Environmental Aspects of Zoonotic Diseases

Robert Armon; Uta Cheruti

BOOK

Environmental Aspects of Zoonotic Diseases

Robert Armon | Uta Cheruti

(2012)

Additional Information

Book Details

ISBN: 978-1-78040-076-1
Edition: 1
Language: English
Pages: 516
Subjects: The environment
Water supply & treatment
Mining technology & engineering

Abstract

Environmental Aspects of Zoonotic Diseases provides a definitive description, commentary and research needs of environmental aspects related to zoonotic diseases. There are many interrelated connections between the environment and zoonotic diseases such as: water, soil, air and agriculture. The book presents investigations of these connections, with specific reference to environmental processes such as: deforestation, floods, draughts, irrigation practices, soil transfer and their impact on bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitological spread. Environmental aspects such as climate (tropical, sub-tropical, temperate, arid and semi-arid), developed and undeveloped countries, animal (domestic and wild) traffic animal border crossing, commercial animal trade, transportation, as well geography and weather on zoonosis, are also discussed and relevant scientific data is condensed and organized in order to give a better picture of interrelationship between the environment and current spread of zoonotic diseases. Altogether, the book presents a remarkable and a vast amount of potential future research directions based on the link: environment-vectors-pathogens-humans. The most up-to-date source of information on this increasingly important cross-disciplinary subject, Environmental Aspects of Zoonotic Diseases will be invaluable for environmentalists, veterinarians, medical staff, environmental engineers, government agencies and consultants working in this field.

