BOOK
Sustainable Treatment and Reuse of Municipal Wastewater
Menahem Libhaber | Alvaro Orozco Jaramillo
(2012)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
In many countries, especially in developing countries, many people are lacking access to water and sanitation services and this inadequate service is the main cause of diseases in these countries. Application of appropriate wastewater treatment technologies, which are effective, low cost (in investment and especially in operation and maintenance), simple to operate, proven technologies, is a key component in any strategy aimed at increasing the coverage of wastewater treatment.
Sustainable Treatment and Reuse of Municipal Wastewater presents the concepts of appropriate technology for wastewater treatment and the issues of strategy and policy for increasing wastewater treatment coverage. The book focuses on the resolution of wastewater treatment and disposal problems in developing countries, however the concepts presented are valid and applicable anywhere and plants based on combined unit processes of appropriate technology can also be used in developed countries and provide to them the benefits described.
Sustainable Treatment and Reuse of Municipal Wastewater presents the basic engineering design procedures to obtain high quality effluents by treatment plants based on simple, low cost and easy to operate processes. The main message of the book is the idea of the ability to combine unit processes to create a treatment plant based on a series of appropriate technology processes which jointly can generate any required effluent quality. A plant based on a combination of appropriate technology unit processes is still easy to operate and is usually of lower costs than conventional processes in terms of investment and certainly in operation and maintenance. Chapters in the book are organized in a practical and accessible way to:
- Demonstrate selected unit process of appropriate technology and provide the scientific basis, the equations and the parameters required to design the unit processes, with some innovations developed by the authors.
- Highlight design procedures for selected combined processes which are in use in developing countries.
- Propose an innovative Orderly Design Method (ODM), which is easy to follow by practicing engineers, using the equations and formulas developed, once the fundamentals of each unit and combined process have been established.
- Provide a numeric example for the basic design of each selected appropriate technology process for a city with a population of 20,000 using the ODM and an Excel program which will be provided to the readers for download from an online web page.
Authors: Menahem Libhaber, PhD, Consulting Engineer to the World Bank and other institutions, Alvaro Orozco Jaramillo, MSc, Consulting Engineer to the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, Biwater and other institutions in various countries.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover page | 1 | ||
| Half title page | 2 | ||
| Title page | 3 | ||
| Copyright page | 4 | ||
| Contents | 5 | ||
| About the Authors | 12 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 14 | ||
| Dedication | 16 | ||
| Preface | 17 | ||
| Nomenclature | 21 | ||
| Part 1 | 29 | ||
| Concepts | 29 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 30 | ||
| Appropriate technologies for treatment of municipal wastewater | 30 | ||
| 1.1 INTRODUCTION | 30 | ||
| 1.1.1 Wastewater treatment issues in developing countries | 30 | ||
| 1.1.2 Effluent quality standards | 32 | ||
| 1.2 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PRINCIPLES | 34 | ||
| 1.2.1 Introduction | 34 | ||
| 1.2.2 Key pollutants in municipal wastewater | 34 | ||
| 1.2.3 Treatment processes and sequencing of treatment units | 34 | ||
| 1.2.3.1 Treatment units sequencing and processes | 34 | ||
| 1.2.3.2 Conventional secondary treatment processes | 37 | ||
| 1.3 THE APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY CONCEPT | 41 | ||
| 1.4 SUSTAINABILITY ASPECTS OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY PROCESSES | 44 | ||
