BOOK
Milestones in Water Reuse
Valentina Lazarova | Takashi Asano | Akica Bahri | John Anderson
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Milestones in Water Reuse: The Best Success Stories illustrates the benefits of water reuse in integrated water resources management and its role for water cycle management, climate change adaptation and water in the cities of the future. Selected case studies are used to illustrate the different types of water reuse, i.e. agricultural irrigation, golf course and landscape irrigation, urban and industrial uses, environmental enhancement, as well as indirect and direct potable reuse. The various aspects related to water reuse are covered, including treatment technologies, water quality, economics, public acceptance, benefits, keys for success and main constraints. These international case studies highlight the best practices for the implementation of water reuse and provide the perspective for the integration of water recycling projects in the future, both for megacities and rural areas.Â
Milestones in Water Reuse: The Best Success Stories demonstrates that planned water reuse is a cost competitive and energy-saving option to increase water availability and reliability. This book provides policy makers and regulators with a good understanding of water reuse and helps them to consider recycled water as safe and how it can be used. It is intended to be read by all people in the water sector and shows how water reuse is safe, economically viable, environmentally friendly and can provide high social benefits.Â
Editors: Valentina Lazarova, Suez Environnement, France Takashi Asano, University of California at Davis, USA Akica Bahri, African Development Bank, Tunisia John Anderson, Afton Water, AustraliaÂ
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover\r | Cover | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| List of contributors | xiii | ||
| Preface | xix | ||
| Foreword | xxi | ||
| INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER | 1 | ||
| Milestones in water reuse: main challenges, keys to success and trends of development. An overview | 1 | ||
| Why water reuse? | 1 | ||
| Water reuse terminology | 4 | ||
| Water reuse applications | 6 | ||
| Worldwide advances in water reuse | 6 | ||
| Milestones in water reuse for agriculture | 9 | ||
| Milestones in urban water reuse | 12 | ||
| Milestones in indirect and direct potable water reuse | 15 | ||
| Milestones in industrial water reuse | 16 | ||
| Challenges for expanding water reuse | 18 | ||
| Economic and financial issues | 18 | ||
| Public and political support and communication | 19 | ||
| Innovating technology, improving reliability and energy efficiency | 19 | ||
| Public water supply from polluted water sources | 20 | ||
| Technological advances and opportunities for potable reuse | 20 | ||
| Towards sustainable water cycle management with water reuse | 20 | ||
| REFERENCES | 20 | ||
| PART I: The role of water reuse in integrated water management and cities of the future\r | 23 | ||
| Integrated water management and diversification of supplies | 23 | ||
| Using water portfolios to manage risk | 23 | ||
| Integrated water management case studies | 23 | ||
| Keys to success | 26 | ||
| 1: Water for life: diversification and water reuse as ingredients in Sydney’s integrated water plan\r | 27 | ||
| 1.1 INTRODUCTION | 27 | ||
| Creation of the Metropolitan Water Plan process for Sydney | 27 | ||
| 1.2 THE 2006 METROPOLITAN WATER PLAN | 28 | ||
| 1.3 THE 2010 METROPOLITAN WATER PLAN | 28 | ||
| Water for life | 28 | ||
| Water sharing | 29 | ||
| Water for the environment | 29 | ||
| Community planning principles | 29 | ||
| Independent review | 30 | ||
| Developing the 2010 Metropolitan Water Plan portfolio | 30 | ||
| Water efficiency | 30 | ||
| Water recycling | 31 | ||
| Desalination | 32 | ||
| System upgrading | 33 | ||
| Drought contingencies | 33 | ||
| Drought restrictions | 33 | ||
| The supply-demand balance | 33 | ||
| 1.4 THE 2014 METROPOLITAN WATER PLAN | 34 | ||
| Understanding climate variability and climate change | 34 | ||
| Environmental flows from Warragamba Dam | 34 | ||
| Innovation | 34 | ||
| 1.5 OVERVIEW | 34 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 35 | ||
| WEB-LINKS FOR FURTHER READING | 35 | ||
| 2: Producing designer recycled water tailored to customer needs\r | 37 | ||
| 2.1 INTRODUCTION | 37 | ||
| Brief history of the project development | 38 | ||
| Main drivers for water reuse | 38 | ||
| Milestones of water recycling in West Basin | 38 | ||
| Project objectives and incentives | 39 | ||
