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Book Details
Abstract
Successfully review sleep medicine whether you plan to improve your sleep medicine competency skills or prepare for the Sleep Medicine Certification Exam with this expanded review-and-test workbook that includes more than 1,400 interactive questions and answers. Now in full color throughout, Review of Sleep Medicine, 4th Edition, by Dr. Alon Y. Avidan, features a new, high-yield format designed to help you make the most of your study time, using figures, polysomnography tracings, EEG illustrations, sleep actigraphy and sleep diaries, tables, algorithms, and key points to explain challenging topics.
- Includes concise summaries of all aspects of sleep medicine clinical summaries from epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic techniques, treatment strategies and prognostic implications.
- Provides a library of assessment questions with comprehensive explanations to help you identify the reasoning behind each answer and think logically about the problems.
- Offers the expertise of a multidisciplinary global team of experts including sleep researchers, multispecialty sleep clinicians, and educators. The unique strength of this educational resource is its inclusion of all sleep subspecialties from neurology to pulmonary medicine, psychiatry, internal medicine, clinical psychology, and Registered Polysomnographic Technologists.
- Perfect for sleep medicine practitioners, sleep medicine fellows and trainees, allied health professionals, nurse practitioners, sleep technologists, and other health care providers as review tool, quick reference manual, and day-to-day resource on key topics in sleep medicine.
- Provides a highly effective review with a newly condensed, outline format that utilizes full-color tables, figures, diagrams, and charts to facilitate quick recall of information.
- Includes new and emerging data on the function and theories for why we sleep, quality assessment in sleep medicine, and benefits and risks of sleep-inducing medications.
- Contains new chapters on sleep stage scoring, sleep phylogenic evolution and ontogeny, geriatric sleep disorders and quality measures in sleep medicine.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Review of Sleep Medicine | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Foreword | ix | ||
| Preface | x | ||
| Table Of Contents | xii | ||
| Abbreviations | xiv | ||
| I Foundation of Sleep Medicine | 1 | ||
| 1 Introduction to Sleep Medicine | 1 | ||
| Organization of the Review of Sleep Medicine | 1 | ||
| Brief Historical Overview | 1 | ||
| Ontogeny of Sleep | 3 | ||
| Definition of Sleep | 3 | ||
| Proposed Biological Functions of Sleep | 4 | ||
| Dreams | 4 | ||
| Sleep Architecture Sleep Stages | 4 | ||
| Prevalence of Sleep Disorders | 7 | ||
| Circadian Clock Systems and Sleep Habits | 7 | ||
| Sleep Requirements | 7 | ||
| Sleep Duration Consensus | 7 | ||
| Symptoms of Sleep Disorders | 9 | ||
| Excessive Daytime Sleepiness | 9 | ||
| Insomnia | 10 | ||
| Abnormal and Complex Nocturnal Behaviors | 10 | ||
| International Classification of Sleep Disorders | 11 | ||
| Insomnia | 11 | ||
| Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders | 11 | ||
| Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence | 11 | ||
| Circadian Rhythm Sleep–Wake Disorders | 12 | ||
| Parasomnias | 12 | ||
| Sleep-Related Movement Disorders | 12 | ||
| Other Sleep Disorders | 12 | ||
| Isolated Symptoms and Normal Variants | 12 | ||
| Appendices | 12 | ||
| Key Tools for the Evaluation of Sleep Disorder | 12 | ||