| 1.5 PROPOSED STRATEGY FOR WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | 46 | ||
| 1.5.1 The government’s perspective | 46 | ||
| 1.5.2 The utility’s perspective | 47 | ||
| 1.5.3 The strategy pillars | 48 | ||
| 1.6 ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC PROCESSES OF DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER | 49 | ||
| 1.7 UNIT PROCESSES OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY FOR TREATMENT OF MUNICIPALWASTEWATER | 52 | ||
| 1.7.1 Introduction | 52 | ||
| 1.7.2 Main unit processes of appropriate technology | 54 | ||
| 1.7.2.1 Rotating micro screens (RMS) | 54 | ||
| 1.7.2.2 Vortex grit chambers | 56 | ||
| 1.7.2.3 Anaerobic lagoons | 57 | ||
| 1.7.2.4 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB) | 61 | ||
| 1.7.2.5 Anaerobic filter | 65 | ||
| 1.7.2.6 Lagoons systems | 68 | ||
| 1.7.2.7 Stabilization reservoirs for effluent reuse for irrigation and for intermittent discharge of effluents to rivers | 78 | ||
| 1.7.2.8 Constructed wetlands | 93 | ||
| 1.7.2.9 Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT) | 95 | ||
| 1.7.3 Additional unit processes of appropriate technology | 98 | ||
| 1.7.3.1 Sand filters | 98 | ||
| 1.7.3.2 Dissolved air flotation (DAF) | 99 | ||
| 1.7.3.3 Overland flow | 100 | ||
| 1.7.3.4 Infiltration-percolation | 103 | ||
| 1.7.3.5 Septic tanks | 105 | ||
| 1.7.3.6 Submarine and large rivers outfalls | 106 | ||
| 1.8 COMMONLY USED COMBINED UNIT PROCESSES OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY | 111 | ||
| 1.8.1 Introduction | 111 | ||
| 1.8.2 A series of conventional stabilization lagoons | 113 | ||
| 1.8.3 A series of improved stabilization lagoons | 115 | ||
| 1.8.4 UASB followed by facultative lagoons | 121 | ||
| 1.8.5 UASB followed by anaerobic filter | 125 | ||
| 1.8.6 UASB followed by dissolved air flotation | 130 | ||
| 1.8.7 Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT) followed by Sand Filtration | 132 | ||
| 1.8.8 Pre-treatment of various types followed by a stabilization reservoir (Wastewater reuse for irrigation, the stabilization reservoirs concept) | 133 | ||
| 1.8.9 UASB followed by anaerobic filter followed by dissolved air flotation followed by membrane filtration | 138 | ||
| 1.9 ADDITIONAL POTENTIAL COMBINED PROCESSES OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY | 139 | ||
| 1.9.1 Introduction | 139 | ||
| 1.9.2 Additional potential combined processes | 143 | ||
| 1.10 THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND CLASSIFICATION OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY PROCESSES ACCORDING TO THEIR ADEQUACY FOR DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE ZONES | 167 | ||
| 1.10.1 Introduction | 167 | ||
| 1.10.2 Appropriate technology processes adequate for zones with seasons of very low temperatures | 171 | ||
| 1.10.3 Appropriate technology processes adequate for zones with seasons of medium low temperatures | 173 | ||
| 1.10.4 Appropriate technology processes adequate for zones with seasons of mild low temperatures | 174 | ||
| 1.11 PROCESSES ADEQUATE FOR PROJECTS IN WHICH THE LAND AREA AVAILABLE FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT IS LIMITED | 180 | ||
| 1.11.1 The size of land area occupied by various appropriate technology based wastewater treatment plants | 180 | ||
| 1.11.2 Processes which occupy small land areas and are adequate for cases in which the land available for wastewater treatment i | 183 | ||
| 1.12 REMOVAL OF PATHOGENS, PHOSPHOROUS AND NITROGEN IN APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY PROCESSES | 186 | ||
| 1.12.1 Removal of pathogenic organisms | 186 | ||
| 1.12.2 Removal of phosphorous and nitrogen | 187 | ||
| 1.13 RECOVERY OF RESOURCES FROM MUNICIPALWASTEWATER, THE POTENTIAL FOR GENERATION OF ENERGY IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS REGARDING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THEIR OPERATION | 191 | ||
| 1.13.1 Introduction | 191 | ||
| 1.13.2 Effluents as a water source for irrigation | 192 | ||
| 1.13.3 Effluents as a source of fertilizers | 193 | ||
| 1.13.4 Wastewater as a source of energy | 194 | ||
| 1.13.5 Wastewater treatment for reducing green house gases emission | 200 | ||
