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Water - Energy Interactions in Water Reuse

BOOK

Water - Energy Interactions in Water Reuse

Valentina Lazarova | Kwang-Ho Choo | Peter Cornel

(2012)

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Book Details

ISBN
978-1-78040-066-2
Edition
1
Language
English
Pages
344
Subjects
The environment
Water supply & treatment
Mining technology & engineering

Abstract

The focus of Water-Energy Interactions in Water Reuse is to collect original contributions and some relevant publications from recent conference proceedings in order to provide state-of-art information on the use of energy in wastewater treatment and reuse systems. Special focus is given to innovative technologies, such as membrane bioreactors, high pressure membrane filtration systems, and novel water reuse processes. A comparison of energy consumption in water reuse systems and desalination will be also provided. 
Water-Energy Interactions in Water Reuse covers the use of energy in conventional and advanced wastewater treatment for various water reuse applications, including carbon footprint, energy efficiency, energy self-sufficient facilities and novel technologies, such as microbial fuel cells and biogas valorisation. It is of real value to water utility managers; policy makers for water and wastewater treatment; water resources planners, and researchers and students in environmental engineering and science. 
Editors: Valentina Lazarova, Suez Environnement, France, Kwang-Ho Choo, Kyungpook National University, Korea, Peter Cornel, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany 