Section Title	Page	Action	Price
Cover page	1
Half title page	2
Title page	4
Copyright page	5
Contents	6
Preface	16
REFERENCES	18
Brief CV of the authors	20
Acknowledgements	22
Chapter 1	24
Introduction	24
Chapter 1.1	26
Human population and socio-economic distribution	26
1.1.1 REFERENCES	33
Chapter 1.2	34
Climate	34
1.2.1 REFERENCES	38
Chapter 1.3	39
Geographic variability	39
Chapter 1.4	41
Water and wastewater	41
1.4.1 REFERENCE	43
Chapter 1.5	44
Global animal trade	44
1.5.1 REFERENCES	45
Chapter 1.6	46
Environmental pollution	46
1.6.1 REFERENCES	50
Chapter 2	52
Bacterial Zoonoses	52
Chapter 2.1	54
Anthrax	54
[BACILLUS ANTHRACIS]	54
2.1.1 B. ANTHRACIS AND ENVIRONMENT	54
2.1.1.1 Water and soil	54
2.1.1.2 Conclusions and remarks	60
2.1.2 REFERENCES	61
Chapter 2.2	63
Bartonelloses (including cat scratch)	63
[BARTONELLA SPP.]	63
2.2.1 BARTONELLA AND ENVIRONMENT	63
2.2.1.1 Insects	63
2.2.1.2 Bartonella in pets	65
2.2.1.3 Weather and global warming	65
2.2.2 REFERENCES	65
Chapter 2.3	67
Borreliosis	67
[BORRELIA BURGDORFERI]	67
2.3.1 BORRELIA AND ENVIRONMENT	67
2.3.1.1 Borrelia and birds	67
2.3.1.2 Borrelia and forest	70
2.3.1.3 Other environmental factors	70
2.3.2 REFERENCES	71
Chapter 2.4	73
Brucelloses	73
[BRUCELLA SPP.]	73
2.4.1 BRUCELLA AND ENVIRONMENT	73
2.4.2 REFERENCES	76
Chapter 2.5	78
Campylobacterioses	78
[CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI]	78
2.5.1 CAMPYLOBACTER AND ENVIRONMENT	81
2.5.2 REFERENCES	82
Chapter 2.6	83
Capnocytophaga infections	83
[CAPNOCYTOPHAGA SPP.]	83
2.6.1 CAPNOCYTOPHAGA AND ENVIRONMENT	83
2.6.2 REFERENCES	83
Chapter 2.7	84
Chlamydial infections	84
[CHLAMYDOPHILA SPP.]	84
2.7.1 CHLAMYDIA AND ENVIRONMENT	84
2.7.2 REFERENCES	85
Chapter 2.8	87
Ehrlichioses	87
[EHRLICHIA SPP.]	87
2.8.1 EHRLICHIA AND ENVIRONMENT	87
2.8.2 REFERENCES	92
Chapter 2.9	94
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infections	94
[ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC ESHERICHIA COLI (EHEC)]	94
2.9.1 ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC ESHERICHIA COLI (EHEC) AND ENVIRONMENT	94
2.9.2 REFERENCES	97
Chapter 2.10	99
Erysipeloid	99
[ERYSIPELOTHRIX RHUSIOPATHIAE]	99
2.10.1 ERYSIPELOID AND ENVIRONMENT	99
2.10.2 REFERENCES	101
Chapter 2.11	102
Glanders (Malleus or Farcy)	102
[BURKHOLDERIA MALLEI]	102
2.11.1 BURKHOLDERIA MALLEI AND ENVIRONMENT	102
2.11.2 REFERENCES	104
Chapter 2.12	106
Leptospiroses	106
[LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS]	106
2.12.1 LEPTOSPIRA AND ENVIRONMENT	106
2.12.2 REFERENCES	108
Chapter 2.13	110
Listeriosis	110
[LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES]	110
2.13.1 LISTERIA AND ENVIRONMENT	110
2.13.2 REFERENCES	113
Chapter 2.14	115
Melioidosis	115
[BURKHOLDERIA PSEUDOMALLEI]	115
2.14.1 B. PSEUDOMALLEI AND ENVIRONMENT	115
2.14.2 REFERENCES	118
Chapter 2.15	120
Mycobacterial Infections	120
[MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS]	120
[MYCOBACTERIUM MARINUM]	120
[MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX (MAC)]	120
[MYCOBACTERIUM ULCERANS]	121
2.15.1 MYCOBACTERIUM AND ENVIRONMENT	121
2.15.2 REFERENCES	123
Chapter 2.16	125
Pasteurelloses	125
[PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA]	125
2.16.1 PASTEURELLA AND ENVIRONMENT (FIGURE 2.16.1)	125
2.16.2 REFERENCES	127
