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Bioanalytical Tools in Water Quality Assessment

BOOK

Bioanalytical Tools in Water Quality Assessment

Beate Escher | Frederic Leusch | Heather Chapman | Anita Poulsen

(2011)

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Book Details

ISBN
978-1-78040-077-8
Edition
1
Language
English
Pages
266
Subjects
The environment
Environmental science, engineering & technology
Water supply & treatment

Abstract

Part of Water Quality Set - Buy all four books and save over 30% on buying separately!  
Bioanalytical Tools in Water Quality Assessment reviews the application of bioanalytical tools to the assessment of water quality including surveillance monitoring. The types of water included range from wastewater to drinking water, including recycled water, as well as treatment processes and advanced water treatment. Bioanalytical Tools in Water Quality Assessment not only demonstrates applications but also fills in the background knowledge in toxicology/ecotoxicology needed to appreciate these applications. 
Each chapter summarises fundamental material in a targeted way so that information can be applied to better understand the use of bioanalytical tools in water quality assessment. Bioanalytical tools in Water Quality Assessment can be used by lecturers teaching academic and professional courses and also by risk assessors, regulators, experts, consultants, researchers and managers working in the water sector. It can also be a reference manual for environmental engineers, analytical chemists, and toxicologists. 
Authors: Beate Escher, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (EnTox), The University of Queensland, Australia, Frederic Leusch, Smart Water Research Facility (G51), Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Australia. With contributions by  Heather Chapman and Anita Poulsen 