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover page 1
Half title page 2
Title page 3
Copyright Page 4
Contents 5
List of contributors 15
Foreword 22
Introduction 24
Part 1 26
The Water-Energy Nexus 26
FOREWORD 26
Chapter 1 28
Designing and implementing urban water and resource management systems which recover water, energy, and nutrients 28
1.1 INTRODUCTION 28
1.2 EVOLVING URBAN WATER AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 28
1.2.1 The necessity for change 28
1.2.2 Contrasting historical and future approaches 32
1.3 COMPONENTS OF EVOLVING URBAN WATER AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 33
1.3.1 Water management 33
1.3.2 Energy management 34
1.3.4 Nutrient management 35
1.4 INTEGRATED SYSTEMS 36
1.4.1 System approaches 36
1.4.2 An example system 38
1.4.3 Developing and analyzing integrated urban water and resource management systems 40
1.5 IMPLEMENTING INTEGRATED URBAN WATER AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 42
REFERENCES 43
Chapter 2 45
Energy and water: relations and recovery potential 45
2.1 ENERGY AND WATER – AN INTRINSICALLY BOUND COUPLE 45
2.1.1 Energy for water 45
2.1.2 Energy from water 46
2.1.2.1 Kinetic energy 47
2.1.2.2 Potential energy 47
2.1.2.3 Thermal energy 47
2.1.2.4 Chemically bound energy 47
2.1.3 Water for energy 48
2.2 ENERGY AND WATER RECOVERY 49
2.2.1 Water demand 49
2.2.2 Recovery by water reuse 50
2.2.3 Possibilities of energy recovery from (waste)water 51
2.2.3.1 Potential energy 51
2.2.3.2 Thermal energy 51
2.2.3.3 Chemically bound energy 51
2.3 POTENTIAL OF WATER REUSE 52
2.3.1 Reuse options 53
2.3.2 Water quality requirements 54
2.3.3 Treatment options 55
2.3.4 Energy requirements 56
2.4 CONCLUSIONS 57
REFERENCES 57
Chapter 3 60
Water and energy link in the cities of thefuture – achieving net zero carbon andpollution emissions footprint 60
3.1 INTRODUCTION 60
3.2 URBAN METABOLISM 60
3.2.1 Urban metabolism – reclaim, reuse and recycle 60
3.2.2 Water footprint – direct use of water 61
3.2.3 Water-energy nexus 61
3.2.4 Distributed (hybrid) vs. centralized (linear) systems 65
3.2.5 A double loop hybrid system – source separation 66
3.2.6 Energy (CO2) balance for a city switching to sustainable water management 68
3.3 INTEGRATED RESOURCE RECOVERY FACILITY (IRRF) 70
3.3.1 A concept of a future IRRF 71
3.4 COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES 76
3.4.1 Description of three alternatives 76
3.4.2 Discussion of the alternatives 78
3.5 CONCLUSIONS 79
REFERENCES 80
Chapter 4 83
Embodied energy in the water cycle 83
4.1 INTRODUCTION 83
4.2 ENERGY CONTENT OF WASTEWATER 83
4.3 EMBODIED ENERGY IN THE WATER CYCLE 84
4.4 WATER QUALITY AND ENERGY INTENSITY 85
4.5 WASTEWATER RECLAMATION AS PRODUCT 86
4.6 SUSTAINABILITY PRINCIPLE IN WASTEWATER RECLAMATION 89
4.7 LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF WATER REUSE 91
4.8 CARBON FOOTPRINT AND GREENHOUSE GASES 92
4.9 ENERGY OPTIMIZATION OF SYSTEMS 92
4.10 WATER RECYCLING PURPLE PIPE INFRASTRUCTURE 94
4.11 SUMMARY 94
REFERENCES 94
Chapter 5 96
Microbial electrochemical technologies for energy sustainability of the water infrastructure 96
5.1 INTRODUCTION 96
5.2 THE WATER-ENERGY NEXUS 96
5.3 MICROBIAL FUEL CELL BASED TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENERGY RECOVERY 98
5.3.1 Microbial fuel cells for bioelectricity generation 98
5.3.2 Microbial electrolysis cells for hydrogen or methane gas production 100
5.3.3 Microbial desalination cells 102
5.3.4 New MFC-based technologies 103
5.4 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 103
Acknowledgement 104
REFERENCES 104
Part 2 106
Energy Footprint of Wastewater Treatment 106
FOREWORD 106
Chapter 6 108
Toward energy self-sufficiency of wastewater treatment 108
6.1 INTRODUCTION 108
6.1.1 Energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants 109
6.1.2 Energy recovery by anaerobic digestion 112
6.1.3 The concept of positive energy plant 113
6.2 ENERGY SAVING 115
6.2.1 Major components of energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants 115
6.2.2 Improvement of aeration system’s efficiency 116
6.2.2.1 Optimisation of air production 117
6.2.2.2 Optimisation of air diffusion 120
6.2.2.3 Optimisation of pollution removal 120
6.2.2.4 Aeration control strategy 120
6.2.3 Treatment of high ammonium concentration effluents from anaerobic sludge digestion 122
6.3 ENERGY RECOVERY FROM SEWAGE FLOWS 122
6.3.1 Hydro electricity 122
6.3.2 Heat exchange from sewage flows 123
6.4 ENERGY FROM SLUDGE 124
6.4.1 Energy from solid fuels derived from sewage sludge 126
6.4.3 Energy from biogas derived from sewage sludge 127
6.4.3.1 Biogas production by anaerobic digestion 127
6.4.3.2 Improvement of biogas production from anaerobic digestion 127
6.4.3.3 Biogas quality enhancement and end uses 131
6.4.3.3 Gasification and pyrolysis 133
6.4.4 Low temperature heat to electricity 134
6.5 PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY 135