Chapter 2.17	129
Plague	129
[YERSINIA PESTIS]	129
2.17.1 YERSINIA PESTIS AND ENVIRONMENT	129
2.17.2 REFERENCES	136
Chapter 2.18	139
Rat bite Fever (RBF) or Sodoku	139
[SPIRILLUM MINUS OR STREPTOBACILLUS MONILIFORMIS]	139
2.18.1 RAT BITE FEVER AND ENVIRONMENT	139
2.18.2 REFERENCES	140
Chapter 2.19	142
Rickettsioses	142
[RICKETTSIA SPP.]	142
2.19.1 RICKETTSIA AND ENVIRONMENT (FIGURE 2.19.1)	142
2.19.2 REFERENCES	147
Chapter 2.20	149
Salmonelloses	149
[SALMONELLA SPP.]	149
2.20.1 SALMONELLA AND ENVIRONMENT	149
2.20.2 REFERENCES	154
Chapter 2.21	157
Staphylococcal Infections	157
[STAPHYLOCOCCI SPP.]	157
2.21.1 STAPHYLOCOCCUS AND ENVIRONMENT (FIGURE 2.21.1)	157
2.21.2 REFERENCES	161
Chapter 2.22	163
Streptococcal Infections	163
[STREPTOCOCCUS SPP.]	163
2.22.1 STREPTOCOCCUS AND ENVIRONMENT (FIGURE 2.22.1)	163
2.22.2 REFERENCES	166
Chapter 2.23	168
Tularemia	168
[FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS]	168
2.23.1 TULAREMIA AND ENVIRONMENT (FIGURE 2.23.1)	168
2.23.2 REFERENCES	172
Chapter 2.24	174
Vibrioses	174
[VIBRIO CHOLERAE]	174
2.24.1 VIBRIO AND ENVIRONMENT	174
2.24.2 REFERENCES	180
Chapter 2.25	183
Yersinioses	183
[YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA AND YERSINIA PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS]	183
2.25.1 Y. ENTEROCOLITICA, Y. PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS AND ENVIRONMENT (FIGURE 2.25.1)	183
2.25.2 REFERENCES	186
Chapter 2.26	188
Rare zoonotic bacteria	188
2.26.2 MISCELLANEOUS ZOONOTIC BACTERIA AND ENVIRONMENT (FIGURE 2.26.1)	188
2.26.3 REFERENCES	193
Chapter 3	198
Viral Zoonoses	198
Chapter 3.1	200
Alphavirus	200
[FAMILY TOGAVIRIDAE, GENUS ALPHAVIRUS]	200
3.1.1 ALPHAVIRUS AND ENVIRONMENT	202
3.1.2 REFERENCES	204
Chapter 3.2	206
Flaviviruses infections	206
[FAMILY FLAVIVIRIDAE, GENUS FLAVIVIRUS]	206
3.2.1 FLAVIVIRUSES AND ENVIRONMENT	206
3.2.2 REFERENCES	216
Chapter 3.3	218
Bunyaviridae	218
[FAMILY BUNYAVIRIDAE, GENUS HANTAVIRUS, NAIROVIRUS, ORTHOBUNYAVIRUS, PHLEBOVIRUS, TOSPOVIRUS]	218
3.3.1 BUNYAVIRIDAE AND ENVIRONMENT	218
3.3.2 REFERENCES	229
Chapter 3.4	232
Reoviruses	232
[COLTIVIRIDAE AND ORBIVIRIDAE]	232
3.4.1 REOVIRUSES AND ENVIRONMENT	232
3.4.2 REFERENCES	234
Chapter 3.5	236
Arenavirus	236
[FAMILY ARENAVIRIDAE, GENUS ARENAVIRUS]	236
3.5.1 ARENAVIRUSES AND ENVIRONMENT	236
3.5.2 REFERENCES	238
Chapter 3.6	240
Filoviridae	240
[ORDER MONONEGAVIRALES, FAMILY FILOVIRIDAE, GENUS MARBURGVIRUS, EBOLAVIRUS]	240
3.6.1 FILOVIRUSES AND ENVIRONMENT	240
3.6.2 REFERENCES	242
Chapter 3.7	243
Rhabdoviruses infections	243
[ORDER MONONEGAVIRALES, FAMILY RABDOVIRIDAE, GENUS LYSSAVIRUS, VESICULOVIRUS]	243
3.7.1 RABIES VIRUS	243
3.7.1.1 Rabies and environment	243
3.7.2 REFERENCES	245
3.7.3 VESICULAR STOMATITIS	246
3.7.3.1 [Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-VSV, Vesiculovirus genus]	246
3.7.3.2 VSV and environment	246
3.7.4 REFERENCES	248
Chapter 3.8	250
Paramyxovirus	250
[ORDER MONONEGAVIRALES, FAMILY PARAMYXOVIRIDAE, SUBFAMILY PARAMYXOVIRINAE, GENUS AVULAVIRUS, HENIPAVIRUS, MORBILLIVIRUS, RESPIROVIRUS, RUBULAVIRUS]	250
3.8.1 NEW CASTLE DISEASE AND ENVIRONMENT	250
3.8.2 MENANGLE VIRUS AND ENVIRONMENT	251
3.8.3 HENDRA AND NIPHA VIRUSES AND ENVIRONMENT	251
3.8.4 REFERENCES	252
Chapter 3.9	254
Orthomyxovirus	254
[SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS H1SWN1, AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUSES-H5N1, H7N7 AND H9N2,	254
3.9.1 SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS AND ENVIRONMENT	255
3.9.2 AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS AND ENVIRONMENT	256
3.9.3 REFERENCES	258
Chapter 3.10	260
Picornavirus	260
[FAMILY PICORNAVIRIDAE, GENUS APHTHOVIRUS, CARDIOVIRUS, ENTEROVIRUS]	260
3.10.1 REFERENCES	261
Chapter 3.11	262
Herpesvirus	262
[FAMILY HERPESVIRIDAE, SUPFAMILY ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE, GENUS SIMPLEXVIRUS, SPECIES MACACINE HERPESVIRUS 1]	262
3.11.1 HERPES B VIRUS TRANSMISSION AND ENVIRONMENT	262
3.11.2 REFERENCES	263
Chapter 3.12	264
Poxvirus	264
[FAMILY POXVIRIDAE, SUBFAMILY CHORDOPOXVIRINAE, GENERA ORTHOPOXVIRUS, PARAPOXVIRUS, AVIPOXVIRUS, CAPRIPOXVIRUS, LEPORIPOXVIRUS, SUIPOXVIRUS, MOLLUSCIPOXVIRUS, YATAPOXVIRUS]	264
3.12.1 POXVIRUS AND TRANSMISSION AND ENVIRONMENT	264
3.12.2 REFERENCES	268
Chapter 3.13	270
Coronaviruses	270
[FAMILY CORONAVIRIDAE, SUBFAMILY CORONAVIRINAE, GENUS ALPHACORONAVIRUS, BETACORONAVIRUS, GAMMACORONAVIRUS]	270
3.13.1 SARS AND ENVIRONMENT	270
3.13.2 REFERENCES	272
Chapter 3.14	273
Prions and zoonoses	273
[BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY-BSE, NEW VARIANT OF CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE-NVCJD, GERSTMANNSTRÄUSSLER SCHEINKER SYNDROME-GS	273
3.14.1 BSE AND ENVIRONMENT	273
3.14.2 REFERENCES	275
Chapter 4	278
Parasitic Zoonoses	278
Chapter 4.1	280
Protozoa	280
Chapter 4.1.1	281
Amebiasis	281
[ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA]	281
4.1.1.1 ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA AND ENVIRONMENT (FIGURE 4.1.1.1)	281
4.1.1.2 REFERENCES	283
Chapter 4.1.2	285
Babesiosis (aka Piroplasmosis)	285
[BABESIA SPP.]	285
4.1.2.1 BABESIA SPP. AND ENVIRONMENT (FIGURE 4.1.2.1)	285
4.1.2.2 REFERENCES	288
Chapter 4.1.3	290
Balantidiasis	290
[BALANTIDIUM COLI]	290
4.1.3.1. BALANTIDIUM COLI AND ENVIRONMENT	290
4.1.3.2 REFERENCES	292
Chapter 4.1.4	293
Chagas’ disease (AmericanTrypanosomiasis)	293
[TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI]	293
4.1.4.1 TRYPANOZOMA CRUZI AND ENVIRONMENT	294
4.1.4.2 REFERENCES	297
Chapter 4.1.5	298
Cryptosporidiosis	298
[CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM]*	298
4.1.5.1 CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM AND ENVIRONMENT	298
4.1.5.2 REFERENCES	302
Chapter 4.1.6	304
Giardiasis (Lambliasis)	304
[GIARDIA INTESTINALIS-SYN. G. LAMBLIA OR G. DUODENALIS]	304
4.1.6.1 GIARDIA AND ENVIRONMENT (FIGURE 4.1.6.1)	304
4.1.6.2 REFERENCES	307
Chapter 4.1.7	310
Leishmaniasis	310
[LEISHMANIA SPP.]	310
4.1.7.1 LEISHMANIA SPP. AND ENVIRONMENT	313
4.1.7.2 REFERENCES	317
Chapter 4.1.8	321
Microsporidiosis	321
[MICROSPORIDIA SPP.]	321
4.1.8.1 ENVIRONMENT AND MICROSPORIDIA	321
4.1.8.2 REFERENCES	325
Chapter 4.1.9	327
Monkey Malaria (Simian Malaria)	327
[PLASMODIUM SPP.]	327
4.1.9.1 SIMIAN MALARIA AND ENVIRONMENT	327
4.1.9.2 REFERENCES	334
Chapter 4.1.10	336
Sarcosporidiosis	336
[SARCOCYSTIS SPP. FORMERLY ISOSPORA HOMINIS]	336
4.1.10.1 SARCOCYSTIS AND ENVIRONMENT	336
4.1.10.2 REFERENCES	338
Chapter 4.1.11	340
Sleeping sickness (African Trypanosomiasis)	340
[TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI GAMBIENSE, TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI RHODESIENSE]	340
4.1.11.1 AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	341
4.1.11.2 REFERENCES	344
Chapter 4.1.12	346
Toxoplasmosis	346
[TOXOPLASMA GONDII]	346
4.1.12.1 TOXOPLASMA GONDII AND ENVIRONMENT	347
4.1.12.2 REFERENCES	350
Chapter 4.2	352
Helminthic zoonoses	352
Chapter 4.2.1	353
Trematodes	353
[SCHISTOSOMATIDAE]	353
4.2.1.1 CERCARIAL DERMATITIS	353
4.2.1.1.1 Cercarial dermatitis and environment	358
4.2.1.1.2. REFERENCES	358
Chapter 4.2.1.2	359
Clonorchiasis	359
[CLONORCHIS SINENSIS]	359
4.2.1.2.1 CLONORCHIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	359
4.2.1.2.2 REFERENCES	361
Chapter 4.2.1.3	362
Dicrocoeliasis (Distomatosis)	362
[DICROCOELIM DENDRITICUM, DICROCOELIM HOSPES]	362
4.2.1.3.1 DICROCOELIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	362
4.2.1.3.2 REFERENCES	363
Chapter 4.2.1.4	364
Echinostomiasis (Intestinal Fluke Infection)	364
[ECHINOSTOMATIDAE FAMILY: E.G. ECHINOSTOMA HORTENSE, E. REVOLATUM, E. LINDOENSE, E. CINETORCHIS, ECHINOCHASMUS PERFOLIATUS, HYPODERAEUM CONOIDEUM, EUPARYPHIUM MELIS]	364
4.2.1.4.1 ECHINOSTOMIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	364
4.2.1.4.2 REFERENCES	366
Chapter 4.2.1.5	367
Fasciolasis	367
[FASCIOLA HEPATICA AND FASCIOLA GIGANTICA]	367
4.2.1.5.1 FASCIOLASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	368
4.2.1.5.2 REFERENCES	370
Chapter 4.2.1.6	373
Fasciolopsiasis	373
[FASCIOLOPSIS BUSKI]	373
4.2.1.6.1 FASCIOLOPSIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	373
4.2.1.6.2 REFERENCES	374
Chapter 4.2.1.7	375
Heterophyiasis	375
[HETEROPHYDAE FAMILY]	375
4.2.1.7.1 HETEROPHYIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	375
4.2.1.7.2 REFERENCES	376
Chapter 4.2.1.8	378
Optisthorchiasis	378
[OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS, OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI]	378
4.2.1.8.1 OPISTHORCHIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	378
4.2.1.8.2 REFERENCES	379
Chapter 4.2.1.9	380
Paragonimiasis (Pulmonary distomatisis)	380
[GENUS PARAGONIMUS, PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI]	380
4.2.1.9.1 PARAGONIMIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	381
4.2.1.9.2 REFERENCES	382
Chapter 4.2.1.10	383
Schistosomiasis (Bilharziosis)	383
[SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI, S. HAEMATOBIUM, S. JAPONICUM, S. MEKONGI, S. MATTHEEI, S. INTERCALATUM, S. BOVIS AND TO LESSER EXTENT S. MAGREBOWIEI, S. RODHAINI]	383
4.2.1.10.1 SCHISTOSOMIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	384
4.2.1.10.2 REFERENCES	387
Chapter 4.2.1.11	389
Other Trematodal Infections	389
[EURYTREMA PANCREATICUM, GASTRODISCOIDES HOMINI,NANOPHYETES SALMINCOLA]	389
4.2.1.11.1 EURYTREMA PANCREATICUM, GASTRODISCOIDES HOMINI, NANOPHYETES SALMINCOLA AND ENVIRONMENT	392
4.2.1.11.2 REFERENCES	393
Chapter 4.2.2	394
Cestodes	394
Chapter 4.2.2.1	396
Coenurosis	396
[TAENIA MULTICEPS, T. BRAUNI, T. SERIALIS, T. GLOMERATA]	396
4.2.2.1.1 COENUROSIS AND ENVIRONMENT	396
4.2.2.1.2 REFERENCES	397
Chapter 4.2.2.2	398
Diphyllobothriasis	398
[DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM, D. DENDITRICUM, D. PACIFICUM, D. NIHONKAIENSE]	398
4.2.2.2.1 DIPHYLLOBOTHRIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	398