| 2.2 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL | 39 | ||
| Recycling facilities and treatment trains | 39 | ||
| Satellite treatment plants | 41 | ||
| Seawater intrusion barrier | 41 | ||
| Recycled water distribution system | 41 | ||
| Recycled water quality | 42 | ||
| Title-22 product water | 42 | ||
| Barrier product water | 43 | ||
| Compliance record | 43 | ||
| Industrial water quality | 44 | ||
| Major challenges for operation | 45 | ||
| 2.3 WATER REUSE APPLICATIONS | 47 | ||
| Evolution of the volume of supplied recycled water | 47 | ||
| Relations and contracts with end-users | 48 | ||
| 2.4 ECONOMICS OF WATER REUSE | 48 | ||
| Project funding and costs | 48 | ||
| Pricing strategy of recycled water | 48 | ||
| Benefits of water recycling | 49 | ||
| 2.5 HUMAN DIMENSION OF WATER REUSE | 50 | ||
| 2.6 CONCLUSIONS | 51 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 51 | ||
| 3: NEWater: A key element of Singapore’s water sustainability\r | 53 | ||
| 3.1 INTRODUCTION | 53 | ||
| Main drivers for water reuse | 54 | ||
| Singapore’s journey to water reuse | 54 | ||
| 3.2 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL | 56 | ||
| Multi-barrier approach | 56 | ||
| Comprehensive water quality monitoring | 57 | ||
| NEWater production process | 57 | ||
| Main challenges for operation | 57 | ||
| 3.3 NEWater APPLICATIONS | 59 | ||
| 3.4 HUMAN DIMENSION OF NEWater | 59 | ||
| The role of decision makers | 59 | ||
| Public communication strategy | 60 | ||
| Public education: The NEWater Visitor Centre | 60 | ||
| 3.5 CONCLUSIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED | 61 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 62 | ||
| WEB-LINKS FOR FURTHER READING | 62 | ||
| 4: Integration of water reuse in the management of water resources in Costa Brava\r | 63 | ||
| 4.1 INTRODUCTION | 63 | ||
| Drinking water supply | 64 | ||
| Wastewater treatment | 64 | ||
| Water reuse objectives and incentives | 64 | ||
| 4.2 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL | 65 | ||
| Treatment trains for water recycling | 65 | ||
| Water quality control and monitoring | 65 | ||
| 4.3 WATER REUSE APPLICATIONS | 69 | ||
| Evolution of the volume of supplied recycled water | 69 | ||
| Relations and contracts with end-users | 70 | ||
| 4.4 ECONOMICS OF WATER REUSE | 70 | ||
| Project funding and costs | 70 | ||
| Pricing strategy of recycled water | 71 | ||
| Benefits of water recycling | 71 | ||
| 4.5 HUMAN DIMENSION OF WATER REUSE | 72 | ||
| 4.6 CONCLUSIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED | 72 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 73 | ||
| WEB-LINKS FOR FURTHER READING | 73 | ||
| 5: Integration of water reuse for the sustainable management of water resources in Cyprus\r | 74 | ||
| 5.1 INTRODUCTION | 74 | ||
| Main drivers for water reuse | 74 | ||
| Brief history of the project development | 75 | ||
| Project objectives, incentives and water reuse applications | 75 | ||
| The case of the Sewerage Board of Limassol-Amathus | 76 | ||
| 5.2 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES IN WATER QUALITY CONTROL | 77 | ||
| Treatment trains for water recycling | 77 | ||
| Water quality control and monitoring | 77 | ||
| Main challenges for operation | 77 | ||
| 5.3 WATER REUSE APPLICATIONS | 78 | ||
| Evolution of the volume of supplied recycled water | 79 | ||
| 5.4 ECONOMICS OF WATER REUSE | 79 | ||
| Project funding and costs | 79 | ||
| Pricing strategy of recycled water | 80 | ||
| 5.5 HUMAN DIMENSION OF WATER REUSE | 80 | ||
| Public education and communication strategy | 80 | ||
| Public acceptance and involvement | 81 | ||
| 5.6 CONCLUSIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED | 81 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 81 | ||
| 6: Role of water reuse for Tianjin, a megacity suffering from serious water shortage\r | 82 | ||
| 6.1 INTRODUCTION | 82 | ||
| Brief history of the project development | 84 | ||
| Project objectives, incentives and water reuse applications | 84 | ||
| 6.2 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL | 84 | ||
| Treatment trains for water recycling | 84 | ||
| Water quality control and monitoring | 85 | ||
| Main challenges for operation | 86 | ||
| Source water quality issues | 86 | ||
| Lifetime and stability of membrane operation | 86 | ||
| Application of ozone in wastewater reclamation processes | 86 | ||
| 6.3 WATER REUSE APPLICATIONS | 86 | ||
| Evolution of the volume of supplied recycled water | 87 | ||
| Relations and contracts with end-users | 88 | ||
| 6.4 ECONOMICS OF WATER REUSE | 88 | ||
| Project funding and costs | 88 | ||