6.5.1 Solar energy 135
6.5.2 Wind energy 137
6.6 EXAMPLES OF ENERGY SELF-SUFFICIENT WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS 138
6.7 CONCLUSIONS 141
Acknowledgement 142
REFERENCES 143
Chapter 7 148
Performance improvement of full scale membrane bioreactors 148
7.1 INTRODUCTION 148
7.2 METHODOLOGY 148
7.3 OPTIMISATION OF MBR PERFORMANCE 151
7.3.1 Nitrogen removal 151
7.3.2 Energy consumption 153
7.4 IMPROVEMENT OF MBR ENERGY EFFICIENCY 156
7.4.1 A new operating paradigm 156
7.4.2 Practical application 157
7.5 CONCLUSIONS 158
REFERENCES 158
Chapter 8 160
Energy optimization of large scalemembrane bioreactors – importanceof the design flux 160
8.1 INTRODUCTION 160
8.2 METHODOLOGY AND STUDY SITES 160
8.2.1 Study sites 160
8.2.2 Model WWTP 161
8.3 MAIN RESULTS 162
8.3.1 Hydraulic capacity utilisation 162
8.3.2 Energy consumption 163
8.3.3 MBR operation regimes to respond to influent flow fluctuations 163
8.3.4 Comparison of the two filtration regimes on the basis of large scale operational data 164
8.4 CONCLUSIONS 167
Acknowledgements 168
REFERENCES 168
Chapter 9 170
Designing a membrane bioreactor to minimize energy use while meeting a low nitrogen limit 170
9.1 INTRODUCTION 170
9.1.1 Preliminary and primary unit processes 171
9.1.2 Membrane selection 172
9.1.3 BNR process selection 173
9.1.4 Process aeration design 174
9.2 AERATION CONTROL STRATEGY 176
9.2.1 Process air control strategy 176
9.2.2 Membrane scour air control strategy 177
9.3 CONCLUSIONS 178
REFERENCES 179
Chapter 10 181
Finding the balance between greenhouse gas emission and energy efficiency of wastewater treatment 181
10.1 INTRODUCTION 181
10.1.1 Energy production at wastewater treatment plants 181
10.1.2 Greenhouse gas emission at wastewater treatment plants 182
10.2 SOURCES OF CH4 AND N2O EMISSIONS 182
10.3 INITIATIVES TO ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT 184
10.3.1 Short-term measures to increase energy efficiency 184
10.3.2 Long-term measures to increase energy efficiency 184
10.4 GHG EMISSION DUE TO ENERGY SAVING AT WWTPS 185
10.4.1 Effects of short-term measures on GHG emission 185
10.4.2 Effects of long-term measures on GHG emission 187
10.5 CONCLUSIONS 187
REFERENCES 188
Part 3 189
Energy Footprint of Water Reuse 189
FOREWORD 189
Chapter 11 191
Semizentral Germany: energy self-sufficient infrastructure systems for livable cities of the future 191
11.1 CHALLENGES OF THE FUTURE 191
11.1.1 New infrastructure solutions needed to cope with urban growth 192
11.1.2 Strategies to cope with the water challenge 193
11.2 THE SEMIZENTRAL APPROACH 195
11.2.1 Integrated energy and material flows for improved efficiency 195
11.2.2 A matter of scale 196
11.2.3 A matter of flexibility: the construction kit 197
11.2.3.1 Module A: greywater treatment 197
11.2.3.2 Module B: blackwater treatment 197
11.2.3.3 Module C: energy center – waste to energy 198
11.3 THE NEXT LEVEL – NEXUS OF SCALE AND FLEXIBILITY 199
11.4 CONCLUSIONS 200
REFERENCES 200
Chapter 12 202
Groundwater Replenishment System – energy usage implications 202
12.1 INTRODUCTION 202
12.2 DESIGN OF THE ADVANCED WATER PURIFICATION FACILITY 204
12.3 WATER QUALITY 207
12.4 ENERGY CONSUMPTION 207
12.5 CONCLUSIONS 210
REFERENCES 211
Chapter 13 212
Comparative study of carbon footprint of water reuse 212
13.1 INTRODUCTION 212
13.3 DESCRIPTION OF WATER REUSE FACILITIES 212
13.3.1 El Prat de Llobregat water reclamation plant 213
13.3.2 Bundamba advanced water recycling plant 214
13.3.3 Water quality requirements and uses 215
13.4 METHODOLOGY 216
13.4.1 Carbon footprint 216
13.5 COMPARISON OF CARBON FOOTPRINTS 218
13.6 CONCLUSIONS 220
REFERENCES 221
Chapter 14 222
Comparison of processes for greywater treatment for urban water reuse: energy consumption and footprint 222
14.1 INTRODUCTION 222
14.2 METHODOLOGY 223
14.3 EFFICIENCY OF GREYWATER TREATMENT 224
14.3.1 BAF 224
14.3.2 MBR 225
14.3.3 SBR 226
14.4 COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE AND ENERGY DEMAND OF GREYWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 227
14.5 CONCLUSIONS 228
Acknowledgement 228
REFERENCES 228
Chapter 15 231
Sustainable approaches to water reuse systems with emphasis on energy requirements 231
15.1 INTRODUCTION 231
15.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 232
15.3 TECHNICAL VIABILITY 233
15.3.1 Meeting water quantity requirements 233
15.3.2 Meeting water quality requirements 234
15.4 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS 235
15.5 SYSTEM ANALYSIS INCLUDING ENERGY USE 236
15.5.1 Methodology 237
15.5.2 Analysis of water reuse options 238
15.6 CONCLUSIONS 239
REFERENCES 240
Part 4 242
Energy Footprint of Alternative Water Resources 242
FOREWORD 242
Chapter 16 244
Energy use for seawater desalination –current status and future trends 244
16.1 INTRODUCTION 244
16.2 ENERGY USE FOR DESALINATION 245