| Laboratory Tests for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Sleep Disorders | 12 | ||
| Laboratory Tests for Suspected Seizure Disorders | 12 | ||
| Imaging Studies | 12 | ||
| Miscellaneous Tests | 13 | ||
| Specific Indications for Overnight Polysomnography | 13 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 13 | ||
| References | 13.e1 | ||
| II Highlights of Normal Sleep | 14 | ||
| 2 Sleep Phylogenic Evolution and Ontogeny | 14 | ||
| Rapid Eye Movement Sleep | 14 | ||
| Marine Mammals | 14 | ||
| The Neurochemistry of Electroencephalogram Control | 17 | ||
| Birds | 17 | ||
| Land Mammals | 17 | ||
| Phylogenetic Correlates of Sleep Duration | 18 | ||
| Clinical Significance | 22 | ||
| Sleep in Preindustrial People | 23 | ||
| Conclusions | 23 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 24 | ||
| References | 24.e1 | ||
| 3 Normal Human Sleep-Wake Patterns | 25 | ||
| What Is Sleep? | 25 | ||
| Role of Sleep | 25 | ||
| Normal Sleep and Wake Timing | 25 | ||
| Normal Sleep Patterns | 26 | ||
| Normal Sleep Duration | 28 | ||
| Gender Differences | 30 | ||
| Sleep and Menses | 30 | ||
| Sleep and Pregnancy | 30 | ||
| Sleep and Menopause | 31 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 31 | ||
| References | 31.e1 | ||
| 4 Highlights of Sleep Neuroscience | 32 | ||
| Introduction | 32 | ||
| Regulation of Arousal | 32 | ||
| Monoaminergic Neurons | 32 | ||
| Dopamine Neurons | 33 | ||
| Cholinergic Neurons | 34 | ||
| Glutamate | 34 | ||
| Hypocretin/Orexin | 35 | ||
| Sleep-Promoting Mechanisms | 35 | ||
| Preoptic Hypothalamic Neurons | 35 | ||
| Melanin Concentrating Hormone Neurons | 36 | ||
| Rostral Medullary Neurons | 37 | ||
| Sleep Regulatory Substances | 37 | ||
| Adenosine | 37 | ||
| Cytokines | 37 | ||
| Rapid Eye Movement Sleep-Generating Mechanisms | 37 | ||
| Brainstem GABA-Glutamate Neuronal Interactions | 37 | ||
| Cholinergic and Monoaminergic Modulation of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep | 38 | ||
| Forebrain-Brainstem Interactions and the Generation of the Nonrapid Eye Movement/Rapid Eye Movement Cycle | 38 | ||
| Hypocretin/Orexin | 38 | ||
| Preoptic Neurons | 39 | ||
| Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Neurons | 39 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 39 | ||
| References | 39.e1 | ||
| 5 Normal Sleep Physiology (Including Respiratory and Cardiac Physiology) | 40 | ||
| Introduction | 40 | ||
| Changes in the Central Nervous System During Sleep | 40 | ||
| Clinical Relevance | 41 | ||
| Changes in the Autonomic Nervous System and Its Changes During Sleep | 41 | ||
| Alterations in Autonomic Nervous System Activity During Sleep (Box 5.2) | 41 | ||
| Clinical Relevance | 42 | ||
| Control of Respiration During Sleep and Wakefulness | 43 | ||
| Changes in Breathing During Sleep | 44 | ||
| Upper Airway Reflexes and Resistance | 45 | ||
| Sleep-Related Changes in the Upper Airway and Related Muscles | 45 | ||
| Mechanism of Muscle Hypotonia in Nonrapid Eye Movement Sleep | 46 | ||
| Mechanism of Muscle Atonia or Hypotonia in Rapid Eye Movement Sleep | 46 | ||
| Clinical Relevance | 47 | ||
| Changes in the Cardiovascular System During Sleep | 47 | ||
| Heart Rate and Rhythm | 47 | ||
| Cardiac Output | 48 | ||
| Systemic and Pulmonary Arterial Pressure | 48 | ||
| Systemic Blood Flow and Peripheral Vascular Resistance | 48 | ||
| Systolic Blood Pressure | 48 | ||
| Cerebral Blood Flow | 48 | ||
| Clinical Relevance | 48 | ||
| Changes in Endocrine Secretions During Sleep | 49 | ||
| Circadian Changes in Endocrine Function | 49 | ||
| Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone and Cortisol | 49 | ||
