BOOK
Innovative and Integrated Technologies for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater
Antonio Lopez | Claudio Di Iaconi | Giuseppe Mascolo | Alfieri Pollice
(2011)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Innovative and Integrated Technologies for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater deals with advanced technological solutions for the treatment of industrial wastewater such as aerobic granular biomass based systems, advanced oxidation processes integrated with biological treatments, membrane contactors and membrane chemical reactors. Wastewater from pharmaceutical, chemical and food industries as well as landfill leachates are specifically considered as representative of major problems encountered when treating industrial streams. The economic and environmental sustainability of the above solutions are also reported in the book and compared with the alternatives currently available in the market by life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) methodologies. The implementation of the considered solutions at large scale could support and enhance the competitiveness of different industrial sectors, including the water technology sector, in the global market.
Innovative and Integrated Technologies for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater also makes a contribution towards defining: new concepts, processes and technologies in wastewater treatment with potential benefits for the stable quality of effluents, energy and operational costs saving, and the protection of the environment new sets of advanced standards for wastewater treatment new methodologies for the definition of wastewater treatment needs and framework conditions new information supporting development and implementation of water legislation.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover page | 1 | ||
| Half title page | 2 | ||
| Title page | 3 | ||
| Copyright page | 4 | ||
| Contents | 5 | ||
| Foreword | 8 | ||
| Contributors | 10 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 10 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 11 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 12 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 12 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 14 | ||
| 1.1 BACKGROUND | 14 | ||
| 1.1.1 Formation and morphology of aerobic granular sludge | 15 | ||
| 1.1.2 Modelling of aerobic granular sludge | 16 | ||
| 1.1.3 Aerobic granular sludge in practice | 17 | ||
| 1.2 LABORATORY SCALE EXPERIMENTS | 17 | ||
| 1.2.1 Introduction | 17 | ||
| 1.2.2 Objectives | 18 | ||
| 1.2.3 Method description & lab scale reactor setup | 19 | ||
| 1.2.4 Analytical methods | 20 | ||
| 1.2.5 Results | 22 | ||
| 1.2.5.1 Particulate and Polymeric COD | 22 | ||
| 1.2.5.1.1 Reactor Performance | 22 | ||
| 1.2.5.1.2 Microscopy analysis | 25 | ||
| 1.2.5.1.3 Microbial diversity | 25 | ||
| 1.2.5.1.4 Starch hydrolysis | 25 | ||
| 1.2.5.1.5 Oxygen uptake rate during the cycle | 28 | ||
| 1.2.5.1.6 Oxygen penetration measured with micro-electrodes | 29 | ||
| 1.2.5.1.7 Particulate removal in industrial practice | 30 | ||
| 1.2.5.1.8 Conclusions of the particulate and polymeric COD investigations | 32 | ||
| 1.2.5.2 Results of the high temperature experiments | 32 | ||
| 1.2.5.2.1 Granule Formation at 30°, 40° and 50°C | 32 | ||
