
| 8.1.3 Relationships between different settleability parameters | 311 | ||
| 8.2 MODEL FOR SETTLING IN A CONTINUOUS SETTLER | 313 | ||
| 8.2.1 Determination of the limiting concentration Xl | 317 | ||
| 8.2.2 Determination of the critical concentration Xc | 317 | ||
| 8.2.3 Determination of the minimum concentration Xm | 318 | ||
| 8.3 DESIGN OF FINAL SETTLERS | 321 | ||
| 8.3.1 Optimised design procedure for final settlers | 321 | ||
| 8.3.2 Determination of the critical recirculation rate | 325 | ||
| 8.3.3 Graphical optimization of final settler operation | 328 | ||
| 8.3.4 Optimisation of the system of biological reactor and final settler | 330 | ||
| 8.3.5 Validation of the optimised settler design procedure | 333 | ||
| 8.3.5.1 US EPA design guidelines | 333 | ||
| 8.3.5.2 WRC and modified WRC design guidelines | 333 | ||
| 8.3.5.3 STORA/STOWA design guidelines | 334 | ||
| 8.3.5.4 ATV design guidelines | 334 | ||
| 8.3.5.5 Solids flux compared with other design methods | 335 | ||
| 8.4 PHYSICAL DESIGN ASPECTS FOR FINAL SETTLERS | 338 | ||
| 8.5 FINAL SETTLERS UNDER VARIABLE LOADING CONDITIONS | 340 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 344 | ||
| Sludge bulking and scum formation | 344 | ||
| 9.0 INTRODUCTION | 344 | ||
| 9.1 MICROBIAL ASPECTS OF SLUDGE BULKING | 344 | ||
| 9.2 CAUSES AND CONTROL OF SLUDGE BULKING | 348 | ||
| 9.2.1 Sludge bulking due to a low reactor substrate concentration | 348 | ||
| 9.2.2 Guidelines for selector design | 350 | ||
| 9.2.3 Control of bulking sludge in anoxic-aerobic systems | 352 | ||
| 9.2.4 Other causes of sludge bulking | 356 | ||
| 9.3 NON-SPECIFIC MEASURES TO CONTROL SLUDGE BULKING | 357 | ||
| 9.4 CAUSES AND CONTROL OF SCUM FORMATION | 362 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 366 | ||
| Membrane bioreactors | 366 | ||
| 10.0 INTRODUCTION | 366 | ||
| 10.1 MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS (MBR) | 367 | ||
| 10.2 MBR CONFIGURATIONS | 369 | ||
| 10.2.1 Submerged MBR | 371 | ||
| 10.2.2 Cross-flow MBR | 372 | ||
| 10.2.3 Comparison of submerged and cross-flow MBR | 378 | ||
| 10.3 MBR DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS | 382 | ||
| 10.3.1 Theoretical concepts in membrane filtration | 382 | ||
| 10.3.2 Impact on activated sludge system design | 385 | ||
| 10.3.3 Pre-treatment | 391 | ||
| 10.3.4 Module configuration - submerged MBR | 392 | ||
| 10.3.5 Module aeration - submerged MBR | 393 | ||
| 10.3.6 Key design data of different membrane types | 394 | ||
| 10.4 MBR OPERATION | 394 | ||
| 10.4.1 Operation of submerged membranes | 394 | ||
| 10.4.2 Operation of cross-flow membranes | 395 | ||
| 10.4.3 Membrane fouling | 395 | ||
| 10.4.4 Membrane cleaning | 396 | ||
| 10.5 MBR TECHNOLOGY: EVALUATION AND POTENTIAL | 399 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 402 | ||
| Moving bed biofilm reactors | 402 | ||
| 11.0 INTRODUCTION | 402 | ||
| 11.1 MBBR TECHNOLOGY AND REACTOR CONFIGURATION | 404 | ||
| 11.1.1 Carriers used in MBBR processes | 406 | ||
| 11.1.2 Aeration system | 407 | ||
| 11.1.3 Sieves and mixers | 408 | ||
