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Book Details
Abstract
The potential impact of anthropogenic pollutants such as agrochemicals on the environment is of global concern. Increasing use of certain compounds can result in contamination of food, water and atmospheric systems and in order to combat this pollution it is important to be able to accurately monitor the short and long term effects.
This book describes the latest non-traditional terrestrial species models used as indicators of the toxic effects of environmental pollutants. The book enables understanding of the effects of pollutants in non-target species, and therefore enables analysis of the effects on ecosystems.
This book will be of interest to anyone interested in developing new biomarker species with high degrees of ecological relevance. It will serve as a useful resource for regulatory and research toxicologists, particularly those interested in soil screening and the effects of pollutants on wildlife and insects and their use as biological indicators.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | xi | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Section I: Terrestrial Invertebrates as Experimental Models | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1 The Use of Non-standardized Invertebrates in Soil Ecotoxicology | 3 | ||
| 1.1 Soil Invertebrates | 3 | ||
| 1.2 The Use of Invertebrates in Soil Ecotoxicology | 6 | ||
| 1.3 Key Groups of Invertebrates for Soil Ecotoxicological Testing | 13 | ||
| 1.3.1 Earthworms | 13 | ||
| 1.3.2 Collembolans | 16 | ||
| 1.3.3 Enchytraeids | 17 | ||
| 1.3.4 Isopods | 18 | ||
| 1.3.5 Others | 19 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 19 | ||
| References | 20 | ||
| Chapter 2 Higher-tier Multi-species Studies in Soil: Prospects and Applications for the Environmental Risk Assessment of Pesticides | 31 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 31 | ||
| 2.2 Ecological Relevance of Soil Organisms in Agro-ecosystems | 33 | ||
| 2.2.1 Structure and Function of Soils and Soil Organism Communities | 33 | ||
| 2.2.2 Losses of Soil Biodiversity in Agricultural Landscapes | 35 | ||
| 2.3 Status Quo and Developments of Risk Assessment for In-soil Organisms | 35 | ||
| 2.3.1 Status Quo | 35 | ||
| 2.3.2 Transition | 36 | ||
| 2.3.3 New Developments | 37 | ||
| 2.3.4 Challenges | 38 | ||
| 2.3.5 Future Demands | 39 | ||
| 2.4 Methodologies for Multispecies Tests in Soil | 40 | ||
| 2.4.1 Ontology and History of Test Systems | 40 | ||
| 2.4.2 Methodological Challenges of Multispecies Tests | 43 | ||
| 2.5 Exposure of Soil Organisms Resulting From the Fate of Pesticides | 46 | ||
| 2.6 Calibration of Soil Risk Assessment Using Semi-field Studies as Surrogate Reference Tiers | 48 | ||
| 2.6.1 Specific Protection Goals | 48 | ||
| 2.6.2 Derivation of Assessment Factors | 49 | ||
| 2.6.3 TME as Surrogate Reference Tier | 50 | ||
| 2.7 Conclusions | 51 | ||
| References | 51 | ||
| Chapter 3 Aporrectodea longa (Annelida, Lumbricidae): A Suitable Earthworm Model for Genotoxicity Evaluation in the Environment | 59 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 59 | ||
| 3.2 Experimental | 62 | ||
| 3.2.1 Earthworm Collection and Storage | 62 | ||
| 3.2.2 Soil Collection and Amendment | 62 | ||
| 3.2.3 Exposure Following Amendment with Differing Pesticides or B[a]P | 62 | ||
| 3.2.4 Coelomic Fluid Collection | 63 | ||
| 3.2.5 The Alkaline Single Cell-gel Electrophoresis (‘comet') Assay | 63 | ||
| 3.2.6 Exposure to Aged Cypermethrin Residues | 64 | ||
| 3.3 Results and Discussion | 64 | ||
| 3.3.1 Comet Generation from Differing Compounds | 66 | ||
| 3.3.2 Changes in Comet Formation Following Exposure to Aged Cypermethrin Residues | 68 | ||
| 3.3.3 Uptake of 14C-Compound | 71 | ||
| 3.4 Conclusion | 71 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 72 | ||
| References | 72 | ||
| Chapter 4 Evaluation of the Genotoxic Potential of Contaminated Soil Employing the Snail Helix aspersa | 76 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 76 | ||
| 4.2 The Major Groups of Soil Contaminants | 78 | ||
| 4.2.1 Heavy Metal | 78 | ||
| 4.2.2 Organic Contaminants | 79 | ||
| 4.2.3 Sewage Sludge | 80 | ||