| Growth Hormone | 49 | ||
| Prolactin | 50 | ||
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone | 50 | ||
| Gonadotropic Hormone | 50 | ||
| Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Activity | 50 | ||
| Parathormone Secretion | 50 | ||
| Antidiuretic Hormone | 50 | ||
| Melatonin | 50 | ||
| Clinical Relevance | 51 | ||
| Changes in the Alimentary System During Sleep | 51 | ||
| Esophageal Function | 51 | ||
| Gastric Acid Secretion and Gastric Motility | 52 | ||
| Intestinal Motility and Secretions | 52 | ||
| Clinical Relevance | 52 | ||
| Changes in the Urinary System in Sleep | 52 | ||
| Changes in the Genital System During Sleep | 52 | ||
| Thermoregulation in Sleep | 53 | ||
| III Synopsis of Sleep Disorders | 110 | ||
| 10 Sleep Deprivation | 110 | ||
| Epidemiology | 110 | ||
| Sleep Loss Studies in Animal Models | 110 | ||
| Sleep Loss in Humans | 111 | ||
| Effects of Sleep Loss on Attention | 111 | ||
| Sleep Fragmentation | 112 | ||
| Physiologic Effects of Sleep Deprivation | 112 | ||
| Conclusions | 112 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 113 | ||
| References | 113.e1 | ||
| 11 The Insomnias | 114 | ||
| Introduction and Definitions | 114 | ||
| Insomnia Evaluation | 114 | ||
| Diagnosis | 115 | ||
| Epidemiology | 119 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 119 | ||
| Consequences and Associations | 119 | ||
| Management | 121 | ||
| Insomnia and Psychiatric Comorbidities | 125 | ||
| Summary | 126 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 126 | ||
| References | 126.e1 | ||
| 12 Central Nervous System Hypersomnia | 127 | ||
| Introduction | 127 | ||
| Definitions | 127 | ||
| Prevalence of Hypersomnia | 127 | ||
| The Complaint of Sleepiness | 127 | ||
| Classification of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness | 127 | ||
| “Sleepiness” or “Fatigue”? | 129 | ||
| Manifestations of Sleepiness | 130 | ||
| Physiology of Sleep and Wake | 130 | ||
| Neurotransmitters | 130 | ||
| Pharmacology | 130 | ||
| Making the Diagnosis | 131 | ||
| Clinical History | 131 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 132 | ||
| Epworth Sleepiness Scale | 132 | ||
| The Stanford Sleepiness Scale | 133 | ||
| Sleep Logs and Actigraphy | 133 | ||
| Polysomnographic Investigations | 134 | ||
| Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) | 135 | ||
| General Considerations | 135 | ||
| Interpretation of MSLT | 135 | ||
| SOREMP on PSG | 135 | ||
| Maintenance of Wakefulness Test | 135 | ||
| Continuous 24-Hour Sleep Recording | 135 | ||
| Laboratory Tests | 136 | ||
| Routine Blood Tests. | 136 | ||
| Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Typing | 136 | ||
| Cerebrospinal Fluid Hypocretin-1 | 136 | ||
| Imaging Studies–Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain, and Other Diagnostic Tests | 137 | ||
| Psychiatric Evaluation and Psychologic Testing | 138 | ||
| Specific Disorders | 138 | ||
| Narcolepsy | 138 | ||
| Epidemiology | 138 | ||
| Classification | 138 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 138 | ||
| Cataplexy | 138 | ||
| Other Symptoms Associated with Narcolepsy | 139 | ||
| Diagnosis | 140 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 141 | ||
| Evolution and Prognosis | 141 | ||
| Kleine-Levin Syndrome | 141 | ||
| Epidemiology | 141 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 143 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 144 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 144 | ||
| Treatment | 144 | ||
| Evolution and Prognosis | 144 | ||
| Idiopathic Hypersomnia | 144 | ||