| 11.2 FEATURES OF MBBR PROCESS | 409 | ||
| 11.3 MBBR PROCESS CONFIGURATIONS | 411 | ||
| 11.3.1 Pure MBBR | 411 | ||
| 11.3.2 MBBR as pre-treatment | 412 | ||
| 11.3.3 MBBR as post-treatment | 413 | ||
| 11.3.4 Integrated fixed film reactors | 414 | ||
| 11.4 PURE MBBR DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE | 414 | ||
| 11.4.1 Secondary treatment of municipal sewage | 414 | ||
| 11.4.2 Secondary treatment of industrial wastewater | 418 | ||
| 11.4.3 Nitrification | 419 | ||
| 11.4.4 Nitrogen removal | 421 | ||
| 11.4.5 Phosphorus removal | 424 | ||
| 11.5 UPGRADING OF EXISTING ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANTS | 426 | ||
| 11.5.1 High rate pre-treatment MBBR for BOD/COD removal | 426 | ||
| 11.5.2 Upgrading of secondary CAS to nitrification | 427 | ||
| 11.5.3 Nitrification in IFAS processes | 428 | ||
| 11.5.4 IFAS for nitrogen removal | 430 | ||
| 11.6 SOLIDS REMOVAL FROM MBBR EFFLUENT | 431 | ||
| 11.6.1 Gravity settling | 431 | ||
| 11.6.2 Micro-sand ballasted lamella sedimentation | 432 | ||
| 11.6.3 Dissolved air flotation | 433 | ||
| 11.6.4 Micro screening | 433 | ||
| 11.6.5 Media filtration | 437 | ||
| 11.6.6 Membrane filtration | 437 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 438 | ||
| Sludge treatment and disposal | 438 | ||
| 12.0 INTRODUCTION | 438 | ||
| 12.1 EXCESS SLUDGE QUALITY AND QUANTITY | 439 | ||
| 12.2 SLUDGE THICKENERS | 442 | ||
| 12.2.1 Design of sludge thickeners using the solids flux theory | 442 | ||
| 12.2.2 Design of sludge thickeners using empirical relationships | 446 | ||
| 12.3 AEROBIC DIGESTION | 450 | ||
| 12.3.1 Kinetic model for aerobic sludge digestion | 450 | ||
| 12.3.1.1 Variation of the volatile sludge concentration | 451 | ||
| 12.3.1.2 Variation of the oxygen uptake rate | 452 | ||
| 12.3.1.3 Variation of the nitrate concentration | 453 | ||
| 12.3.1.4 Variation of the alkalinity | 453 | ||
| 12.3.1.5 Variation of the BOD | 456 | ||
| 12.3.2 Aerobic digestion in the main activated sludge process | 457 | ||
| 12.3.3 Aerobic digester design | 460 | ||
| 12.3.4 Optimisation of aerobic sludge digestion | 466 | ||
| 12.3.5 Operational parameters of the aerobic digester | 470 | ||
| 12.4 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION | 477 | ||
| 12.4.1 Stoichiometry of anaerobic digestion | 479 | ||
| 12.4.2 Configurations used for anaerobic digestion | 482 | ||
| 12.4.3 Influence of operational parameters | 485 | ||
| 12.4.4 Performance of the high rate anaerobic digester | 489 | ||
| 12.4.4.1 Removal efficiency of volatile suspended solids | 489 | ||
| 12.4.4.2 Biogas production | 490 | ||
| 12.4.4.3 Energy generation in anaerobic sludge digesters | 491 | ||
| 12.4.4.4 Solids destruction and stabilised excess sludge production | 492 | ||
| 12.4.4.5 Nutrient balance in the anaerobic digester | 493 | ||
| 12.4.5 Design and optimisation of anaerobic digesters | 498 | ||
| 12.5 STABILISED SLUDGE DRYING AND DISPOSAL | 501 | ||
| 12.5.1 Natural sludge drying | 502 | ||
| 12.5.2 Design and optimisation of natural sludge drying beds | 506 | ||