| 1.13.6 Contribution of resources generation to sustainability and improved management of utilities | 200 | ||
| 1.13.7 Example of recovery of the resources contained in wastewater | 201 | ||
| 1.14 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY TREATMENT PROCESSES CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR ADEQUACY FOR USE IN VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF SIZE OF CITIES | 202 | ||
| 1.15 PERFORMANCE AND COSTS OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY TREATMENT PROCESSES IN RELATION TO ACTIVATED SLUDGE | 203 | ||
| 1.16 SLECTION OF THE ADEQUATE TREATMENT PROCESS | 205 | ||
| 1.17 SEWERAGE NETWORKS, THE CONDOMINIAL SEWERAGE CONCEPT | 209 | ||
| 1.18 WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALWATER ISSUES | 211 | ||
| 1.18.1 Introduction | 211 | ||
| 1.18.2 The global water crisis | 211 | ||
| 1.18.3 The main water consumers and the potential for water savings by consumer category | 214 | ||
| 1.18.4 Reasons for the water crisis | 214 | ||
| 1.18.5 Water and climate change | 215 | ||
| 1.18.6 The situation of the poor | 215 | ||
| 1.18.7 Water as a human right | 215 | ||
| 1.18.8 Proposed strategy options to alleviate the water crisis | 216 | ||
| 1.18.9 The water crises implications on wastewater treatment | 219 | ||
| 1.19 THE PROCESSES FOR WHICH DESIGN PROCEDURES ARE PRESENTED IN THE FOLLOWING CHAPTERS | 220 | ||
| Part 2 | 222 | ||
| Design | 222 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 223 | ||
| Decomposition processes of organic matter | 223 | ||
| 2.1 INTRODUCTION1 | 223 | ||
| 2.2 THE BIOCONVERSION EQUATION | 229 | ||
| 2.2.1 Aerobic conversion | 229 | ||
| 2.2.2 Anaerobic conversion | 230 | ||
| 2.3 BACTERIAL METABOLISM | 231 | ||
| 2.4 AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION | 235 | ||
| 2.5 ANAEROBIC DECOMPOSITION | 237 | ||
| 2.6 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC TREATMENT | 239 | ||
| 2.7 KINETICS AND STOICHIOMETRY OF CARBONACEOUS BOD DECOMPOSITION3 | 240 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 248 | ||
| Calculation of the wastewater flow and BOD load | 248 | ||
| 3.1 DESIGN FLOW1 | 248 | ||
| 3.2 BOD DESIGN LOAD | 251 | ||
| 3.3 SAMPLE CALCULATION | 253 | ||
| 3.3.1 Solution | 253 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 257 | ||
| Rotating Micro Screens – RMS | 257 | ||
| 4.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION | 257 | ||
| 4.1.1 Introduction | 257 | ||
| 4.1.2 Process basics | 259 | ||
| 4.1.3 Performance | 265 | ||
| 4.2 BASIC DESIGN PROCEDURE | 267 | ||
| 4.2.1 General design considerations | 267 | ||
| 4.2.2 Orderly design method (ODM) | 267 | ||
| 4.3 BASIC DESIGN EXAMPLE | 269 | ||
| THE ORDERLY DESIGN METHOD APPLIED TO ROTATING MICROSCREEN | 272 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 281 | ||
| Treatment in stabilization lagoons | 281 | ||
| 5.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION | 281 | ||
| 5.1.1 Introduction | 281 | ||
| 5.1.2 Basics of the process | 285 | ||
| 5.1.3 PERFORMANCE | 294 | ||
| 5.2 BASIC DESIGN PROCEDURES | 297 | ||
| 5.2.1 General design considerations | 297 | ||
| 5.2.2 Orderly design method – ODM | 299 | ||
| 5.3 BASIC DESIGN EXAMPLE | 312 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 325 | ||
| Anaerobic treatment | 325 | ||
| 6.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION | 325 | ||
| 6.1.1 Introduction1 | 325 | ||
| 6.1.2 Basics of the processes | 326 | ||
| 6.1.3 Performance | 334 | ||
| 6.2 BASIC DESIGN PROCEDURE | 336 | ||
| 6.2.1 General design considerations | 336 | ||
| 6.2.2 Orderly design method, ODM | 337 | ||
| 6.3 BASIC DESIGN EXAMPLE | 347 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 363 | ||
| Stabilization reservoirs, concepts and application for effluent reuse in irrigation | 363 | ||
| 7.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION | 363 | ||
| 7.1.1 Introduction | 363 | ||
| 7.1.2 Basics of the process | 365 | ||
| 7.1.3 Performance | 376 | ||
| 7.2 BASIC DESIGN PROCEDURES | 377 | ||
| 7.2.1 General design considerations | 377 | ||
| 7.2.2 Orderly Design Method, ODM | 378 | ||