| 1.2.5.2.2 Comparison of the granule characteristics grown at different temperatures | 36 | ||
| 1.2.5.2.3 COD and Nutrient Removal Performance at 30°, 40° and 50°C | 38 | ||
| 1.2.5.2.4 Comparison of Nutrient Removal at Different Temperatures | 40 | ||
| 1.2.5.2.5 Elevated Temperatures in Industrial Practice | 41 | ||
| 1.2.5.2.6 Conclusions of Temperature Studies | 42 | ||
| 1.2.5.3 Results of Batch Tests | 42 | ||
| 1.2.5.3.1 Fluor Phenol Batch Tests | 42 | ||
| 1.2.5.3.2 Salinity Batch Tests | 42 | ||
| 1.2.5.3.3 pH Batch Tests | 44 | ||
| 1.2.5.3.4 Conclusions of Batch Tests | 45 | ||
| 1.3 NEREDA TREATMENT OF FOOD INDUSTRY WASTEWATER | 46 | ||
| 1.3.1 Introduction | 46 | ||
| 1.3.2 NEREDA Treating Brewery Wastewater | 46 | ||
| 1.3.2.1 Setup of Nereda at brewery | 46 | ||
| 1.3.2.2 Results | 46 | ||
| 1.3.2.3 Conclusions of brewery wastewater | 48 | ||
| 1.3.3 NEREDA Treating Food Industry Wastewater | 49 | ||
| 1.3.3.1 Setup of Nereda Reactor | 49 | ||
| 1.3.3.2 Results | 49 | ||
| 1.3.3.3 Conclusions of food industry wastewater | 50 | ||
| 1.4 UNIFED TREATMENT OF ABATTOIR WASTEWATER | 51 | ||
| 1.4.1 Introduction | 51 | ||
| 1.4.2 Laboratory-Scale Experiences | 51 | ||
| 1.4.2.1 Development of aerobic granules from floccular sludge with abattoir wastewater | 51 | ||
| 1.4.2.2 Challenges associated with the start-up of aerobic granular reactors for the treatment of abattoir wastewater | 51 | ||
| 1.4.2.3 A novel seeding strategy: granules and floccular sludge mixture | 52 | ||
| 1.4.2.4 Nutrient removal | 53 | ||
| 1.4.2.5 Conclusions | 54 | ||
| 1.4.3 Pilot-Scale Experiences | 54 | ||
| 1.4.3.1 Past Experiences at the Site with Floccular Sludge | 55 | ||
| 1.4.3.2 Pilot-Plant Overview | 55 | ||
| 1.4.4 Pilot-Scale Experiences | 56 | ||
| 1.4.4.1 Commissioning | 56 | ||
| 1.4.4.2 Feed Characteristics | 57 | ||
| 1.4.4.3 Experimental Phases of Operation | 61 | ||
| 1.4.4.3.1 Reduced Settle Time Selective Pressure (May-Sep. ’08) | 62 | ||
| 1.4.4.3.2 Cycle and Feeding Regime Manipulation (Sep.-Dec. ’08) | 65 | ||
| 1.4.4.3.3 Shock Loading (Feb.-May ’09) | 65 | ||
| 1.4.4.3.4 Prefermenter Optimisation (May-Dec. ’09) | 67 | ||
| 1.4.4.3.5 Increased Hydraulic Loading (Sept.-Oct. ‘09) | 69 | ||
| 1.4.4.3.6 Increased Feed Event Loading (Oct.–Nov. ’09) | 69 | ||
| 1.4.5 Results of Pilot-Scale Experiences | 70 | ||
| 1.4.5.1 Identification of Granulation Driving Factors | 70 | ||
| 1.4.5.2 Importance of the Prefermenter | 75 | ||
| 1.4.5.3 Seeding with Aerobic Granules | 75 | ||
| 1.4.5.4 SBR Temperature Issues | 76 | ||
| 1.4.6 Conclusions | 76 | ||
| 1.5 SBBGR TREATMENT OF LANDFILL LEACHATES | 77 | ||
| 1.5.1 Introduction | 77 | ||
| 1.5.2 Materials and Methods | 78 | ||
| 1.5.2.1 Lab-scale plant | 78 | ||
| 1.5.2.1.1 Pre-treatment for nitrogen recovery | 78 | ||
| 1.5.2.1.2 SBBGR system | 78 | ||
| 1.5.2.1.3 Ozonation unit | 79 | ||
| 1.5.2.2 Plant operative plan | 79 | ||
| 1.5.2.3 Leachate composition | 81 | ||
| 1.5.2.4 Analytical methods | 81 | ||
| 1.5.3 Results | 84 | ||
| 1.5.3.1 Leachate treatment by SBBGR (Period A) | 84 | ||
| 1.5.3.2 Leachate treatment by struvite precipitation followed by SBBGR (period B) | 86 | ||
| 1.5.3.3 Leachate treatment by struvite precipitation followed by SBBGR integrated with ozonation (period C) | 89 | ||
| 1.5.3.4 Leachate treatment by SBBGR integrated with ozonation (period D) | 95 | ||