| 12.5.2.1 Determination of the percolation time (t2) | 506 | ||
| 12.5.2.2 Determination of the evaporation time (t4) | 507 | ||
| 12.5.2.3 Influence of rain on sludge drying bed productivity | 515 | ||
| 12.5.3 Accelerated sludge drying with external energy | 516 | ||
| 12.5.3.1 Use of solar energy | 517 | ||
| 12.5.3.2 Use of combustion heat from biogas | 520 | ||
| Chapter 13 | 524 | ||
| Anaerobic pretreatment | 524 | ||
| 13.0 INTRODUCTION | 524 | ||
| 13.1 ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE | 525 | ||
| 13.1.1 Configurations for anaerobic sewage treatment | 527 | ||
| 13.1.1.1 Anaerobic filter | 527 | ||
| 13.1.1.2 Fluidised and expanded bed systems | 528 | ||
| 13.1.1.3 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor | 529 | ||
| 13.1.1.4 The RALF system | 531 | ||
| 13.1.2 Evaluation of different anaerobic configurations | 531 | ||
| 13.2 FACTORS AFFECTING MUNICIPAL UASB PERFORMANCE | 533 | ||
| 13.2.1 Design and engineering issues | 534 | ||
| 13.2.2 Operationaland maintenance issues | 542 | ||
| 13.2.3 Inappropriate expectations of UASB performance | 543 | ||
| 13.2.4 Presence of sulphate in municipal sewage | 544 | ||
| 13.2.5 Energy production and greenhouse gas emissions | 548 | ||
| 13.2.5.1 Carbon footprint | 548 | ||
| 13.2.5.2 Biogas utilization | 553 | ||
| 13.3 DESIGN MODEL FOR ANAEROBIC SEWAGE TREATMENT | 563 | ||
| 13.3.1 Sludge age as the key design parameter | 563 | ||
| 13.3.2 Influence of the temperature | 568 | ||
| 13.3.3 Characterisation of anaerobic biomass | 569 | ||
| 13.4 UASB REACTOR DESIGN GUIDELINES | 575 | ||
| 13.5 POST-TREATMENT OF ANAEROBIC EFFLUENT | 585 | ||
| 13.5.1 Secondary treatment of anaerobic effluent | 586 | ||
| 13.5.1.1 Applicability of the ideal steady state model for COD removal | 589 | ||
| 13.5.1.2 Stabilisation of aerobic excess sludge in the UASB reactor | 600 | ||
| 13.5.2 Nitrogen removal from anaerobic effluent | 606 | ||
| 13.5.2.1 Bypass of raw sewage to the activated sludge system | 607 | ||
| 13.5.2.2 Anaerobic digestion with reduced methanogenic efficiency | 609 | ||
| 13.5.2.3 Application of innovative nitrogen removal configurations | 611 | ||
| 13.5.3 Future developments | 613 | ||
| 13.5.3.1 Two stage anaerobic digestion | 613 | ||
| 13.5.3.2 Psychrophilic anaerobic wastewater treatment | 614 | ||
| 13.6 ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIALWASTEWATER | 615 | ||
| Chapter 14 | 622 | ||
| Integrated cost-based design and operation | 622 | ||
| 14.0 INTRODUCTION | 622 | ||
| 14.1 PREPARATIONS FOR SYSTEM DESIGN | 623 | ||
| 14.1.1 The basis of design | 624 | ||
| 14.1.1.1 Wastewater characteristics | 624 | ||
| 14.1.1.2 Kinetic parameters and settleability of the sludge | 629 | ||
| 14.1.2 Costing data | 629 | ||
| 14.1.2.1 Investment costs | 630 | ||
| 14.1.2.2 Operational costs | 633 | ||
| 14.1.2.3 Annualised investment costs | 635 | ||
| 14.1.3 Performance objectives | 636 | ||
| 14.1.4 Applicable system configurations | 638 | ||
| 14.1.5 Limitations and constraints | 639 | ||
| 14.2 OPTIMISED DESIGN PROCEDURE | 642 | ||
| 14.2.1 System A1: Conventional secondary treatment | 642 | ||