| Pricing strategy of recycled water | 88 | ||
| Benefits of water recycling | 89 | ||
| 6.5 HUMAN DIMENSION OF WATER REUSE | 89 | ||
| Public education and communication strategies | 89 | ||
| The role of decision makers | 89 | ||
| Public acceptance and involvement | 89 | ||
| 6.6 CONCLUSIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED | 89 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 90 | ||
| WEB-LINKS FOR FURTHER READING | 90 | ||
| PART II: Urban use of recycled water\r | 92 | ||
| Historical development of urban use | 92 | ||
| Urban reuse case studies | 92 | ||
| Keys to success | 95 | ||
| 7: Semi-centralised urban water management as prerequisite for water reuse\r | 96 | ||
| 7.1 INTRODUCTION | 96 | ||
| Main drivers for water reuse | 96 | ||
| Brief history of the project development | 97 | ||
| Project objectives and incentives | 97 | ||
| 7.2 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES | 98 | ||
| Treatment train for water recycling | 98 | ||
| Water quality control and monitoring | 100 | ||
| Main challenges for operation | 100 | ||
| 7.3 POTENTIAL WATER REUSE APPLICATIONS | 101 | ||
| 7.4 ECONOMICS OF WATER REUSE | 101 | ||
| Project funding and costs | 101 | ||
| Pricing strategy of recycled water and benefits of water recycling | 102 | ||
| 7.5 HUMAN DIMENSION OF WATER REUSE | 102 | ||
| 7.6 CONCLUSIONS | 103 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 103 | ||
| 8: The exciting challenge of water reuse in Madrid\r | 105 | ||
| 8.1 INTRODUCTION | 105 | ||
| Main drivers for water reuse | 105 | ||
| Brief history of water reuse development | 106 | ||
| Project objectives, incentives and water reuse applications | 107 | ||
| 8.2 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL | 107 | ||
| Water quality standards | 107 | ||
| Treatment trains for water recycling | 107 | ||
| Water quality control and monitoring | 109 | ||
| 8.3 WATER REUSE APPLICATIONS | 109 | ||
| Evolution of the volumes of supplied recycled water | 110 | ||
| 8.4 ECONOMICS OF WATER REUSE | 110 | ||
| Project funding and costs (capital and operation) | 110 | ||
| Pricing strategy of recycled water | 110 | ||
| Benefits of water recycling | 111 | ||
| 8.5 HUMAN DIMENSION OF WATER REUSE | 111 | ||
| Public education and communication strategy | 111 | ||
| The role of decision makers | 112 | ||
| Public acceptance and involvement | 112 | ||
| 8.6 CONCLUSSIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED | 112 | ||
| 9: A double dose of water reuse in the middle of the Pacific Ocean – how Honolulu is supplying a growing population and industry\r | 115 | ||
| 9.1 INTRODUCTION | 115 | ||
| Main drivers for water reuse | 115 | ||
| Brief history of the project development | 116 | ||
| Project objectives and water reuse applications | 116 | ||
| 9.2 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL | 117 | ||
| Treatment train for water recycling | 118 | ||
| Water quality control and monitoring | 119 | ||
| Main challenges for operation | 119 | ||
| 9.3 WATER REUSE APPLICATIONS | 121 | ||
| Evolution of the volume of supplied recycled water | 121 | ||
| Relations and contracts with end-users | 122 | ||
| 9.4 ECONOMICS OF WATER REUSE | 122 | ||
| Project funding and costs | 122 | ||
| Pricing strategy of recycled water | 122 | ||
| Benefits of water recycling | 122 | ||
| 9.5 HUMAN DIMENSION OF WATER REUSE | 123 | ||
| Public education and communication strategy | 123 | ||
| The role of decision makers | 123 | ||
| Public acceptance and involvement | 123 | ||
| 9.6 LESSONS LEARNED AND MAIN KEYS TO SUCCESS | 124 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 124 | ||
| 10: The keys to success of water reuse in tourist areas – the case of Bora Bora\r | 125 | ||
| 10.1 INTRODUCTION | 125 | ||
| Main drivers for water reuse | 125 | ||
| Brief history of the project development | 125 | ||
| Project objectives and incentives | 126 | ||
| 10.2 ROLEOF WATERQUALITYANDTREATMENT TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TRUST IN WATER REUSE | 126 | ||
| Treatment train for water recycling | 127 | ||
| Water quality control and monitoring | 127 | ||
| Main challenges for operation | 128 | ||
| 10.3 WATER REUSE APPLICATIONS | 128 | ||
| Evolution of the volume of supplied recycled water | 129 | ||
| 10.4 ECONOMICS OF WATER REUSE | 129 | ||
| Project funding and costs | 129 | ||
| Pricing strategy of recycled water | 130 | ||
| Benefits of water recycling | 131 | ||
| 10.5 HUMAN DIMENSION OF WATER REUSE | 131 | ||
| Public education and communication strategy | 131 | ||
| The role of decision makers | 132 | ||
| Public acceptance and involvement | 133 | ||