| 1.5.4. Conclusions | 98 | ||
| REFERENCES | 99 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 104 | ||
| 2.1 BACKGROUND | 104 | ||
| 2.2 RECALCITRANT WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY INTEGRATING SOLAR ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSES AND IMMOBILISED BIOMASS REACTOR | 107 | ||
| 2.2.1 Introduction | 107 | ||
| 2.2.1.1 Fenton and photo-Fenton | 108 | ||
| 2.2.1.2 Solar photocatalysis hardware | 110 | ||
| 2.2.2 Wastewater containing inhibiting/toxic compounds (pesticides) | 111 | ||
| 2.2.2.1 Preliminary, pilot plant and industrial scale tests using model wastewater | 112 | ||
| 2.2.2.1.1 Pilot and industrial scale plants | 112 | ||
| 2.2.2.1.2 Pilot scale results | 113 | ||
| 2.2.2.2 Industrial scale results | 116 | ||
| 2.2.3 Wastewater containing a large amount of biodegradable organic compounds in addition to small concentrations of recalcitran compounds (pharmaceuticals)\r | 118 | ||
| 2.2.3.1 Introduction | 118 | ||
| 2.2.3.2 Experimental details | 119 | ||
| 2.2.3.3 Wastewater treatment by AOP/Biotreatment | 119 | ||
| 2.2.3.4 Wastewater treatment by Biotreatment/AOP | 122 | ||
| 2.2.4. Conclusions | 125 | ||
| 2.3 FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES ON IMMOBILIZED PHOTO FENTON CATALYST\r | 125 | ||
| 2.3.1 Introduction | 125 | ||
| 2.3.2 Optimisation of photocatalyst preparation and lab scale experiments | 126 | ||
| 2.3.2.1 Experimental | 126 | ||
| 2.3.2.1.1 Chemicals | 126 | ||
| 2.3.2.1.2 Catalyst characterization | 126 | ||
| 2.3.2.1.3 Catalyst preparation | 126 | ||
| 2.3.2.1.4 Photo-reactor and irradiation procedure | 128 | ||
| 2.3.2.1.5 Analysis of the irradiated solutions | 129 | ||
| 2.3.2.2 Results | 129 | ||
| 2.3.2.2.1 Effect of functionalization on photocatalytic activity of PVFf-Fe oxide | 129 | ||
| 2.3.2.2.2 Effect of polymer film nature | 131 | ||
| 2.3.2.2.3 Effect of the pH during Ti-PC treatment | 132 | ||
| 2.3.2.2.4 Effect of TiO2 concentration used for the Ti-PC treatment on HQ mineralization by the system PVFTi-PC-Fe oxide/H2O2/light | 133 | ||
| 2.3.2.2.5 Effect of iron oxide coating conditions | 134 | ||
| 2.3.2.2.6 Nalidixic acid degradation: effect of salt content | 134 | ||
| 2.3.2.2.7 Long-term stability | 135 | ||
| 2.3.3 Applications: Adaptation to compound parabolic collector photoreactors | 135 | ||
| 2.3.3.1 Experimental | 135 | ||
| 2.3.3.1.1 Chemicals | 135 | ||
| 2.3.3.1.2 Catalyst preparation | 136 | ||
| 2.3.3.1.3 Photoreactor and irradiation procedure | 136 | ||
| 2.3.3.1.4 Analysis of the irradiated solutions | 137 | ||
| 2.3.3.2 Results | 137 | ||
| 2.3.3.2.1 Photocatalytic degradation of single compounds | 139 | ||
| 2.3.4 Photocatalytic degradation of compound mixtures | 140 | ||
| 2.3.4.1 Pesticide mixture | 140 | ||
| 2.3.4.2 Emerging contaminants mixture | 141 | ||
| 2.3.5 Conclusions | 143 | ||
| 2.4 MBR/AOP TREATMENT OF PHARMACEUTICALWASTEWATER\r | 143 | ||
| 2.4.1 Introduction | 143 | ||
| 2.4.2 Preliminary investigations | 144 | ||
| 2.4.2.1 Experimental | 144 | ||
| 2.4.2.1.1 Zahn-Wellens tests | 144 | ||
| 2.4.2.2 Biodegradability of pharmaceutical wastewaters | 145 | ||
| 2.4.2.3 Main organics biodegradability in the pharmaceutical wastewaters | 146 | ||
| 2.4.2.4 Removal of other organic compounds and metabolites during Zahn-Wellens tests | 146 | ||
| 2.4.3 Laboratory scale studies | 148 | ||