| Definition | 144 | ||
| Epidemiology | 145 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 145 | ||
| Diagnosis | 145 | ||
| Evolution and Prognosis | 145 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 145 | ||
| Treatment Strategies for Central Nervous System Hypersomnia | 145 | ||
| Behavioral Treatments | 145 | ||
| Wake-Promoting Agents | 147 | ||
| Modafinil, Armodafinil | 147 | ||
| Amphetamine-Like Stimulants | 147 | ||
| Pharmacologic Management | 147 | ||
| Anticataplectic Agents: Antidepressants | 147 | ||
| Sodium Oxybate | 148 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 148 | ||
| Clinical Benefit | 148 | ||
| Dosing | 148 | ||
| Adverse Effects | 148 | ||
| Treatment of Ancillary and Associated Conditions | 148 | ||
| Narcolepsy-Cataplexy: Novel Approaches | 149 | ||
| Investigational Agents | 149 | ||
| Conclusion and Perspectives | 149 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 149 | ||
| References | 149.e1 | ||
| 13 Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders | 150 | ||
| Introduction | 150 | ||
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 150 | ||
| Epidemiology | 151 | ||
| Factors That Increase Prevalence | 151 | ||
| Comorbid Associations | 151 | ||
| Effect of Body Mass Index, Gender, and Age | 152 | ||
| Definitions | 152 | ||
| Obstructive Apnea in Adults | 152 | ||
| Scoring of Hypopnea Is Less Straightforward | 152 | ||
| Distinguishing Obstructive Versus Central Hypopnea | 152 | ||
| Pediatric Criteria | 152 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 152 | ||
| Critical Closing Pressure | 152 | ||
| Loop Gain | 152 | ||
| Upper Airway Recruitment Threshold | 152 | ||
| Arousal Threshold | 152 | ||
| Interaction of Variables | 152 | ||
| Obesity Is a Major Risk Factor | 152 | ||
| Influence of Sex Hormones | 153 | ||
| Predisposing Factors in Childhood | 153 | ||
| Physiologic Consequences | 153 | ||
| Cardiac Effects | 153 | ||
| Systemic Consequences | 153 | ||
| Hormonal Responses | 154 | ||
| Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease | 154 | ||
| Multiple Other Consequences | 154 | ||
| Consequences of Sleep Fragmentation | 154 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 154 | ||
| The Body Mass Index Varies Significantly | 154 | ||
| Variable Presentations | 154 | ||
| Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome | 154 | ||
| Hypotonia Predisposes to Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 155 | ||
| Perioperative Complications | 155 | ||
| Reports from Family Members or Bed Partner | 155 | ||
| Physical Examination Clues | 155 | ||
| Diagnosis | 155 | ||
| Pediatric Sleep Laboratories | 155 | ||
| Diagnostic Criteria | 155 | ||
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea Diagnosis in Children Is Less Precise | 156 | ||
| Alternative Diagnostic Approaches | 156 | ||
| Unattended Portable Monitoring | 156 | ||
| Central Apnea | 157 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 157 | ||
| History and Examination | 158 | ||
| Diagnosis | 158 | ||
| Cheyne-Stokes Respiration | 158 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 158 | ||
| Associated Conditions | 158 | ||
| High-Altitude Periodic Breathing | 159 | ||
| Idiopathic Central Sleep Apnea | 159 | ||
| Central Apnea Associated with Baseline Hypercapnia | 159 | ||
| Mixed Central and Obstructive Apnea | 159 | ||
| Snoring | 160 | ||
| Risk Factors | 160 | ||
| History | 160 | ||
| Examination | 160 | ||
| Complications | 160 | ||
| IV Testing Knowledge in Sleep Medicine: Practice Exams | 425 | ||
| 28 Mechanism and Disorders of Circadian Physiology | 425 | ||