| 10.6 CONCLUSIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED | 133 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 134 | ||
| 11: Australia’s urban and residential water reuse schemes\r | 135 | ||
| 11.1 INTRODUCTION | 135 | ||
| The drivers for water reuse in Australia | 135 | ||
| New South Wales residential reuse initiative - historical background\r | 135 | ||
| Development of guidelines | 136 | ||
| 11.2 CASE STUDIES: THE PIONEERING PROJECTS | 136 | ||
| Rouse Hill (New South Wales) | 136 | ||
| Sydney Olympic Park (New South Wales) | 136 | ||
| 11.3 CASE STUDIES: RESIDENTIAL REUSE AUSTRALIA-WIDE | 138 | ||
| New South Wales | 138 | ||
| Western Sydney | 138 | ||
| Rouse Hill, Sydney | 138 | ||
| Hoxton Park, Sydney | 138 | ||
| Ropes Creek, Sydney | 139 | ||
| Pitt Town, Sydney | 139 | ||
| Hunter | 139 | ||
| Ballina | 139 | ||
| Victoria | 139 | ||
| Yarra Valley Water, Melbourne | 139 | ||
| Kalkallo Project | 139 | ||
| Doncaster Hill principal activity centre | 139 | ||
| City West Water, Melbourne | 139 | ||
| Western Water, Melbourne | 140 | ||
| Eynesbury | 140 | ||
| Toolern | 140 | ||
| South East Water, Melbourne | 140 | ||
| Barwon Water, Geelong | 140 | ||
| Queensland | 141 | ||
| Pimpama-Coomera Waterfuture Project, Gold Coast | 141 | ||
| South Australia | 141 | ||
| Mawson Lakes, Adelaide | 141 | ||
| Southern Urban Reuse Project, Adelaide | 141 | ||
| Western Australia | 142 | ||
| Perth | 142 | ||
| 11.4 MAIN CHALLENGES AND LESSONS LEARNED | 142 | ||
| System management | 142 | ||
| Health studies | 143 | ||
| Costs and pricing | 143 | ||
| Public education and acceptance | 143 | ||
| 11.5 OVERVIEW | 143 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 144 | ||
| PART III: Urban water reuse: decentralised water recycling systems\r | 145 | ||
| Historical development | 145 | ||
| Water reuse and on-site recycling in urban buildings: case studies | 145 | ||
| Keys to success | 145 | ||
| 12: Semi-decentralized water recycling in megacities: the example of Tokyo Shinjuku Area\r | 148 | ||
| 12.1 INTRODUCTION | 148 | ||
| General description of water reuse in Tokyo | 148 | ||
| Brief history of water reuse development | 148 | ||
| 12.2 THE WATER REUSE PROJECT IN SHINJUKU AREA | 151 | ||
| General description and applications | 151 | ||
| Treatment train for water recycling at the Ochiai Treatment Plant | 152 | ||
| Challenges in operation of reclaimed water distribution system | 152 | ||
| Challenges in operation of dual distribution system in high-rise buildings | 153 | ||
| Pricing strategy of recycled water | 153 | ||
| Public acceptance and involvement | 154 | ||
| 12.3 CONCLUSIONS: KEYS TO SUCCESS OF URBAN WATER REUSE IN TOKYO | 155 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 156 | ||
| WEB-LINKS FOR FURTHER READING | 156 | ||
| 13: Water reuse in the America’s first green high-rise residential building – the Solaire\r | 157 | ||
| 13.1 INTRODUCTION | 157 | ||
| Main drivers for water reuse | 158 | ||
| Brief history of the project development | 158 | ||
| Project objectives, institutional or financial incentives and water reuse applications | 158 | ||
| 13.2 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL | 159 | ||
| Treatment train for water recycling | 159 | ||
| Water quality control and monitoring | 159 | ||
| Main challenges for operation | 160 | ||
| 13.3 WATER REUSE APPLICATIONS | 160 | ||
| Evolution of the volume of supplied recycled water | 161 | ||
| 13.4 ECONOMICS OF WATER REUSE | 161 | ||
| Project funding and costs | 161 | ||
| Pricing strategy of recycled water | 162 | ||
| Benefits of water recycling | 162 | ||
| 13.5 HUMAN DIMENSION OF WATER REUSE | 162 | ||
| Public education and communication strategy | 162 | ||
| The role of decision makers | 162 | ||
| Public acceptance and involvement | 163 | ||
| 13.6 CONCLUSIONS AND MAIN KEYS TO SUCCESS | 163 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 163 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 163 | ||
| WEB-LINKS FOR FURTHER READING | 164 | ||
| 14: On-site water reclamation and reuse in individual buildings in Japan\r | 165 | ||
| 14.1 INTRODUCTION | 165 | ||
| Main drivers for water reuse in individual buildings in Japan | 165 | ||
| Historical background and institutional incentives of on-site water reuse | 166 | ||
| 14.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ON-SITE WATER RECLAMATION IN INDIVIDUAL BUILDINGS | 166 | ||
| Category of wastewater produced in a building | 166 | ||
| Selection of treatment processes for on-site water reclamation | 167 | ||
| Operation and maintenance problems with on-site water reclamation | 168 | ||