| 2.4.3.1 Materials and methods | 148 | ||
| 2.4.3.1.1 MBR, ozonation, and integrated process | 148 | ||
| 2.4.3.1.2 Analytical determinations | 149 | ||
| 2.4.3.2 Results | 149 | ||
| 2.4.3.2.1 MBR and MBR-ozonation performance in treating acyclovir wastewater | 150 | ||
| 2.4.3.2.2 Single and integrated process performance in treating nalidixic acid wastewater | 153 | ||
| 2.4.4 Conclusions | 159 | ||
| 2.5 BIOZO TREATMENT OF LANDFILL LEACHATE\r | 160 | ||
| 2.5.1 Introduction | 160 | ||
| 2.5.1.2 Objectives | 161 | ||
| 2.5.2 Materials and methods | 162 | ||
| 2.5.2.1 Laboratoryand pilot-scale experiments | 162 | ||
| 2.5.2.2 Batch experiments using biofilm | 163 | ||
| 2.5.2.3 Batch ozonation experiments | 163 | ||
| 2.5.3 Analytical methods | 164 | ||
| 2.5.3.1 Conventional water quality parameters | 164 | ||
| 2.5.3.2 Screening for xenobiotics | 164 | ||
| 2.5.3.3 Sample analyses for PAHs | 164 | ||
| 2.5.3.4 Toxicity measurements | 164 | ||
| 2.5.3.5 Characterisation of the landfill leachate used for system development | 164 | ||
| 2.5.4 Results | 165 | ||
| 2.5.4.1 Characterisation of the landfill leachate used for system development | 165 | ||
| 2.5.4.1.1 Conventional water quality parameters | 165 | ||
| 2.5.4.1.2 Xenobiotics | 165 | ||
| 2.5.4.1.3 PAHs occurrence | 165 | ||
| 2.5.4.2 Biological landfill leachate treatment | 166 | ||
| 2.5.4.2.1 Biodegradation kinetics | 166 | ||
| 2.5.4.2.2 The conceptual approach | 168 | ||
| 2.5.4.2.3 Substrate characterisation and microbial acclimatisation | 169 | ||
| 2.5.4.2.4 Microbial selection in biofilm by pre-anoxic reactor staging | 171 | ||
| 2.5.4.2.5 Excess solids removal and solids settling behaviour | 172 | ||
| 2.5.4.3 Assessment of controlled ozonation as a means to optimise biological landfill leachate treatment | 173 | ||
| 2.5.4.3.1 COD and nitrogen removal | 173 | ||
| 2.5.4.3.2 Ozone transfer and consumption in batch experiments | 175 | ||
| 2.5.4.4 Cost assessment | 179 | ||
| 2.5.5 Combining biological wastewater treatment with controlled ozonation ozonation – the BIOZO system\r | 179 | ||
| 2.5.5.1 COD removal | 180 | ||
| 2.5.5.2 PAHs and nitrogen removal | 180 | ||
| 2.5.5.3 Toxicity in the raw and treated landfill leachate | 182 | ||
| 2.5.5.4 PAHs removal from the solid phase and nitrogen removal | 183 | ||
| 2.5.6 Conclusions | 184 | ||
| REFERENCES | 185 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 191 | ||
| 3.1 BACKGROUND | 191 | ||
| 3.2 RECOVERY OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS WITH MEMBRANE CONTACTORS\r | 192 | ||
| 3.2.1 Introduction | 192 | ||
| 3.2.2 Membrane performance | 193 | ||
| 3.2.3 Membrane contactor modules | 194 | ||
| 3.2.4 Flow in spacer-filled channels | 196 | ||
| 3.2.5 Mass transfer investigations inside spiral wound modules | 201 | ||
| 3.2.6 Mass transfer investigations inside spiral wound modules | 203 | ||
| 3.2.7 Conclusions | 204 | ||
| 3.3 MEMBRANE CHEMICAL REACTOR DESIGN\r | 205 | ||
| 3.3.1 Introduction | 205 | ||
| 3.3.2 Description of the technology | 207 | ||
| 3.3.3 Factors influencing design: Results | 209 | ||
| 3.3.4 Conclusions | 221 | ||
| REFERENCES | 223 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 225 | ||
| 4.1 BACKGROUND | 225 | ||
| 4.2 METHODOLOGY\r | 226 | ||
| 4.2.1 Specific objectives | 226 | ||
| 4.2.2 General approach | 226 | ||