| 4.3 Helix aspersa for Biomonitoring of Contaminated Soil | 80 | ||
| 4.4 Genotoxicity Tests with H. aspersa and Contribution to Environmental Research | 84 | ||
| 4.5 Conclusions | 88 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 89 | ||
| References | 89 | ||
| Chapter 5 The Use of Spiders in the Assessment of Cellular Effects of Environmental Stressors | 96 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 96 | ||
| 5.2 Spiders in Ecosystems Contaminated with Heavy Metals | 98 | ||
| 5.2.1 Cellular Defence Reactions in Spiders from Areas Affected by Industrial Pollution | 101 | ||
| 5.3 Spider Sensitivity to Pesticides | 107 | ||
| 5.3.1 Changes in AChE Activity | 109 | ||
| 5.3.2 Enzymatic Detoxifying Reactions | 110 | ||
| 5.3.3 Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effects of Plant Protection Agents in Spiders | 111 | ||
| 5.4 Starvation Stress | 114 | ||
| 5.5 Conclusions | 115 | ||
| References | 116 | ||
| Section II: Terrestrial Vertebrates as Experimental Models | 123 | ||
| Chapter 6 Use of Melanin-pigmented Cells as a New Tool to Evaluate Effects of Agrochemicals and Other Emerging Contaminants in Brazilian Anurans | 125 | ||
| 6.1 Color in Animals | 125 | ||
| 6.2 Internal Melanin-pigmented Cells | 128 | ||
| 6.3 Environmental Contamination and Its Effects on Visceral Pigmentation | 129 | ||
| 6.4 Response of Cutaneous Melanocytes to Aquatic Contaminants | 129 | ||
| 6.5 Response of Internal Melanocytes to Aquatic Contaminants | 130 | ||
| 6.6 Response of Melanomacrophages to Aquatic Contaminants | 134 | ||
| 6.7 Conclusion | 138 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 138 | ||
| References | 138 | ||
| Chapter 7 The Use of Terrestrial Life-stages of European Amphibians in Toxicological Studies | 143 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 143 | ||
| 7.2 Toxicological Studies on the Impact of Pesticides on Terrestrial Life-stages of European Amphibians | 145 | ||
| 7.3 Risk Assessments for Terrestrial Life-stages of Amphibians in Pesticide Approval | 149 | ||
| 7.3.1 Surrogate Species for Terrestrial Life-stages of Amphibians | 150 | ||
| 7.3.2 Indirect Effects | 155 | ||
| 7.4 Pesticide Formulations—Toxicity in the Mix? | 155 | ||
| 7.5 Conclusions | 156 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 157 | ||
| References | 157 | ||
| Chapter 8 Impacts of Agriculture and Pesticides on Amphibian Terrestrial Life Stages: Potential Biomonitor/Bioindicator Species for the Pampa Region of Argentina | 163 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 163 | ||
| 8.2 Amphibian Diversity, Life History and Global Declines | 164 | ||
| 8.2.1 Amphibian Diversity and Life History | 164 | ||
| 8.2.2 Amphibian Declines | 165 | ||
| 8.3 The Pampa Region of Argentina | 166 | ||
| 8.3.1 Location, Geography and Characteristics | 166 | ||
| 8.3.2 Evolution of Agricultural Practices and Environmental Impacts | 167 | ||
| 8.4 Agriculture and Amphibian Declines: The Need for Biomonitoring | 169 | ||
| 8.4.1 Agriculture and Amphibian Declines | 169 | ||
| 8.4.2 Amphibians as Bioindicators and Biomonitors | 170 | ||
| 8.4.3 Suggested Amphibian Model Species for Biomonitoring the Pampa Region of Argentina | 171 | ||
| 8.5 Description and Life Histories of Model Amphibian Species for the Pampa Region of Argentina | 173 | ||
| 8.5.1 Leptodactylus latinasus (Jiménez de la Espada, 1875)\r | 173 | ||
| 8.5.2 Leptodactylus latrans (Steffen, 1815) | 174 | ||
| 8.5.3 Hypsiboas pulchellus (Duméril and Bibron, 1841)\r | 176 | ||
| 8.5.4 Rhinella dorbignyi (Dumeril and Bibron, 1841) and Rhinella fernandezae (Gallardo, 1957) | 177 | ||
| 8.5.5 Rhinella arenarum (Hensel, 1867) | 178 | ||
| 8.6 Previous Biomonitoring Studies Conducted with Proposed Amphibian Model Species | 180 | ||
| 8.6.1 Studies Using Model Species as Bioindicators | 180 | ||
| 8.6.2 Studies Using Model Species as Biomonitors | 181 | ||
| References | 184 | ||
| Chapter 9 Odontophrynus cordobae (Anura, Cycloramphidae): A Suitable Model for Genotoxicity in Environmental Monitoring Studies | 195 | ||
| 9.1 Biomarkers as a Tool to Assess the Impact of Environmental Contamination | 195 | ||
| 9.2 Amphibians are Suitable Organisms to Evaluate the Genotoxic Effects of Environmental Contaminants | 197 | ||