| 14.3 EFFICIENCY OF MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS USED FOR ON-SITE WATER RECLAMATION IN A BUSINESS BUILDING | 168 | ||
| Treatment capacity and water reuse applications | 168 | ||
| Treatment train for water recycling | 168 | ||
| Water quality | 169 | ||
| Challenges for operation and lessons learned | 170 | ||
| 14.4 CONCLUSIONS: KEYS TO SUCCESS OF IN-BUILDING RECYCLING AND REUSE | 170 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 170 | ||
| PART IV: Agricultural use of recycled water\r | 171 | ||
| Background | 171 | ||
| Historical development of agricultural use | 171 | ||
| Agricultural reuse case studies | 174 | ||
| Keys to success | 174 | ||
| 15: Production of high quality recycled water for agricultural irrigation in Milan\r | 175 | ||
| 15.1 INTRODUCTION | 175 | ||
| Main drivers for water reuse | 178 | ||
| Brief history of the project development | 178 | ||
| 15.2 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES IN WATER QUALITY CONTROL | 178 | ||
| Treatment trains for water recycling | 178 | ||
| Water quality control and monitoring | 179 | ||
| Main challenges for operation | 180 | ||
| 15.3 WATER REUSE APPLICATIONS | 181 | ||
| Evolution of the volume of supplied recycled water | 182 | ||
| Relationships and contracts with end users | 182 | ||
| 15.4 ECONOMICS OF WATER REUSE | 182 | ||
| Capital costs and funding | 182 | ||
| Operation costs | 183 | ||
| Pricing strategy of recycled water | 183 | ||
| Benefits of water recycling | 183 | ||
| 15.5 HUMAN DIMENSION OF WATER REUSE | 184 | ||
| 15.6 CONCLUSIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED | 185 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 186 | ||
| WEB-LINKS FOR FURTHER READING | 186 | ||
| 16: Key to success of water reuse for agricultural irrigation in France\r | 187 | ||
| 16.1 INTRODUCTION | 187 | ||
| Main drivers for water reuse | 187 | ||
| Brief history of the project development | 188 | ||
| Project objectives, incentives and water reuse applications | 188 | ||
| 16.2 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL | 188 | ||
| Treatment train for water recycling | 189 | ||
| Water quality control and monitoring | 190 | ||
| Main challenges for operation | 190 | ||
| 16.3 WATER REUSE APPLICATIONS | 191 | ||
| Evolution of the volume of supplied recycled water | 191 | ||
| 16.4 ECONOMICS OF WATER REUSE | 192 | ||
| Project funding, costs and pricing strategy | 192 | ||
| Benefits of water recycling | 192 | ||
| 16.5 HUMAN DIMENSION OF WATER REUSE | 193 | ||
| Communication strategy | 193 | ||
| The role of decision makers | 193 | ||
| 16.6 CONCLUSIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED | 194 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 194 | ||
| WEB-LINKS FOR FURTHER READING | 195 | ||
| 17: Irrigation of crops in Australia\r | 196 | ||
| 17.1 INTRODUCTION | 196 | ||
| Development of water recycling for irrigation | 196 | ||
| Economic drivers | 196 | ||
| Water shortages | 196 | ||
| Social drivers | 197 | ||
| Environmental drivers | 197 | ||
| Growth in reuse for agriculture | 197 | ||
| Development of guidelines | 197 | ||
| 17.2 CASE STUDIES: IRRIGATION OF CROPS IN AUSTRALIA | 198 | ||
| New South Wales | 198 | ||
| Shoalhaven REMS | 198 | ||
| Victoria | 198 | ||
| Eastern irrigation scheme | 198 | ||
| Werribee irrigation district | 199 | ||
| Queensland | 199 | ||
| Mackay | 199 | ||
| Wide Bay | 199 | ||
| South Australia | 200 | ||
| Virginia pipeline scheme | 200 | ||
| Willunga scheme | 201 | ||
| Western Australia | 201 | ||
| Albany tree farm | 201 | ||
| Tasmania | 201 | ||
| Coal Valley | 201 | ||
| 17.3 GUIDANCE TO GROWERS | 202 | ||
| National program for sustainable irrigation | 202 | ||
| Guidance for use of recycled water | 203 | ||
| 17.4 OVERVIEW | 203 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 203 | ||
| PART V: Industrial use of recycled water\r | 206 | ||
| Historical development of industrial use | 206 | ||
| Industrial reuse case studies | 206 | ||
| Keys to success | 209 | ||
| 18: The role of industrial reuse in the sustainability of water reuse schemes: The example of San Luis Potosi, Mexico\r | 210 | ||
| 18.1 INTRODUCTION | 210 | ||
| Main drivers for water reuse | 211 | ||
| Brief history of the project development | 211 | ||
| 18.2 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL | 212 | ||
| Treatment train for water recycling | 212 | ||
| Distribution and storage of recycled water | 212 | ||
| Water quality control and monitoring | 213 | ||
| Main challenges for operation | 214 | ||
| 18.3 WATER REUSE APPLICATIONS | 214 | ||