| 4.2.3 Data and software requirements | 227 | ||
| 4.2.3.1 Core processes | 227 | ||
| 4.2.3.2 Peripheral processes | 228 | ||
| 4.2.4 Environmental assessment methodology | 228 | ||
| 4.2.4.1 Goal and scope of the assessments | 228 | ||
| 4.2.4.2 Functional unit | 228 | ||
| 4.2.4.3 System boundaries | 228 | ||
| 4.2.4.4 Temporal boundaries | 228 | ||
| 4.2.4.5 Geographical boundaries | 228 | ||
| 4.2.4.6 Impact assessment | 229 | ||
| 4.2.4.7 Assessment of environmental cost/benefit | 229 | ||
| 4.2.4.8 Normalization | 230 | ||
| 4.2.5 Economic assessment | 231 | ||
| 4.2.6 Assessment strategy | 231 | ||
| 4.2.6.1 Progress compared to existing technology | 231 | ||
| 4.2.6.2 Finding the most efficient technology in a real case – The standard wastewater case\r | 232 | ||
| 4.3 FOOD INDUSTRY WASTEWATER\r | 232 | ||
| 4.3.1 The assessed treatment case | 232 | ||
| 4.3.1.1 The wastewater | 232 | ||
| 4.3.1.2 The treatment systems | 232 | ||
| 4.3.1.3 The inventory | 237 | ||
| 4.3.2 Results of the assessment | 238 | ||
| 4.3.2.1 Comparison of the NeredaTM and the activated-sludge technology | 238 | ||
| 4.3.2.2 Environmental efficiency of the NeredaTM treatment as such | 241 | ||
| 4.3.3 Conclusions of the assessment of the food wastewater treatment | 243 | ||
| 4.3.3.1 Environmental profiles of the NeredaTM and the activated sludge treatment systems | 243 | ||
| 4.3.3.2 Sustainability of the NeredaTM treatment system | 243 | ||
| 4.3.4 Uncertainties | 243 | ||
| 4.3.4.1 Uncertainties and data gaps in the process data | 243 | ||
| 4.3.4.2 Uncertainties in the normalization references | 244 | ||
| 4.3.4.3 Supply and sludge-disposal scenarios | 244 | ||
| 4.4 LANDFILL LEACHATE | 244 | ||
| 4.4.1 The assessed treatment case | 244 | ||
| 4.4.1.1 The leachate | 244 | ||
| 4.4.1.2 The treatment systems | 245 | ||
| 4.4.1.3 The inventory | 247 | ||
| 4.4.2 Results of the environmental assessment | 249 | ||
| 4.4.2.1 Summary of avoided and induced impacts | 249 | ||
| 4.4.2.2 Comparison of the treatment technologies – Assessment by normalization\r | 251 | ||
| 4.4.3 Economic assessment | 254 | ||
| 4.4.3.1 Costing data | 254 | ||
| 4.4.3.2 Results of the economic assessment | 257 | ||
| 4.4.4 Uncertainties | 258 | ||
| 4.4.5 Conclusions | 258 | ||
| 4.5 PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY WASTEWATER – THE STANDARD TREATMENT CASE\r | 259 | ||
| 4.5.1 Properties of nalidixic acid | 259 | ||
| 4.5.2 Mathematically modelled treatments – Photo-Fenton + IBR and membrane contactor + IBR\r | 260 | ||
| 4.5.2.1 Modelling the treatment of the nalidixic acid wastewater in the photocatalytic reactor, casephoto-Fenton + Immobilised Biomass Reactor (IBR) | 260 | ||
| 4.5.2.2 Modelling the treatment of the nalidixic acid wastewater in the photocatalytic reactor, caseImmobilised Biomass Reactor (IBR) + photo-Fenton | 261 | ||
| 4.5.2.3 Modelling the treatment of the nalidixic acid wastewater with a membrane contactor | 262 | ||
| 4.5.3 Treatment by the reference technology and by the membrane bioreactor | 263 | ||
| 4.5.4 Result of the environmental assessment | 264 | ||
| 4.5.5 Economic assessment | 266 | ||
| 4.5.5.1 Costing data | 266 | ||
| 4.5.5.2 Result of the economic assessment | 268 | ||
| 4.5.6 Conclusion | 268 | ||
| REFERENCES | 268 | ||
| CHAPTER 4 APPENDIX 1 | 270 | ||
| APPENDIX 2\r | 271 | ||
| APPENDIX 3 | 278 |