| 9.3 Relevant Features of Odontophrynus cordobae for Genotoxicity Studies in Environmental Monitoring | 198 | ||
| 9.4 Conclusions | 202 | ||
| References | 204 | ||
| Chapter 10 The Direct-developing Frog Eleutherodactylus johnstonei (Eleutherodactylidae) as a Biological Model for the Study of Toxic, Cytotoxic, and Genotoxic Effects of Agrochemicals | 211 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction | 211 | ||
| 10.2 Natural History of the Antillean Coqui | 212 | ||
| 10.3 Geographic Distribution | 213 | ||
| 10.4 The Antillean Coqui as an Invasive Species | 215 | ||
| 10.5 Conservation Status and Concerns | 215 | ||
| 10.6 The Antillean Coqui as a Model in Ecotoxicology | 216 | ||
| 10.7 Collection, Maintenance, and Reproduction in Captivity | 218 | ||
| 10.7.1 Collection and Sex Determination | 218 | ||
| 10.7.2 Taxonomic Identification | 218 | ||
| 10.7.3 Maintenance and Reproduction in Captivity | 219 | ||
| 10.7.4 Handling Embryos | 220 | ||
| 10.8 Applications for Testing Environmental Xenobiotics | 220 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 222 | ||
| References | 223 | ||
| Chapter 11 The Lizard Salvator merianae (Squamata, Teiidae) as a Valid Indicator in Toxicological Studies | 228 | ||
| 11.1 Introduction | 228 | ||
| 11.2 Evaluation of Effects of Environmental Agent | 232 | ||
| 11.3 A Pathway to the Truth | 232 | ||
| 11.4 Goals of Biological Monitoring | 234 | ||
| 11.5 Studies In Ovo | 236 | ||
| 11.6 Studies In Vivo under Controlled Conditions | 241 | ||
| 11.7 Genotoxic Evaluation of Tegu Lizard Environmentally Exposed to Pesticides | 243 | ||
| References | 245 | ||
| Chapter 12 The Terrestrial Lizard Podarcis sicula as Experimental Model in Emerging Pollutants Evaluation | 252 | ||
| 12.1 Introduction | 252 | ||
| 12.2 Who is the Lizard Podarcis sicula? | 253 | ||
| 12.3 Pollution by Organic Contaminants with Estrogen-like Action: Fertilizers and Manure | 254 | ||
| 12.4 Pollution by Heavy Metals: Cadmium | 256 | ||
| 12.5 Podarcis sicula as Sentinel Lizard | 256 | ||
| 12.6 Soil Pollution by Estrogen-like Substances | 257 | ||
| 12.7 Soil Pollution by Pesticides | 259 | ||
| 12.8 Soil Pollution by Cadmium | 260 | ||
| 12.9 Conclusions | 262 | ||
| References | 262 | ||
| Chapter 13 The Yellow-legged Gull Larus michahellis (Charadriiformes, Laridae) as a Model Species in Ecotoxicology: Application in Monitoring and Toxicity Assessment of Environmental Pollutants | 269 | ||
| 13.1 Introduction | 269 | ||
| 13.2 Materials and Methods | 273 | ||
| 13.2.1 Study Area | 273 | ||
| 13.2.2 In Ovo PFOS Manipulation | 273 | ||
| 13.2.3 PFOS Determination in Yolk Sac from Control Eggs | 274 | ||
| 13.2.4 Oxidative and Genetic Biomarker Methods | 275 | ||
| 13.2.5 Statistical Analysis | 276 | ||
| 13.3 Results and Discussion | 276 | ||
| 13.3.1 PFOS Concentrations in Control Eggs | 276 | ||
| 13.3.2 PFOS Effects on Embryo Development and Morphometric Traits | 277 | ||
| 13.3.3 PFOS Effect on Oxidative Stress and Genetic Biomarkers | 278 | ||
| 13.4 Conclusions | 282 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 283 | ||
| References | 283 | ||
| Chapter 14 South American Cowbirds as Avian Models for Environmental Toxicity Testing | 289 | ||
| 14.1 Introduction | 289 | ||
| 14.2 Actual and Historical Use of Birds in Science and Regulatory Toxicology | 290 | ||
| 14.2.1 Birds as Animal Models in Toxicology and Scientific Research | 290 | ||
| 14.2.2 Avian Models in Regulatory Environmental Toxicity Testing | 291 | ||
| 14.2.3 Pesticide Registration and Avian Toxicity Testing in South America | 292 | ||
| 14.3 South American Cowbirds' Diversity, Distribution and Life History | 293 | ||
| 14.3.1 Shiny Cowbird | 294 | ||
| 14.3.2 Bay-winged Cowbird | 295 | ||
| 14.3.3 Screaming Cowbird | 296 | ||
| 14.4 Cowbirds as an Avian Model for Environmental Toxicity Testing | 297 | ||
| 14.5 Methods for Maintaining and Using Cowbirds in the Laboratory for Environmental Toxicity Testing | 298 | ||
| 14.5.1 Capture and Transport | 298 | ||
| 14.5.2 Housing, Acclimation and Feeding | 299 | ||
| 14.5.3 Acute Oral Toxicity Testing | 300 | ||
| References | 301 | ||
| Chapter 15 Epilogue and Final Remarks | 307 | ||
| Subject Index | 314 |