4.2.2.2.2 REFERENCES	399
Chapter 4.2.2.3	400
Dipylidosis	400
[DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM]	400
4.2.2.3.1 DIPYLIDOSIS AND ENVIRONMENT	400
4.2.2.3.2 REFERENCES	402
Chapter 4.2.2.4	403
Echinococcosis	403
[ECHINOCOCCUS MULTILOCULARIS, E. GRANULOSUS, E.VOGELI, E. OLIGARTHUS]	403
4.2.2.4.1 ECHINOCOCCOSIS AND ENVIRONMENT	405
4.2.2.4.2 REFERENCES	407
Chapter 4.2.2.5	409
Hymenolepiasis	409
[HYMENOLEPSIS NANA (H. FRATERNA), H. DIMINUTA]	409
4.2.2.5.1 HYMENOLEPIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	409
4.2.2.5.2 REFERENCES	410
Chapter 4.2.2.6	412
Sparganosis	412
[SPIROMETRA GENUS, S. MANSONI, S. RANARUM, S. MANSONOIDES AND S. ERINACEI, AND THE ABERRANT SPARGANUM PROLIFERUM]	412
4.2.2.6.1 SPARGANOSIS AND ENVIRONMENT	412
4.2.2.6.2 REFERENCES	413
Chapter 4.2.2.7	414
Taeniasis Saginata (Including Taeniasis Asiatica)	414
[TAENIA SAGINATA SAGINATA, TAENIA SAGINATA ASIATICA]	414
4.2.2.7.1 TAENIASIS SAGINATA AND ENVIRONMENT	414
4.2.2.7.2 REFERENCES	416
Chapter 4.2.2.8	417
Taeniasis Solium and Cysticercosis	417
[TAENIA SOLIUM]	417
4.2.2.8.1 TAENIASIS SOLIUM AND CYSTICERCOSIS AND ENVIRONMENT	417
4.2.2.8.2 REFERENCES	418
Chapter 4.2.2.9	420
Other Intestinal Cestode Infections	420
[BERTIELLA SPP., RAILLIENTINA SPP., INERMICAPSIFER MADAGASCARIENSIS, I. CUBENSIS, MESOCESTOIDES VARIBILIS, M. LINEATUS, DIPLOGONOPORUS GRANDIS]	420
4.2.2.9.1 OTHER INTESTINAL CESTODES AND ENVIRONMENT	420
4.2.2.9.2 REFERENCES	422
Chapter 4.2.3	423
Nematodes	423
Chapter 4.2.3.1	427
Angiostrongyliasis	427
[ANGIOSTRONGYLUS CANTONENSIS, ANGIOSTRONGYLUSCOSTARICENSIS]	427
4.2.3.1.1 ANGIOSTRONGYLIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	428
4.2.3.1.2 REFERENCES	429
Chapter 4.2.3.2	430
Anisakiasis (Herring Worm Disease)	430
[ANISAKIS SIMPLEX, PSEUDOTERRANOVADECIPIENS]	430
4.2.3.2.1 ANISAKIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	431
4.2.3.2.2 REFERENCES	433
Chapter 4.2.3.3	435
Capillariasis (hepatic, intestinal and pulmonary)	435
[CAPILLARIA HEPATICA, C. PHILIPPINENSIS, C.AEROPHILA]	435
4.2.3.3.1 CAPILLARIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	436
4.2.3.3.2 REFERENCES	438
Chapter 4.2.3.4	440
Dioctophymiasis	440
[DIOCTOPHYMA RENALE]	440
4.2.3.4.1 DIOCTOPHYMIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	440
4.2.3.4.2 REFERENCES	441
Chapter 4.2.3.5	442
Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm infection)	442
[DRACUNCULUS MEDINENSIS]	442
4.2.3.5.1 DRACUNCULIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	442
4.2.3.5.2 REFERENCES	443
Chapter 4.2.3.6	444
Eosinophilic enteritis	444
[ANCYLOSTOMA CANINUM]	444
4.2.3.6.1 EOSINOPHILIC ENTERITIS AND ENVIRONMENT	444
4.2.3.6.2 REFERENCES	446
Chapter 4.2.3.7	447
Filariasis	447
4.2.3.7.1 GENERAL	447
4.2.3.7.2 BRUGIA FILARIASIS (LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS)	447
4.2.3.7.3 FILARIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	448
4.2.3.7.4 REFERENCES	450
Chapter 4.2.3.8	452
Dirofilariasis	452
[DIROFILARIA IMMITIS, D. REPENS, D. TENUIS, D. URSI, AND D. STRIATA]	452
4.2.3.8.1 DIROFILARIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	452
4.2.3.8.2 REFERENCES	454
Chapter 4.2.3.9	455
Gnathostomiasis	455
[GNATHOSTOMA SPINIGERUM, G. HISPIDUM, G. DOLORESI,G. NIPPONICUM]	455