| 7.3 BASIC DESIGN EXAMPLE | 393 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 407 | ||
| Sub-Surface Flow Constructed Wetlands (SSFCW) | 407 | ||
| 8.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION | 407 | ||
| 8.1.1 Introduction | 407 | ||
| 8.1.2 Basics of the process | 409 | ||
| 8.1.3 Performance | 413 | ||
| 8.2 BASIC DESIGN PROCEDURE | 414 | ||
| 8.2.1 General design considerations | 414 | ||
| 8.2.2 Orderly Design Method, ODM | 414 | ||
| 8.3 DESIGN EXAMPLE | 420 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 431 | ||
| Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT) | 431 | ||
| 9.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION | 431 | ||
| 9.1.1 Introduction1 | 431 | ||
| 9.1.2 Basics of the process | 432 | ||
| 9.1.3 Performance | 445 | ||
| 9.2 BASIC DESIGN PROCEDURES | 445 | ||
| 9.2.1 General design considerations | 445 | ||
| 9.2.2 Orderly design method, ODM | 446 | ||
| 9.3 BASIC DESIGN EXAMPLE | 448 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 457 | ||
| Complementary processes to combine with appropriate technology processes | 457 | ||
| 10.1 INTRODUCTION | 457 | ||
| 10.2 SAND FILTRATION | 458 | ||
| 10.2.1 Introduction | 458 | ||
| 10.2.2 Basics of the process | 461 | ||
| 10.2.3 Basic design | 466 | ||
| 10.3 DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION (DAF)1 | 469 | ||
| 10.3.1 Introduction | 469 | ||
| 10.3.2 Basics of the process | 470 | ||
| 10.3.3 Basic design | 471 | ||
| 10.4 UV DISINFECTION (BY ULTRAVIOLET RAYS) | 473 | ||
| 10.4.1 Introduction | 473 | ||
| 10.4.2 Basics of the process | 475 | ||
| 10.4.3 Basic design | 477 | ||
| 10.5 MEMBRANES | 479 | ||
| 10.5.1 Introduction | 479 | ||
| 10.5.2 Basics of the process | 484 | ||
| 10.5.3 Basic design | 487 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 489 | ||
| Combinations of unit processes of appropriate technology | 489 | ||
| 11.1 INTRODUCTION | 489 | ||
| 11.2 COMBINATION 1: ROTATING MICRO SCREENS FOLLOWED BY UASB FOLLOWED BY FACULTATIVE LAGOONS | 491 | ||
| 11.2.1 Introduction | 491 | ||
| 11.2.2 Performance | 493 | ||
| 11.2.3 Design | 493 | ||
| 11.3 COMBINATION 2: ROTATING MICRO SCREENS FOLLOWED BY UASB FOLLOWED BY ANAEROBIC FILTER | 499 | ||
| 11.3.1 Introduction | 499 | ||
| 11.3.2 Performance | 501 | ||
| 11.3.3 Design | 502 | ||
| 11.4 COMBINATION 3: ROTATING MICRO SCREENS FOLLOWED BY UASB FOLLOWED BY SAND FILTRATION FOLLOWED BY UV DISINFECTION | 502 | ||
| 11.4.1 Introduction | 502 | ||
| 11.4.2 Performance | 503 | ||
| 11.4.3 Design | 503 | ||
| 11.5 COMBINATION 4: ROTATING MICRO SCREENS FOLLOWED BY CEPT FOLLOWED BY SAND FILTRATION FOLLOWED BY UV DISINFECTION | 506 | ||
| 11.5.1 Introduction | 506 | ||
| 11.5.2 Performance | 507 | ||
| 11.5.3 Design | 508 | ||
| 11.6 COMBINATION 5: ROTATING MICRO SCREENS FOLLOWED BY UASB FOLLOWED BY ANAEROBIC FILTER FOLLOWED BY DAF FOLLOWED BY MEMBRANE FILTRATION (MICRO FILTRATION AND IF NECESSARY ULTRA FILTRATION) | 509 | ||
| 11.6.1 Introduction | 509 | ||
| 11.6.2 Performance | 510 | ||
| 11.6.3 Design | 511 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 515 | ||
| Global warming and wastewater treatment impact on climate | 515 | ||
| 12.1 GLOBALWARMING1 | 515 | ||
| 12.1.1 Introduction | 515 | ||
| 12.1.2 Earth’s temperature and warming | 519 | ||
| 12.1.3 CO2 emission | 525 | ||
| 12.1.4 GCM: global climate models | 526 | ||
| 12.1.5 The data of vostok and other analyses | 529 | ||
| 12.1.6 The Kyoto Protocol | 531 | ||
| 12.1.7 IPPC proposals | 532 | ||
| 12.1.8 Geoengineering proposals | 535 | ||
| 12.1.9 Final reflections | 539 | ||
| 12.2 WASTEWATER TREATMENT IMPACT ON CLIMATE | 540 | ||
| 12.2.1 Emission factors (EF) of green house gases in wastewater treatment systems18 | 540 | ||
| 12.2.2 Methodologies of quantification of green house gases in wastewater treatment systems | 543 | ||
| 12.2.3 The impact of wastewater on global warming | 544 | ||
| 12.3 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISMS (CDM) | 547 | ||
| 12.3.1 The kyoto protocol and the CDM | 547 | ||
| 12.3.2 Requirements of the CDM | 548 | ||
| 12.3.3 A CDM case study: Santa Cruz, Bolivia22 | 551 | ||
| References | 561 | ||
| Index | 570 |