| Evolution of the volume of supplied recycled water | 215 | ||
| Relations and contracts with end-users | 215 | ||
| 18.4 ECONOMICS OF WATER REUSE | 216 | ||
| Project funding and costs (capital and operation) | 216 | ||
| Pricing strategy of recycled water | 216 | ||
| Benefits of water recycling | 216 | ||
| Economic benefits | 216 | ||
| Non-economic benefits | 216 | ||
| Environmental enhancement and preservation of biodiversity | 217 | ||
| 18.5 HUMAN DIMENSION OF WATER REUSE | 218 | ||
| Public education and communication strategy | 218 | ||
| The role of decision makers | 218 | ||
| Public acceptance and involvement | 218 | ||
| 18.6 CONCLUSIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED | 218 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 219 | ||
| 19: Recycling of secondary refinery and naphtha cracker effluents employing advanced multi-barrier systems\r | 220 | ||
| 19.1 INTRODUCTION | 220 | ||
| Main drivers for water reuse | 220 | ||
| Brief history of project development | 221 | ||
| Project objectives and water reuse applications | 221 | ||
| 19.2 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL | 222 | ||
| Treatment trains for water recycling | 222 | ||
| Water quality control and monitoring | 225 | ||
| Main operational challenges | 227 | ||
| 19.3 WATER REUSE APPLICATIONS | 227 | ||
| Evolution of the volume of supplied recycled water | 227 | ||
| 19.4 ECONOMICS OF WATER REUSE | 228 | ||
| Project funding and costs | 228 | ||
| Benefits of water recycling | 228 | ||
| 19.5 HUMAN DIMENSION OF WATER RECYCLING | 229 | ||
| 19.6 CONCLUSIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED | 229 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 229 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 229 | ||
| 20: High purity recycled water for refinery boiler feedwater: the RARE project\r | 230 | ||
| 20.1 INTRODUCTION | 230 | ||
| Background | 230 | ||
| Project planning | 231 | ||
| 20.2 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL | 231 | ||
| Treatment trains for water recycling | 231 | ||
| Flow equalization | 233 | ||
| Reliability of operation | 234 | ||
| RO brine disposal | 234 | ||
| Plant performance and recycled water quality | 235 | ||
| Water quality control and monitoring | 235 | ||
| Main challenges for operation | 235 | ||
| 20.3 ECONOMICS OF WATER REUSE | 236 | ||
| 20.4 BENEFITS OF WATER REUSE | 236 | ||
| Future phases | 236 | ||
| 20.5 CONCLUSION: A SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION | 236 | ||
| WEB-LINKS FOR FURTHER READING | 237 | ||
| 21: Closing loops – industrial water management in Germany\r | 238 | ||
| 21.1 INTRODUCTION | 238 | ||
| 21.2 DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WATER DEMAND IN GERMANY | 239 | ||
| Water balance | 239 | ||
| Water demand and reuse | 239 | ||
| 21.3 DRIVERS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER SAVING TECHNIQUES | 240 | ||
| Criteria and water quality | 240 | ||
| Fields of application | 240 | ||
| 21.4 EXAMPLES OF CLOSING LOOP CYCLES | 241 | ||
| Food and drink industry | 241 | ||
| Recycling of rinsing water from PET-bottle washing | 241 | ||
| Water demand and recycling in sugar industry | 242 | ||
| Recirculation of soaking water in malting industry | 242 | ||
| Paper industry | 242 | ||
| Closed water circuit with integrated biological water treatment | 243 | ||
| Reduction of water demand using ozonisation | 243 | ||
| Integrated water treatment using membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis | 244 | ||
| Outlook | 244 | ||
| Textile industry | 244 | ||
| Water and heat recovery from reactive rewashing using hot-nanofiltration | 245 | ||
| Water recycling from polyester yarn dyeing | 245 | ||
| Recycling and optimization of biological degradability of dyeing water using ozonisation | 245 | ||
| Water and heat recovery in industrial laundries | 246 | ||
| Metal and ceramics industry | 247 | ||
| Water management at Volkswagen – a long tradition of water recycling | 247 | ||
| Recycling of rinsing water from chromium-plating of plastic surfaces | 249 | ||
| Recycling of dilution water in ceramics production | 250 | ||
| 21.5 PERSPECTIVES | 251 | ||
| 21.6 CONLCLUSIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED | 252 | ||
| REFERENCES | 253 | ||
| PART VI: Environmental and recreational use of recycled water\r | 254 | ||
| Historical development | 254 | ||
| Environmental and recreational reuse case studies | 256 | ||
| Keys to success | 256 | ||
| 22: Restoration of environmental stream flows in megacities: the examples in the Tokyo metropolitan area\r | 257 | ||
| 22.1 INTRODUCTION | 257 | ||