| Questions | 425 | ||
| Answers | 427 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 435 | ||
| References | 435.e1 | ||
| 29 Tools in Clinical Sleep Medicine | 436 | ||
| Questions | 436 | ||
| Answers | 443 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 452 | ||
| References | 452.e1 | ||
| 30 Practice Examination—Pediatric Sleep Disorders | 453 | ||
| Questions | 453 | ||
| Answers | 460 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 465 | ||
| References | 465.e1 | ||
| 31 Cardiology in Sleep Medicine | 466 | ||
| Questions | 466 | ||
| Answers | 475 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 479 | ||
| References | 479.e1 | ||
| 32 Pulmonary Sleep Clinical Case Studies | 480 | ||
| Questions | 480 | ||
| Answers | 486 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 498 | ||
| References | 498.e1 | ||
| 33 Psychiatry Clinical Case Studies | 499 | ||
| Questions | 499 | ||
| Answers | 504 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 508 | ||
| References | 508.e1 | ||
| 34 Insomnia Clinical Pearls | 509 | ||
| Questions | 509 | ||
| Answers | 516 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 520 | ||
| References | 520.e1 | ||
| 35 Neurology in Sleep Medicine | 521 | ||
| Questions | 521 | ||
| Answers | 529 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 539 | ||
| References | 539.e1 | ||
| 36 Hypersomnia Case Studies | 540 | ||
| Questions | 540 | ||
| Questions 1–14 Refer to Patient A | 540 | ||
| Questions 18–20 Refer to Patient B | 542 | ||
| During the First Trial of the MWT, the Following Results Are Obtained | 542 | ||
| Questions 21–22 Refer to Patient C | 543 | ||
| Questions 23–25 Refer to Patient D | 543 | ||
| Questions 26–29 Refer to Patient E | 544 | ||
| Questions 30–32 Refer to Patient F | 544 | ||
| Answers | 545 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 556 | ||
| References | 556.e1 | ||
| 37 Clinical Cases | 557 | ||
| Questions | 557 | ||
| Answers | 561 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 572 | ||
| References | 572.e1 | ||
| 38 Rapid Eye Movement and Nonrapid Eye Movement Parasomnias | 573 | ||
| Questions | 573 | ||
| Answers | 579 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 586 | ||
| References | 586.e1 | ||
| 39 Seizures and Sleep | 587 | ||
| Questions | 587 | ||
| Answers | 591 | ||
| Case 1 | 591 | ||
| Case 2 | 595 | ||
| Case 3 | 595 | ||
| Case 4 | 596 | ||
| Case 5 | 597 | ||
| Case 6 | 597 | ||
| References | 598.e1 | ||
| 40 Sleep-Related Movement Disorders | 599 | ||
| Questions | 599 | ||
| Answers | 601 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 620 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 620 | ||
| References | 621.e1 | ||
| 41 Sleep in Medical Disorders and Special Populations | 622 | ||
| Questions | 622 | ||
| Endocrine | 622 | ||
| HIV | 622 | ||
| GI | 622 | ||
| Pregnancy | 623 | ||
| Fibromyalgia | 624 | ||
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 625 | ||
| Renal | 625 | ||
| Cancer | 625 | ||
| Answers | 625 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 632 | ||
| References | 632.e1 | ||
| 42 Sleep Pharmacology | 633 | ||
| Questions | 633 | ||
| Answers | 636 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 641 | ||
| References | 641.e1 | ||
| 43 Polysomnography Pearls | 642 | ||
| Questions | 642 | ||
| Answers | 650 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 657 | ||
| References | 657.e1 | ||
| 44 Sleep Stage Scoring | 658 | ||
| Channel Key | 658 | ||
| Questions | 658 | ||
| Waveform Recognition | 658 | ||
| Stage Scoring | 658 | ||
| Events | 664 | ||