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover page 1
Half title page 2
Title page 3
Copyright page 4
Contents 5
Preface 13
Acknowledgements 15
Chapter 1 17
Chapter 2 36
2.1 INTRODUCTION 36
2.2 CURRENT RISK ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICALS 37
2.2.1 Hazard identification 38
2.2.2 Effect assessment 39
2.2.2.1 Dose-response assessment 39
2.2.2.2 PBT assessment 40
2.2.3 Exposure assessment 41
2.2.4 Risk characterisation 41
2.2.5 Risk management 42
2.3 APPLICATION OF BIOANALYTICAL TOOLS IN CHEMICAL RISK ASSESSMENT 42
2.3.1 Closing data gaps 42
2.3.2 Integrated testing strategy 43
2.3.3 Alternatives to animal testing methods 44
2.3.4 In vitro assays 45
2.3.5 Future directions for application of bioanalytical tools in quantitative risk assessment 45
2.4 CONCLUSIONS 47
Chapter 3 48
3.1 BACKGROUND 48
3.2 HUMAN USE OF WATER 49
3.2.1 Drinking water 49
3.2.2 Recycled water, stormwater and managed aquifer recharge 51
3.3 AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 52
3.4 WHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITY (WET) 53
3.4.1 Test systems in aquatic ecotoxicology commonly applied to WET testing 54
3.4.2 In situ WET testing 56
3.4.3 Ecological endpoints 57
3.4.4 Biomarkers in WET testing 57
3.4.5 “WET testing” using bioanalytical tools 58
3.4.6 Case study 1 – WET testing of Sydney municipal effluents 58
3.4.7 Case study 2 – Screening of wastewater quality using the fish embryo test 59
3.5 CONCLUSIONS 60
Chapter 4 62
4.1 INTRODUCTION 62
4.2 TOXICOKINETICS 63
4.2.1 Uptake, distribution and elimination 63
4.2.2 Xenobiotic metabolism 63
4.2.3 Toxicokinetic indicators of chemical exposure 64
4.2.4 Reflecting toxicokinetics in cell-based bioassays 65
4.3 TOXICODYNAMIC PROCESSES: TOXICITY PATHWAYS 67
4.4 MODE OF ACTION CLASSIFICATION 70
4.4.1 Non-specific toxicity 71
4.4.2 Specific modes of toxic action 74
4.4.2.1 Enzyme inhibition 74
4.4.2.2 Disturbance of energy production 75
4.4.2.3 Neurotoxicity 75
4.4.2.4 Modulation of endocrine functions 76
4.4.3 Reactive toxicity 77
4.4.3.1 Direct genotoxicity 77
4.4.3.2 Non-specific reactivity towards proteins 78
4.4.3.3 Oxidative stress 79
4.4.3.4 Lipid peroxidation 80
4.5 KEEPING THE RIGHT BALANCE: GENERAL STRESS RESPONSE PATHWAYS 80
4.6 CONCLUSIONS 82
Chapter 5 84
5.1 INTRODUCTION 84
5.2 ROUTE OF EXPOSURE 86
5.3 BASAL CYTOTOXICITY 86
5.4 TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY 88
5.4.1 Hepatotoxicity 88
5.4.2 Nephrotoxicity 89
5.4.3 Cardiovascular toxicity 90
5.4.3.1 Cardiotoxicity 90
5.4.3.2 Vascular toxicity 91
5.5 NON-ORGAN-DIRECTED TOXICITY 91
5.5.1 Carcinogenicity 92
5.5.2 Developmental toxicology 93
5.6 SYSTEM TOXICITY 93
5.6.1 Haematotoxicity 94
5.6.2 Immunotoxicity 95
5.6.3 Neurotoxicity 96
5.6.4 Endocrine toxicity 98
5.6.5 Reproductive toxicity 100
5.7 CONCLUSIONS 101
Chapter 6 102
6.1 INTRODUCTION 102
6.2 FROM THE CELLULAR LEVEL TO THE ECOSYSTEM 103
6.3 ADVERSE OUTCOME PATHWAYS FOR AQUATIC ORGANISMS 104
6.3.1 Adverse outcome pathways for algae 104
6.3.1.1 Baseline toxicity 104
6.3.1.2 Inhibition of photosynthesis by herbicides 105
6.3.2 Adverse outcome pathways for water flea 106
6.3.2.1 Baseline toxicity 106
6.3.2.2 Activity of insecticides 107
6.3.3 Adverse outcome pathways for fish 107
6.3.3.1 Baseline toxicity 107
6.3.3.2 Estrogenicity 108
6.4 USING IN VITRO ASSAYS TO UNDERSTAND TOXICITY PATHWAYS IN AQUATIC LIFE 109
6.5 CONCLUSIONS 109
Chapter 7 110
7.1 INTRODUCTION 110
7.2 DOSE RESPONSE ASSESSMENT 110
7.2.1 Dose-response curves 110
7.2.2 Toxicity continuum 113
7.2.3 Benchmark values to describe effects 114
7.3 TOXIC EQUIVALENCY CONCEPT 117
7.3.1 Relative effect potency (REP) 117
7.3.2 Relative enrichment factor (REF) and toxic equivalent concentration (TEQ) 119
7.3.3 Limitations to the application of the TEQ concept in water quality assessment 121
7.4 CONCLUSIONS 122
Chapter 8 123
8.1 INTRODUCTION 123
8.2 TOXICITY OF DEFINED MIXTURES 124
8.2.1 Independent action 124
8.2.2 Concentration or dose addition 125
8.2.3 Synergistic and antagonistic effects 126
8.2.4 Grouping of chemicals 128
8.2.5 Something from nothing? 129
8.3 ASSESSMENT OF CONCENTRATION-ADDITIVE EFFECTS USING THE TOXIC EQUIVALENCY CONCEPT 131