| 22.2 NOBIDOME YOUSUI/TAMAGAWA JOUSUI PROJECT IN TOKYO METROPOLITAN AREA | 258 | ||
| Brief history of the project development | 258 | ||
| Nobidome Yosui/Tamagawa Jousui Water Reuse Project | 259 | ||
| Treatment train for water reclamation | 259 | ||
| Current treatment train in 2011 | 259 | ||
| Progress in the treatment train | 260 | ||
| 22.3 RESTORTION OF JONAN THREE RIVERS IN TOKYO METROPOLITAN AREA | 261 | ||
| Brief description of the project | 261 | ||
| Treatment trains for water recycling at Ochiai Water Reclamation Center | 262 | ||
| Challenges of operation and water transportation | 262 | ||
| 22.4 PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE | 263 | ||
| Nobidome Yousui/Tamagawa Jousui Project | 263 | ||
| Jonan three rivers project | 263 | ||
| 22.5 MAIN KEYS TO SUCCESS | 264 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 265 | ||
| 23: Creation of a new recreational water envi\rronment: the Beijing Olympic Park | 267 | ||
| 23.1 INTRODUCTION | 267 | ||
| Main drivers for water reuse | 267 | ||
| Brief project development history | 267 | ||
| Project objectives and financial incentives | 269 | ||
| 23.2 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL | 269 | ||
| Description of the recreational dragon-shaped water system | 269 | ||
| Eco-biological purifying and recycling systems in the Olympic Park | 272 | ||
| Main operational challenges relating to artificial scenic water replenished by reclaimed water | 274 | ||
| 23.3 WATER REUSE ECONOMICS AND BENEFITS | 275 | ||
| 23.4 HUMAN DIMENSION OF WATER REUSE | 275 | ||
| 23.5 CONCLUSIONS | 276 | ||
| REFERENCES | 276 | ||
| 24: Improving the air quality in Mexico City through reusing wastewater for environmental restoration\r | 277 | ||
| 24.1 INTRODUCTION | 277 | ||
| Historical background | 277 | ||
| The Aztec era | 278 | ||
| Colonization | 278 | ||
| The 20th century | 278 | ||
| The first half of the 20th century | 279 | ||
| The second half of the 20th century | 279 | ||
| The 21st century | 280 | ||
| Main drivers for water reuse | 280 | ||
| Project objectives | 280 | ||
| 24.2 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF WATER REUSE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION | 281 | ||
| Technical challenges for the project implementation | 281 | ||
| Treatment trains for water recycling | 282 | ||
| 24.3 WATER REUSE APPLICATIONS | 283 | ||
| Dust storm control | 283 | ||
| Flood control | 283 | ||
| Flora and fauna restoration | 283 | ||
| 24.4 OTHER ASSOCIATED PROGRAMS | 284 | ||
| Reforestation | 284 | ||
| Water exchange with farmers | 284 | ||
| Production of flora and fauna for commercial purposes | 284 | ||
| Regional development | 285 | ||
| 24.5 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK | 285 | ||
| 24.6 PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE AND INVOLVEMENT | 285 | ||
| 24.7 CONCLUSIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED | 285 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 285 | ||
| WEB-LINKS FOR FURTHER READING | 286 | ||
| PART VII: Increasing drinking water supplies\r | 287 | ||
| Historical development | 287 | ||
| Case studies of increasing drinking water supplies by water recycling | 287 | ||
| Keys to success | 290 | ||
| 25: Key to success of groundwater recharge with recycled water in California\r | 291 | ||
| 25.1 INTRODUCTION | 291 | ||
| Main drivers for water reuse | 291 | ||
| Brief history of the project development | 292 | ||
| Project objectives and incentives | 292 | ||
| Water supply objectives | 292 | ||
| Wastewater management objectives | 294 | ||
| 25.2 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL | 295 | ||
| Treatment trains for water recycling | 296 | ||
| Advanced Water Purification Facility (AWPF) | 296 | ||
| Water quality control and monitoring | 296 | ||
| Main challenges for operation | 298 | ||
| Plant SCADA alarms | 298 | ||
| Process monitoring issues | 299 | ||
| Injection well fouling | 299 | ||
| 25.3 WATER REUSE APPLICATIONS | 300 | ||
| Description of aquifer recharge facilities | 300 | ||
| Barrier facilities | 300 | ||
| Kramer basin percolation pond | 301 | ||
| Evolution of the volume of supplied recycled water | 301 | ||
| Relations and contracts with end-users | 302 | ||
| 25.4 ECONOMICS OF WATER REUSE | 303 | ||
| Project funding and costs | 303 | ||
| Construction costs | 303 | ||
| Operation costs | 303 | ||
| Project funding | 303 | ||
| Pricing strategy of recycled water | 304 | ||
| Benefits of water recycling | 305 | ||
| 25.5 HUMAN DIMENSION OF WATER REUSE | 305 | ||
| Public education and communication strategy | 305 | ||
| The role of decision makers | 306 | ||
