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Book Details
Abstract
The first concerns that come to mind in relation to pollution from road vehicles are direct emissions of carbon dioxide and toxic air pollutants. These are, of course, important but the impacts of road traffic are altogether more substantial. This volume of the Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Series takes a broader view of the effects on the environment and human health, excluding only injury due to road traffic accidents. By looking across the environmental media, air, water and soil, and taking account also of noise pollution, the volume addresses far more than the conventional atmospheric issues. More importantly, however, it examines present and future vehicle technologies, the implications of more extensive use of batteries in electric vehicles and the consequences of recycling vehicles at the end of use. Finally, examples of life-cycle analysis as applied to road vehicles are reviewed. This book is a comprehensive source of authoritative information for students studying pollution, and for policy-makers concerned with vehicle emissions and road traffic impacts more generally.
The series has been edited by Professors Hester and Harrison since it began in 1994.
Professor Roy Harrison OBE is listed by ISI Thomson Scientific (on ISI Web of Knowledge) as a Highly Cited Researcher in the Environmental Science/Ecology category. He has an h-index of 54 (i.e. 54 of his papers have received 54 or more citations in the literature). In 2004 he was appointed OBE for services to environmental science in the New Year Honours List. He was profiled by the Journal of Environmental Monitoring (Vol 5, pp 39N-41N, 2003). Professor Harrison’s research interests lie in the field of environment and human health. His main specialism is in air pollution, from emissions through atmospheric chemical and physical transformations to exposure and effects on human health. Much of this work is designed to inform the development of policy.
Now an emeritus professor, Professor Ron Hester's current activities in chemistry are mainly as an editor and as an external examiner and assessor. He also retains appointments as external examiner and assessor / adviser on courses, individual promotions, and departmental / subject area evaluations both in the UK and abroad.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Editors | xii | ||
| List of Contributors | xiv | ||
| Road Vehicle Technologies and Fuels | 1 | ||
| 1 Background | 2 | ||
| 1.1 Fuels and Pollutants Emitted | 3 | ||
| 2 Compression Ignition Engines | 4 | ||
| 3 Spark Ignition Engines | 5 | ||
| 4 Fuels for Transportation | 8 | ||
| 4.1 Fuel Properties | 8 | ||
| 4.2 Alternative Fuels | 9 | ||
| 5 Market Share | 14 | ||
| 6 Future Trends | 16 | ||
| 6.1 Advanced Combustion Strategies | 16 | ||
| 6.2 Cylinder Deactivation | 18 | ||
| 6.3 Variable Compression Ratio | 19 | ||
| 6.4 Variable Valve Actuation and Atkinson-Miller Cycles | 19 | ||
| 6.5 Stop-Start | 20 | ||
| References | 20 | ||
| Gaseous and Particle Greenhouse Emissions from Road Transport | 25 | ||
| 1 Introduction | 25 | ||
| 2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions | 27 | ||
| 3 Methane Emissions | 31 | ||
| 4 Nitrous Oxide Emissions | 32 | ||
| 5 Equivalent Carbon Dioxide Emissions | 33 | ||
| 6 Particle Emissions | 37 | ||
| 7 Future Trends | 39 | ||
| References | 42 | ||
| Local-acting Air Pollutant Emissions from Road Vehicles | 46 | ||
| 1 Introduction | 47 | ||
| 2 Fuel Type, Fuel Quality, and Vehicle Technology | 48 | ||
| 2.1 Fuel Sulfur Reduction | 48 | ||
| 2.2 Fuel Additives, Including Tetraethyl-lead, Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl, and Lube Oil Additives | 49 | ||
| 2.3 Tailpipe NOx, CO, VOCs, and PM Emission Related to the Combination of Technology and Fuel | 49 | ||
| 2.4 After-treatment Controls for Modern Vehicles | 51 | ||
| 2.5 Fugitive VOC Emissions from Vehicles | 52 | ||
| 2.6 Non-tailpipe PM Emissions from Vehicles | 53 | ||
| 2.7 Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles | 53 | ||
| 3 Evolution of Roadway Emissions | 54 | ||
| 3.1 Primary and Secondary Pollutants | 54 | ||
| 3.2 Changes in Pollutant Concentrations Downwind of Roadways | 55 | ||
| 3.3 Key Air Pollutants Associated with Roadway Emissions | 57 | ||
| 4 Impacts on Human Health | 60 | ||
| 4.1 Health Impacts of Near-roadway Exposures and Urban Air Pollution from Traffic Emissions | 60 | ||
| 4.2 The Contributions of Mobile Sources to PM and O3 in Cities around the World | 63 | ||
| 5 Impacts on the Natural and Built Environments | 65 | ||
| 6 Impacts on Remote Sites | 68 | ||
| 7 Global Trends in Emissions | 71 | ||
| 8 Future Technologies and Projected Trends | 74 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 77 | ||
| References | 77 | ||
| Water and Soil Pollution Implications of Road Traffic | 86 | ||
| 1 Introduction | 87 | ||
| 2 Primary Pollutants from Road Traffic | 88 | ||
| 2.1 Pollutant Sources | 88 | ||
| 2.2 Influential Factors in Pollutant Generation | 89 | ||
| 2.3 Primary Pollutants | 92 | ||