8.4 MIXTURES IN RISK ASSESSMENT 132
8.4.1 Concepts 132
8.4.2 Do we need to account for mixture effects in risk assessment? 134
8.4.3 Existing regulations 135
8.5 MIXTURES AND WATER QUALITY 136
8.5.1 What types of mixture effects occur in watersamples with thousands of chemicals at very lowconcentrations? 136
8.5.2 Bridging the gap between chemical and bioassay analysis of mixtures: TEQchem and TEQbio 136
8.6 CONCLUSION 137
Chapter 9 138
9.1 INTRODUCTION 138
9.2 PRINCIPLES OF CELL-BASED BIOASSAYS 139
9.3 PLANNING A SOUND BIOASSAY BATTERY 141
9.4 BIOASSAYS INDICATIVE OF NON-SPECIFIC TOXICITY 142
9.4.1 Bacterial assays 143
9.4.2 Yeast assays 144
9.4.3 Fish cell lines 145
9.4.4 Mammalian and human cell lines 145
9.5 BIOASSAYS INDICATIVE OF REACTIVE TOXICITY 146
9.5.1 Genotoxic carcinogens 146
9.5.2 Non-genotoxic electrophilic mechanisms 150
9.5.3 Epigenetic carcinogens 152
9.5.4 Oxidative stress 152
9.6 BIOASSAYS INDICATIVE OF SPECIFIC MODES OF ACTION 152
9.6.1 Target organ toxicity 153
9.6.1.1 Hepatotoxicity 153
9.6.1.2 Nephrotoxicity 155
9.6.1.3 Cardiovascular toxicity 155
9.6.2 Non-organ-directed toxicity 155
9.6.2.1 Carcinogenicity 155
9.6.2.2 Developmental toxicity 155
9.6.3 System toxicity 157
9.6.3.1 Haematotoxicity 157
9.6.3.2 Immunotoxicity 157
9.6.3.3 Neurotoxicity 157
9.6.3.4 Endocrine effects 159
9.6.3.5 Reproductive toxicity 163
9.6.4 Phytotoxicity 163
9.7 CONCLUSION 164
Chapter 10 165
10.1 INTRODUCTION 165
10.2 METHOD VALIDATION 166
10.2.1 Accuracy 166
10.2.2 Precision 166
10.2.3 Robustness 166
10.2.4 Selectivity 167
10.2.5 Sensitivity 167
10.2.6 Specificity 167
10.2.7 Sample stability 167
10.3 QA/QC IN THE LABORATORY 167
10.3.1 Replication 168
10.3.1.1 Within-plate replication 168
10.3.1.2 Between-plates replication 169
10.3.1.3 Between-runs replication 169
10.3.1.4 True sample replicates 169
10.3.2 Quality control samples 170
10.3.2.1 Standard curve 170
10.3.2.2 Positive control sample 172
10.3.2.3 Negative control sample 172
10.3.2.4 Field and laboratory blanks 172
10.3.2.5 Inter-assay sample 173
10.3.3 Control charts and fixed control criteria 173
10.3.3.1 Control charts 173
10.3.3.2 Fixed control criteria 174
10.3.4 Standardisation and documentation 174
10.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF SAMPLE PREPARATION 175
10.5 CONCLUSIONS 176
Chapter 11 177
11.1 INTRODUCTION 177
11.1.1 Historical background 177
11.1.2 Bioassay battery design considerations 178
11.1.3 Assessing treatment efficacy using bioassays 182
11.1.4 Introduction to the case studies 182
11.2 APPLICATION OF BIOANALYTICAL TOOLS TO ASSESS THE REMOVAL OF MICROPOLLUTANTS ACROSS THE URBAN WATER CYCLE 183
11.2.1 The urban water cycle: From sewage to drinkingwater 183
11.2.2 Some practical considerations 185
11.2.3 Benchmarking of water quality across the water cycle 186
11.2.4 Benchmarking treatment technologies 188
11.2.5 Comparison of chemical analysis and bioanalytical tools 189
11.3 BENCHMARKING HUMAN HEALTH RISK OF DIFFFERENT TYPES OF WATERS 191
11.4 ECOTOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT WITH OZONATION 195
Chapter 12 199
12.1 INTRODUCTION 199
12.2 ACHIEVEMENTS SO FAR 199
12.2.1 A sound guidance for selection of bioassays based on the conceptual framework of toxicity pathways 199
12.2.2 A more comprehensive measure of the realm of chemical pollutants 200
12.3 FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES 200
12.3.1 Matrix effects and extraction methods 201
12.3.2 Linking bioanalysis with chemical analysis 202
12.3.3 Linking bioanalysis with whole-animal testing 202
12.3.4 Bioassays that require further development 203
12.3.5 The “omics” 204
12.3.6 Three dimensional cell systems to better model whole organism response 204
12.3.7 Bioanalytical tools as the canaries in the coalmine? 204
12.4 THE ROAD TO REGULATORY ACCEPTANCE 205
12.4.1 Option 1: No observed effect of the undiluted water sample 206
12.4.2 Option 2: Definition of effect-based trigger values 206
12.4.3 Option 3: Redefinition of effect-based guideline values 207
12.5 CONCLUSIONS 207
Glossary 209
References 225
INDEX 257

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