| Elected officials | 306 | ||
| Regulators | 306 | ||
| Independent advisory panel | 306 | ||
| Public acceptance and involvement | 306 | ||
| 25.6 CONCLUSIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED | 307 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 307 | ||
| WEB-LINKS FOR FURTHER READING | 307 | ||
| 26: Torreele: Indirect potable water reuse through dune aquifer recharge\r | 309 | ||
| 26.1 INTRODUCTION | 309 | ||
| Main drivers for water reuse | 309 | ||
| Brief history of the project development | 309 | ||
| Project objectives and incentives | 310 | ||
| 26.2 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL | 310 | ||
| Treatment train for water recycling | 310 | ||
| Water quality control and monitoring | 311 | ||
| Main challenges for operation | 312 | ||
| 26.3 WATER REUSE APPLICATION | 313 | ||
| Description of the water reuse applications | 313 | ||
| Evolution of the volume of supplied recycled water | 313 | ||
| Relations and contracts with end-users | 313 | ||
| 26.4 ECONOMICS OF WATER REUSE | 314 | ||
| Project funding and costs | 314 | ||
| Benefits of water recycling | 314 | ||
| 26.5 HUMAN DIMENSION OF WATER REUSE | 314 | ||
| The role of decision makers | 314 | ||
| Public acceptance and involvement | 314 | ||
| 26.6 CONCLUSIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED | 315 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 315 | ||
| WEB-LINKS FOR FURTHER READING | 316 | ||
| 27: 34 Years of experience with potable water reuse in the occoquan reservoir\r | 317 | ||
| 27.1 INTRODUCTION | 317 | ||
| Main drivers for water reuse | 318 | ||
| Brief history of the project development | 319 | ||
| Project objectives, framework and incentives | 320 | ||
| 27.2 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL | 322 | ||
| Treatment train for water recycling | 322 | ||
| Water quality control and monitoring | 323 | ||
| Main challenges for operation | 325 | ||
| 27.3 WATER REUSE APPLICATIONS | 326 | ||
| Evolution of the volume of supplied recycled water | 326 | ||
| Relations and contracts with end-users | 327 | ||
| 27.4 ECONOMICS OF WATER REUSE | 327 | ||
| Project funding and costs | 327 | ||
| Pricing strategy of recycled water | 327 | ||
| Benefits of water recycling | 328 | ||
| 27.5 HUMAN DIMENSION OF WATER REUSE | 329 | ||
| Public education and communication strategy | 329 | ||
| The role of decision makers | 329 | ||
| Public acceptance and involvement | 329 | ||
| 27.6 CONCLUSIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED | 329 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 330 | ||
| 28: Western Corridor Recycled Water Scheme\r | 332 | ||
| 28.1 INTRODUCTION | 332 | ||
| Main drivers for water re-use | 332 | ||
| Brief history of the scheme development | 333 | ||
| Scheme objectives, incentives and water reuse applications | 334 | ||
| 28.2 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL | 334 | ||
| Treatment trains for water recycling | 334 | ||
| Water quality control and monitoring | 337 | ||
| Major challenges for operation | 338 | ||
| 28.3 WATER REUSE APPLICATIONS | 339 | ||
| Evolution of the volume of supplied recycled water | 339 | ||
| 28.4 ECONOMICS OF WATER REUSE | 340 | ||
| Scheme funding and costs | 340 | ||
| Benefits of water recycling | 341 | ||
| 28.5 HUMAN DIMENSION OF WATER REUSE | 342 | ||
| Public education and communication strategy | 342 | ||
| The role of decision makers | 342 | ||
| 28.6 CONCLUSIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED | 343 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 343 | ||
| 29: More than 40 years of direct potable reuse experience in Windhoek\r | 344 | ||
| 29.1 INTRODUCTION | 344 | ||
| Main drivers for water reuse | 345 | ||
| Brief history of the project development | 346 | ||
| Project objectives | 346 | ||
| 29.2 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL | 346 | ||
| Downstream treatment of domestic wastewater | 346 | ||
| Treatment train for water recycling | 348 | ||
| Water quality control and monitoring | 351 | ||
| Main operational challenges | 352 | ||
| 29.3 WATER REUSE APPLICATIONS | 352 | ||
| 29.4 ECONOMICS OF WATER REUSE | 353 | ||
| Project funding and costs | 353 | ||
| Pricing strategy of recycled water | 353 | ||
| Benefits of water recycling | 354 | ||
| 29.5 HUMAN DIMENSION OF WATER REUSE | 354 | ||
| Public education and communication strategy | 354 | ||
| The role of decision-makers | 354 | ||
| Public acceptance | 355 | ||
| 29.6 CONCLUSIONS | 355 | ||
| REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 355 | ||
| WEB-LINKS FOR FURTHER READING | 356 | ||
| Index | 358 |