16.2.1 Current status of energy use for seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) 245
16.2.2 Minimum energy demand for SWRO desalination 246
16.3 DESALINATION ENERGY USE FACTORS AND TECHNOLOGY TRENDS 247
16.3.1 Collocation of desalination and power plants – use of warmer source water 247
16.3.2 Using lower salinity source water to reduce energy consumption 250
16.3.3 Higher productivity SWRO elements yield lower energy costs 251
16.3.4 Hybrid membrane configuration reduces energy 252
16.3.5 Split-flow RO system configuration for improved energy & cost efficiency 254
16.3.6 Increased high pressure pump efficiency 255
16.3.7 Improved energy recovery 255
16.4 FUTURE DESALINATION TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES 256
16.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 258
REFERENCES 258
Chapter 17 259
Water reuse versus seawater desalination –evaluation of the economic and environmental viability 259
17.1 INTRODUCTION 259
17.2 METHODOLOGY 260
17.2.1 Case study characteristics 260
17.2.2 Cross-case analysis 260
17.2.3 Water balancing and water system modelling 262
17.2.4 Cost estimations for selected technological options 262
17.3 ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT WATER MANAGEMENT SCENARIOS 263
17.3.1 Cross-case analysis of selected case studies 263
17.3.2 Water balance and major drivers 264
17.3.3 Economic viability of water reuse and desalination 266
17.3.4 Cost estimates for desalination 266
17.3.5 Influence of the location and the cost of water transport 267
17.3.6 Cost and energy demand of water reuse 268
17.3.7 Environmental impact 269
17.4 CONCLUSIONS 270
REFERENCES 271
Chapter 18 273
Desalination vs water reuse: An energyanalysis illustrated by case studies inLos Angeles and London 273
18.1 INTRODUCTION 273
18.2 BACKGROUND 274
18.3 TECHNOLOGY 274
18.4 RESOURCES 275
18.5 ENERGY USE IN TREATMENT 277
18.6 CASE STUDY: ORANGE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA, USA 278
18.7 CASE STUDY: BECKTON, EAST END OF LONDON, UK 280
18.8 ENERGY USE IN TRANSFER AND DISTRIBUTION 281
18.9 CONCLUSIONS 282
REFERENCES 283
Chapter 19 284
Operational energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions from rainwater harvesting systems 284
19.1 INTRODUCTION 284
19.2 DISINFECTION 285
19.3 PRESSURE DRIVEN SYSTEMS 285
19.3.1 Directly and indirectly pumped systems 285
19.3.1.1 Fixed speed pumps 285
19.3.1.2 Estimating RWH system energy consumption and CO2 emissions by proxy 285
19.3.1.3 Variable speed/higher efficiency pumps 287
19.3.1.4 Integration with renewable energy sources 287
19.3.1.5 Integrated energy monitoring 288
19.4 EMERGING GRAVITY SYSTEMS 288
19.4.1 Internal building systems 288
19.4.2 External building systems 288
19.5 IMPROVEMENT OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF RWH 291
19.5.1 Energy saving in sewers from RWH 291
19.5.2 Energy generation from RWH 291
19.6 CONCLUSIONS 292
REFERENCES 292
Chapter 20 294
LCA as a tool to assess environmental impact and energy efficiency of reverse osmosis desalination 294
20.1 INTRODUCTION 294
20.2 METHODOLOGY 295
20.2.1 Desalination with reverse osmosis 295
20.2.2 Application of life cycle assessment 296
20.3 COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS OF THE LCA METHODS 298
20.3.1 CML 298
20.3.2 Ecoindicator 99 299
20.3.3 Ecopoints 97 299
20.3.4 Discussion 301
20.5 CONCLUSIONS 302
REFERENCES 303
Part 5 305
Water Footprint of Energy Production 305
FOREWORD 305
Chapter 21 307
Water for energy, the use of the water footprint for the assessment of water use for bioenergy 307
21.1 INTRODUCTION 307
21.2 BIOENERGY 308
21.3 THE WATER FOOTPRINT CONCEPT 308
21.4 THE WATER FOOTPRINT OF BIO-ENERGY 309
21.4.1 Bio-ethanol 309
21.4.2 Biodiesel 311
21.4.3 Heat and bio-electricity 313
21.5 COMPARISON WITH OTHER ENERGY CARRIERS 313
21.6 THE WATER FOOTPRINT OF NEXT - GENERATION BIOFUELS 314
21.7 DISCUSSION 315
21.8 CONCLUSIONS 316
REFERENCES 316
Chapter 22 319
Water demand for the production of renewable energy from crops 319
22.1 INTRODUCTION 319
22.2 BIO-ENERGY GENERATION 319
22.2.1 General considerations 319
22.2.2 Current state of bio-energy production 320
22.3 WATER DEMAND 320
22.3.1 Water demand of energy crops 320
22.3.2 Water demand for the substrate production of biogas plants 322
22.3.3 Biogenous fuels 324
22.4 CONCLUSIONS 326
REFERENCES 327
Chapter 23 329
Summary and concluding remarks – solving the water-energy nexus for tomorrow 329
23.1 INTRODUCTION 329
23.2 TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THE WATER-ENERGY NEXUS 331
23.3 LOWERING THE ENERGY AND CARBON FOOTPRINT OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT 332
23.4 ENERGY FOOTPRINT OF WATER REUSE 333
23.5 COMBINING ENERGY-EFFICIENT REUSE WITH ALTERNATIVE WATER RESOURCES 334
23.6 TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE WATER FOOTPRINT OF ENERGY PRODUCTION 335
23.7 CONCLUSIONS 336
Index 337

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