| 3 Pollutant Processes | 94 | ||
| 3.1 Pollutant Build-up | 95 | ||
| 3.2 Pollutant Wash-off | 96 | ||
| 3.3 Impact of Climate Change on Pollutant Processes | 97 | ||
| 3.4 Pollutant-Particulate Relationships and Mobility of Particle-bound Pollutants | 99 | ||
| 4 Impacts of Traffic Pollutants | 100 | ||
| 5 Conclusions | 101 | ||
| References | 103 | ||
| Cardiovascular Health Effects of Road Traffic Noise | 107 | ||
| 1 Introduction | 107 | ||
| 1.1 Biological Mechanisms | 108 | ||
| 2 Assessment of Traffic Noise Exposure in Epidemiological Studies | 110 | ||
| 3 Health Studies of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults | 115 | ||
| 3.1 Hypertension | 115 | ||
| 3.2 Cardiovascular Disease Incidence, Morbidity and Mortality | 118 | ||
| 3.3 Cardiovascular Risk Factors | 122 | ||
| 3.4 Further Factors to Consider in the Interpretation of Epidemiological Studies: Confounding and Effect-modifying Factors | 125 | ||
| 4 Conclusions | 126 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 126 | ||
| References | 127 | ||
| Environmental Impact of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles | 133 | ||
| 1 Introduction | 134 | ||
| 2 Energy Storage and Conversion Technologies | 138 | ||
| 3 Hybrid Vehicles | 141 | ||
| 4 Impact of Different Usage Cases | 142 | ||
| 5 Life Cycle Assessment | 145 | ||
| 5.1 Battery Utilisation | 147 | ||
| 5.2 Vehicle-to-grid | 148 | ||
| 5.3 Battery Lifetime and Degradation | 149 | ||
| 5.4 Recycling and Second Life | 151 | ||
| 6 Conclusion | 152 | ||
| References | 153 | ||
| Development Implications for Malaysia: Hydrogen as a Road\r\n Transport Fuel | 157 | ||
| 1 Introduction | 158 | ||
| 2 Energy Demand, Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions | 158 | ||
| 3 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Pathways | 161 | ||
| 4 Concepts in Fostering Hydrogen in Transportation | 162 | ||
| 5 Simulation Experiments | 164 | ||
| 5.1 Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Model | 164 | ||
| 5.2 Malaysian Social Accounting Matrix | 165 | ||
| 5.3 Model Specifications | 165 | ||
| 6 Scenarios and Results | 167 | ||
| 7 The Way Forward | 171 | ||
| References | 173 | ||
| Latest Trends and New Challenges in End-of-life \r\nVehicle Recycling | 174 | ||
| 1 Introduction | 175 | ||
| 2 Legislation on End-of-life Vehicle Recycling and Its Implications | 175 | ||
| 2.1 Background on the Evolution of Legal Systems | 175 | ||
| 2.2 Comparison of EPR-based ELV Recycling Laws | 176 | ||
| 3 Popularization of Next-generation Vehicles and Their Impact on Vehicle Recycling | 180 | ||
| 3.1 Significant Developments in the Popularization of Next-generation Vehicles | 180 | ||
| 3.2 Trends in NGV Popularization | 181 | ||
| 3.3 Effective Utilization of Waste Batteries from Next-generation Vehicles | 184 | ||
| 3.4 Limitations on the Reuse and Recycling of Batteries | 185 | ||
| 4 Effects of Second-hand Vehicle Exportation on International Resource Circulation and Emerging Cross-border Environmental Problems | 186 | ||
| 4.1 The Two Sides of Second-hand Vehicle Exportation | 186 | ||
| 4.2 Conditions and Characteristics of Second-hand Vehicle Exportation in Japan | 187 | ||
| 4.3 Analysis of the Condition of Second-hand Vehicle Imports in Mongolia | 190 | ||
| 4.4 Effect of Second-hand Vehicle Imports on Resource Recycling and the Environment | 192 | ||
| 5 Environmental Pollution Caused by Improper End-of-life Vehicle Processing in Developing Countries: A Case Study on Lead Battery Recycling in Mongolia | 197 | ||
| 5.1 Potential of Serious Environmental Damage | 197 | ||
| 5.2 Overview of Field Investigations and Their Results | 198 | ||
| 5.3 Challenges from a Case Study | 204 | ||
| 6 Environmental Problems Associated with the Proliferation of Used Vehicles in Metro Manila, Philippines | 205 | ||
| 6.1 Current State of Used Vehicles in the Philippines | 205 | ||
| 6.2 Existing Legislation | 206 | ||
| 6.3 Current Proposals to Undertake ELV Recycling | 207 | ||
| 6.4 Future of ELV Recycling in Metro Manila | 207 | ||
| 6.5 Challenges in Undertaking ELV Recycling in the Philippines | 208 | ||
| 7 Recommendations and Challenges for the Future | 208 | ||
| Notes and References | 209 | ||
| Life Cycle Assessment of Road Vehicles | 214 | ||
| 1 Life Cycle Assessment: A General Concept | 214 | ||
| 1.1 Definition of the Goal and Scope of the Assessment | 215 | ||
| 1.2 Life Cycle Inventory | 216 | ||
| 1.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment | 217 | ||
| 1.4 Interpretation of Results and Conclusions | 218 | ||
| 2 Life Cycle Analysis: Review of the State-of-the-art | 219 | ||
| 3 Life Cycle Analysis of Road Vehicles | 220 | ||
| 3.1 Material Life Cycle of Vehicles | 222 | ||
| 3.2 Fuel Life Cycle of Vehicles | 224 | ||
| 3.3 Vehicle Use Phase | 230 | ||
| 4 Uncertainties and Limitations | 233 | ||
| 5 Practical Example of Life Cycle Assessment: Comparison of Fuel Types for Cars | 234 | ||
| 6 Life Cycle Assessment and the Role of the Road Transport Sector in Urban Air Quality | 236 | ||
| 7 Concluding Remarks | 238 | ||
| References | 238 | ||
| Subject Index | 243 |