| 14.2.2 System A2: Secondary treatment with primary settling | 654 | ||
| 14.2.3 System B1: Combined anaerobic-aerobic treatment | 657 | ||
| 14.2.4 System C1: Nitrogen removal | 668 | ||
| 14.2.5 System C2: Nitrogen and phosphorus removal | 674 | ||
| 14.2.6 System comparison | 680 | ||
| 14.3 FACTORS INFLUENCING DESIGN | 682 | ||
| 14.3.1 Influence of the wastewater temperature | 682 | ||
| 14.3.2 Influence of the sludge age | 683 | ||
| 14.4 OPERATIONAL OPTIMISATION | 685 | ||
| 14.4.1 Comparison of different operational regimes | 685 | ||
| 14.4.2 Optimised operation of existing treatment plants | 689 | ||
| 14.5 INTEGRATED DESIGN EXAMPLES | 691 | ||
| 14.5.1 Nutrient removal in different configurations | 691 | ||
| 14.5.2 Membrane bioreactor design - case study | 704 | ||
| 14.6 FINAL REMARKS | 715 | ||
| Reference List | 718 | ||
| Appendix 1 | 732 | ||
| Determination of the oxygen uptake rate | 732 | ||
| A1.1 DETERMINATION OF THE APPARENT OUR | 733 | ||
| A1.2 CORRECTION FACTORS OF THE APPARENT OUR | 734 | ||
| A1.2.1 Representativeness of mixed liquor operational conditions | 734 | ||
| A1.2.2 Critical dissolved oxygen concentration | 734 | ||
| A1.2.3 Hydraulic effects | 735 | ||
| A1.2.4 Absorption of atmospheric oxygen | 736 | ||
| A1.2.5 The relaxation effect | 739 | ||
| Appendix 2 | 742 | ||
| Calibration of the general model | 742 | ||
| A2.1 CALIBRATION WITH CYCLIC LOADING | 743 | ||
| A2.2 CALIBRATION WITH BATCH LOADING | 747 | ||
| Appendix 3 | 750 | ||
| The non-ideal activated sludge system | 750 | ||
| Appendix 4 | 756 | ||
| Determination of nitrification kinetics | 756 | ||
| Appendix 5 | 764 | ||
| Determination of denitrification kinetics | 764 | ||
| Appendix 6 | 770 | ||
| Extensions to the ideal model | 770 | ||
| A6.1 IMPERFECT SOLID-LIQUID SEPARATION IN FINAL SETTLER | 770 | ||
| A6.1.1 Particulate organic nitrogen and phosphorus in the effluent | 771 | ||
| A6.1.2 Excess sludge production and composition | 773 | ||
| A6.2 NITRIFIER FRACTION IN THE VOLATILE SLUDGE MASS | 774 | ||
| Appendix 7 | 778 | ||
| Empiric methods for final settler sizing | 778 | ||
| A7.1 STORA DESIGN GUIDELINES (1981) | 778 | ||
| A7.1.1 Theoretical aspects | 778 | ||
| A7.1.2 Application of the STORA 1981 design guidelines | 781 | ||
| A7.1.3 Modifications to the STORA 1981 design guidelines | 783 | ||
| A7.2 FINAL SETTLER DESIGN COMPARISON METHODOLOGY | 785 | ||
| A7.3 ATV DESIGN GUIDELINES (1976) | 788 | ||
| A7.3.1 Theoretical aspects | 788 | ||
| A7.3.2 Modifications to the ATV 1976 design guidelines | 791 | ||
| Appendix 8 | 794 | ||
| Denitrification in the final settler | 794 | ||
| Appendix 9 | 802 | ||
| Aerobic granulated sludge | 802 | ||
| A9.1 BENEFITS OF AEROBIC GRANULAR SLUDGE SYSTEMS | 804 | ||
| A9.2 SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPERATION | 808 | ||
| A9.2.1 Process configurations | 808 | ||
| A9.2.2 Reactor configuration | 811 | ||
| A9.2.3 Operation of AGS systems | 811 | ||
| A9.2.4 Start-up of aerobic granular sludge reactors | 814 | ||
| A9.3 GRANULAR BIOMASS: EVALUATION AND POTENTIAL | 814 |