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Perspectives on Commoning

Perspectives on Commoning

Guido Ruivenkamp | Andy Hilton

(2017)

Abstract

In the wake of socialism’s demise and liberalism’s loss of direction, new ideas are needed for the next major realignment of the social and political domain. Making a unique contribution to the idea of ‘the commons’, this book offers a radical form of direct democracy with real-world implications. But whereas much of the current scholarship has looked at the commons from the perspective of governance, this book instead focuses on ‘commoning’ as social practice. 

Perspectives on Commoning argues that the commons are not just resources external to us, but are a function or characterisation of what we do. Thus, we can talk of the act of commoning, positioning our behaviour beyond the domains of the private and the public, beyond the dichotomy of capitalism versus socialism.

Covering everything from biopolitics to urban spaces, this impressive range of international contributors address the commons as both theory and history, providing a useful review of current conceptions as well as practical proposals for the future. A unique consolidation of philosophy, sociology and economics, the book shows how a new understanding of the commons as practice will help to achieve its full emancipatory potential.


‘Drawing on history, political theory, economics, culture and contemporary activism, this collection explores the great promise of the commons in helping to build a new and better world.’
David Bollier, author of Think Like a Commoner

‘An important and stimulating book. Its central notions of commons and “commoning” offer the potential for currently disparate movements to come together, both conceptually and politically.’
Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, Wageningen University, The Netherlands

‘A rich and innovative selection. It offers both conceptual and practical resources for thinking about and enacting the forms of sharing that will be needed as the neoliberal edifice fractures and dissolves.’
Jack Kloppenburg, University of Wisconsin-Madison (Emeritus)


Guido Ruivenkamp is an associate professor of sociology and anthropology at Wageningen University, and extraordinary professor at the University of Humanistic Studies in Utrecht. His previous books include Reconstructing Biotechnologies: Critical Social Analyses (co-author, 2008), and Biotechnology in Development: Experiences from the South (2008).

Andy Hilton works in Istanbul as an ELT instructor, English language editor and proof-reader. He has collaborated on a number of articles and research pieces on Turkey and the commons.


Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover\r Cover
About the Editors ii
Title Page iii
Copyright iv
Contents v
Glossary vii
Preface xiii
Introduction 1
1: The Prefigurative Power of the Common(s) 25
Introduction 25
Prefigurative Politics: Mirroring Means and Ends 27
Toward a Politicisation of Prefiguration 31
Potentia/Constituent Power 33
Power-to and Power-over 43
Power-to and Potentia: A Comparison 49
Commons or the Common? 50
Conclusion: The Prefigurative Power of the Common(s) 58
Notes 60
References 62
2: Realising the Common: The Assembly as Organising Structure 65
Introduction 65
Theoretical Lineages: Operaismo, Autonomism and the Ancestry of Multitude 71
The Assembly Past and Present 85
The Greater Toronto Workers’ Assembly 90
Conclusion: Multitude and the Assembly as Common 98
Notes 101
References 102
3: Instituting the Common: The Perspective of the Multitude 107
Introduction 107
Why Philosophy, Biographies and Words? 111
The Context 114
Negri’s Perspective 119
The Emergence of the Multitude in Spinoza 124
The Perspective of Machiavelli 127
Love, Laughter, Art and Multitude 129
Agamben’s Perspective between Negri and Virno 131
Virno, the Context, Work and (General) Knowledge 134
Virno’s Perspective on the Multitude 138
(Non-)conclusion 141
Acknowledgements 143
Notes 143
References 147
4: Insolvency/Autonomy: What is the Meaning of Autonomy in the Semiocapitalist Age?\r 153
Introduction 153
Autonomy and Deregulation 153
The Rise and Fall of the Alliance of Cognitive Labour and Recombinant Capital 157
Autonomy as Self-Organisation of Cognitive Labour\r 159
Fractalisation and Subjugation of Social Subjectivity 163
Insolvency 166
5: The Conditions of the Common: A Stieglerian Critique of Hardt and Negri’s Thesis on Cognitive Capitalism as a Prefiguration of Communism\r 169
Introduction: The Comeback of Communism 169
Hardt and Negri and the Coming of Communism 171
Cognitive Capitalism as a Prefiguration of Communism? Hardt and Negri on the Conditions for Communism 175
A Critique of Hardt and Negri’s Diagnosis 185
The Libidinal Economy of the Multitude and the Technological Conditions for Communism 196
The Organology and Pharmacology of the General Intellect and the Common 201
Liberating the Common from Capital: The Need for De-Proletarianisation\r 203
Notes 208
References 209
6: Grounding Social Revolution: Elements for a Systems Theory of Commoning\r 213
Introduction 213
Commoning 221
Further Observations on Autonomy 230
Commoning as a Generative Force of Autopoiesis 233
Boundary Commoning as a Recomposing and Generative Force 237
Concluding Reflections 247
Notes 250
References 253
7: Commodification and the Social Commons: Smallholder Autonomy and ‘Rurban’ Relations in Turkey\r 257
Introduction 257
Commons as Practice 260
The Maintenance and Revision of Autonomies 262
External Income and Rural–Urban Mobility\r 272
Conclusion 284
Notes 287
References 287
8: The Square as the Place of the Commons\r 291
Introduction 291
An Open Space in the City 293
The Place of the Commons and Community 298
Colonisation of the Square 304
Contestation on the Square 307
Real and Direct Democracy 315
Conclusion 319
Notes 321
References 321
9: Transition Towards a Food Commons Regime: Re-Commoning Food to Crowd-Feed the World\r 325
Introduction 325
An Iniquitous, Inefficient and Unsustainable Food System 326
The Commodification of Food 331
The Historical Evolution of Food Governance: From Commons to Commodity\r 334
Re-Commoning Food and the Food Commons Regime: Theoretical Underpinnings\r 340
Crowdsourcing the Transition to Food as a Commons 345
Concrete Proposals for Re-Commoning the Future\r 358
Conclusion: Crowd-Feeding the World with Meaningful Food \r 360
Notes 362
References 366
10: Seeds: from Commodities Towards Commons\r 381
Introduction 381
From Natural Commons to Commodities: the Social Transformation of Seeds 382
From Commodities to Practices of Commoning: Seed Production Reclaimed 392
Seed Production as a Common(s) Future 404
Notes 410
References 412
11: Peer-Commonist Produced Livelihoods\r 417
Introduction 417
Commons as an Elementary Social Form 423
Commons and Peer-Commonist Society 427
Stigmergy 436
Transformation 442
Practical Application 445
Conclusions 454
Acknowledgements\r 455
Notes 455
References 458
Index 462