4.2.3.9.1 GNATHOSTOMIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	455
4.2.3.9.2 REFERENCES	456
Chapter 4.2.3.10	457
Gongylonemiasis	457
[GENUS GONGYLONEMA, GONGYLONEMA PULCHRUM]	457
4.2.3.10.1 GONGYLONEMIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	457
4.2.3.10.2 REFERENCES	458
Chapter 4.2.3.11	459
Lagochilascariasis	459
[LAGOCHILASCARIS MINOR]	459
4.2.3.11.1 LAGOCHILASCARIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	459
4.2.3.11.2 REFERENCES	460
Chapter 4.2.3.12	461
Larva migrans cutanea	461
[ANCYLOSTOMA BRAZILIENSE, UNCINARIA STENOCEPHALA, A. CANINUM, A. TUBAEFORMAE, BUNOSTOMUM PHLEBOTONUM]	461
4.2.3.12.1 LARVA MIGRANS CUTANEA AND ENVIRONMENT	461
4.2.3.12.2 REFERENCES	463
Chapter 4.2.3.13	464
Larva migrans visceralis	464
[TOXOCARA CANIS, TOXOCARA CATI-SYN. MYSTAX,BAYLISASCARIS PROCYONIS]	464
4.2.3.13.1 LARVA MIGRANS VISCERALIS AND ENVIRONMENT	465
4.2.3.13.2 REFERENCES	466
Chapter 4.2.3.14	468
Oesophagostomiasis	468
[OESOPHAGOSTOMUM BIFURCUM, O. ACULEATUM, O. STEPHANOSTOMUM]	468
4.2.3.14.1 OESOPHAGOSTOMIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	469
4.2.3.14.2 REFERENCES	471
Chapter 4.2.3.15	472
Strongyloidiasis	472
[STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS, S. FUELLEBORNI, S. FUELLEBORNI KELLY]	472
4.2.3.15.1 STRONGYLOIDIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	473
4.2.3.15.2 REFERENCES	474
Chapter 4.2.3.16	476
Syngamiasis	476
[MAMMOMONOGAMUS LARYNGEUS]	476
4.2.3.16.1 SYNGAMIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	476
4.2.3.16.2 REFERENCES	477
Chapter 4.2.3.17	478
Thelaziasis	478
[THELAZIA CALLIPAEDA, T. CALIFORNIENSIS]	478
4.2.3.17.1 THELAZIASIS AND ENVIRONMENT	478
4.2.3.17.2 REFERENCES	479
Chapter 4.2.3.18	480
Trichinosis (Trichinellosis)	480
[TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, T. NATIVE, T. BRIVOTI, T. PSEUDOSPIRALIS,T. MURRELLI, T. NELSON, T. PAPUE AND T. ZIMBABWENSIS]	480
4.2.3.18.1 TRICHINOSIS AND ENVIRONMENT	484
4.2.3.18.2 REFERENCES	486
Chapter 4.2.3.19	487
Trichostrongylidiasis (Trichostrongylosis)	487
[TRYCHOSTRONGYLUS, MARSHALLGIA, MECISTOCIRRUS GENERA]	487
4.2.3.19.1 TRICHOSTRONGYLOSIS AND ENVIRONMENT	487
4.2.3.19.2 REFERENCES	489
Chapter 4.2.3.20	491
Other Nematodic Infections	491
[ANCYLOSTOMA CEYLANICUM, PHYSALOPTERA CAUCASICA,TERNIDENS DEMINATUS]	491
4.2.3.20.1 ANCYLOSTOMA CEYLANICUM, PHYSALOPTERA CAUCASICA,TERNIDENS DEMINATUS AND ENVIRONMENT	491
4.2.3.20.2 REFERENCES	492
Chapter 5	494
Fungal Zoonoses	494
Chapter 5.1	496
Microsporum spp.	496
[MICROSPORUM CANIS, M. NANUM, M. AUDOUINII, M. EQUINUM,M. GALLINAE]	496
5.1.1 MICROSPORUM SPP. AND ENVIRONMENT (FIGURE 5.1.1)	496
5.1.2 REFERENCES	499
Chapter 5.2	500
Pneumocystosis (Pneumocystis pneumonia)	500
[PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII FORMERLY CARINII]	500
5.2.1 PNEUMOCYSTIS AND ENVIRONMENT	500
5.2.2 REFERENCES	502
Chapter 5.3	503
Trichophyton spp.	503
[TRICHOPHYTON MENTAGROPHYTES, VERRUCOSUM, EQUINUM,QUINKEANUM, ERINACEI]	503
5.3.1 TRICHOPHYTON SPP. AND ENVIRONMENT	503
5.3.2 REFERENCES	505
Chapter 5.4	507
Sporotrichosis	507
[SPOROTHRIX SCHENCKII]	507
5.4.1 SPOROTHRIX SCHENCKII AND ENVIRONMENT	507
5.4.2 REFERENCES	508
Index	510

Environmental Aspects of Zoonotic Diseases

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