| Multi-Epoch Scoring (Scoring in Context) | 669 | ||
| Answers | 675 | ||
| Waveform Recognition | 675 | ||
| Stage Scoring | 681 | ||
| Events | 686 | ||
| Multi-Epoch Scoring (Scoring in Context) | 690 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 694 | ||
| References | 694.e1 | ||
| 45 Artifacts | 695 | ||
| Questions | 695 | ||
| Answers | 712 | ||
| Channel Key | 745 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 746 | ||
| References | 746.e1 | ||
| 46 Use of Statistics in Sleep Medicine | 747 | ||
| Questions | 747 | ||
| Answers | 749 | ||
| Commonly Used Statistical Terms | 750 | ||
| References | 750.e1 | ||
| 47 Knowing Your Sleep Practice Parameters | 751 | ||
| Aasm Practice Parameter Review Questions | 751 | ||
| Answers | 754 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 758 | ||
| References | 758.e1 | ||
| 48 Quality Measures in Sleep Medicine | 759 | ||
| Questions | 759 | ||
| Answers | 762 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 772 | ||
| References | 772.e1 | ||
| 49 Normal Sleep | 773 | ||
| Questions | 773 | ||
| Answers | 778 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 788 | ||
| References | 788.e1 | ||
| 50 Mechanisms of Sleep Neuroscience | 789 | ||
| Questions | 789 | ||
| Answers | 792 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 808 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 808 | ||
| References | 808.e1 | ||
| Appendices | e25 | ||
| Appendix I Statistics in Medicine | e25 | ||
| Introduction | e25 | ||
| Types of Data | e25 | ||
| Descriptive Statistics | e25 | ||
| Frequency Distribution Curves | e25 | ||
| Inferential Statistics | e27 | ||
| Hypothesis Testing | e28 | ||
| Choice of Statistical Test | e28 | ||
| Multiple Significance Testing | e28 | ||
| Contingency Tables | e29 | ||
| Repeated Measurements | e29 | ||
| Correlation and Regression | e30 | ||
| Method Comparison Studies | e31 | ||
| Multiple Regression Analysis | e31 | ||
| Meta-Analysis and Systematic Reviews | e31 | ||
| Suggested Reading | e31 | ||
| Appendix II Cardiac Arrhythmias | e32 | ||
| Anatomy and Pathways | e32 | ||
| Cardiac Cycle | e32 | ||
| Normal Electrocardiogram Parameters | e32 | ||
| Electrocardiogram Abnormalities | e32 | ||
| Arrhythmia Analysis | e32 | ||
| Step 1. Examine the P Wave | e32 | ||
| Step 2. Examine the QRS Complex | e34 | ||
| Step 3. Examine the P and QRS Relationship | e34 | ||
| Step 4. Measure the Intervals | e34 | ||
| Step 5. Regular or Irregular Rhythm | e34 | ||
| Step 6. Determine the Rate | e34 | ||
| Common Atrial Arrhythmias | e34 | ||
| Junctional Arrhythmias | e38 | ||
| Blocks | e39 | ||
| Ventricular Arrhythmias | e42 | ||
| Interventions | e46 | ||
| Recording and Monitoring Techniques | e47 | ||
| Suggested Reading | e47 | ||
| Appendix III Statistics for Clinical Trials and Audit | e48 | ||
| Study Designs | e48 | ||
| Power Analysis | e49 | ||
| Presentation of Results | e50 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | e50 | ||
| Statistical Applications in Quality Assurance | e50 | ||
| References | e52 | ||
| Suggested Reading | e52 | ||
| Appendix IV Horne-Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire | e53 | ||
| Suggested Reading | e54 | ||
| Index | 809 | ||
| A | 809 | ||
| B | 811 | ||
| C | 811 | ||
| D | 814 | ||
| E | 814 | ||
| F | 816 | ||
| G | 816 | ||
| H | 817 | ||
| I | 818 | ||
| J | 819 | ||
| K | 819 | ||
| L | 819 | ||
| M | 820 | ||
| N | 821 | ||
| O | 822 | ||
| P | 823 | ||
| Q | 826 | ||
| R | 826 | ||
| S | 827 | ||
| T | 830 | ||
| U | 831 | ||
| V | 831 | ||
| W | 831 | ||
| Y | 831 | ||
| Z | 831 |