Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Promoting Health: A Practical Guide continues to offer health promotion workers with an essential guide to day-to-day planning and service delivery in a variety of different areas of practice.
- Describes the international and national strategies and movements that have emerged to reduce inequalities in health
- Examines the concept of need and provides tools to assist in the identification of health promotion needs
- Contains almost 50 exercises and 20 Case Studies to engage readers and reinforce learning
- Describes the knowledge and skills required to draw on evidence, undertake research and use various techniques to inform and prioritise health promotion practice
- Shows how to ensure that health promotion work contributes to local and national strategies
- Looks at the concept of ‘value for money’ via learning ways of thinking based in health economics
- Shows how to develop key skills that include information management, report writing, time management, project management, and change management
- Looks at the effectiveness of good communication skills and emphasises the importance of establishing high-quality professional relationships
- Provides practical guidance on the preparation of communication tools which range from leaflets, posters and display boards to the use of radio and television
- Will reflects recent changes to the structure and organisation of the NHS
- To include national standards for work in health promotion and public health
- Discusses the latest research on the comparative effectiveness of different approaches to health promotion
- Refers to the effectiveness of novel techniques, including the use of Social Media via Twitter and YouTube.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Promoting Health: A Practical Guide | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Foreword | vii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Acknowledgements | xi | ||
| Part 1 Thinking About Health, Health Promotion and Public Health | 1 | ||
| Part Contents | 1 | ||
| Part Summary | 1 | ||
| 1 What is Health? | 3 | ||
| Summary | 3 | ||
| What does being healthy mean to you? | 3 | ||
| Concepts of health and wellbeing | 4 | ||
| Lay Perceptions | 4 | ||
| Concepts of Health | 5 | ||
| The Medical Model | 5 | ||
| The Holistic Model | 5 | ||
| The Biopsychosocial Model | 6 | ||
| The Ecological Model | 6 | ||
| The Wellness Model | 6 | ||
| Determinants of health and wellbeing | 10 | ||
| Health and Medicine | 10 | ||
| The Wider Determinants of Health | 11 | ||
| Improving Health – Historical Overview | 12 | ||
| International initiatives for improving health | 13 | ||
| National initiatives | 14 | ||
| Where Are We Now? | 14 | ||
| Practice points | 14 | ||
| References | 15 | ||
| Websites | 16 | ||
| Blogs | 16 | ||
| 16 | |||
| 2 What is health promotion? | 17 | ||
| Summary | 17 | ||
| Defining health promotion | 17 | ||
| Action Areas | 18 | ||
| Strategies | 18 | ||
| The Connection Between Health Promotion and Public Health | 20 | ||
| What is Public Health? | 20 | ||
| The scope of health promotion | 22 | ||
| Illness and Disability Services | 22 | ||
| Positive Health Activities | 23 | ||
| Health Education Programmes | 23 | ||
| Social Marketing | 24 | ||
| Preventive Health Services | 25 | ||
| Community-Based Work | 25 | ||
| Organisational Development | 25 | ||
| Healthy Public Policies | 25 | ||
| Environmental Health Measures | 25 | ||
| Economic and Regulatory Activities | 25 | ||
| A framework for health promotion activities | 25 | ||
| Areas of competencies important to promoting health | 27 | ||
| Managing, Planning and Evaluating | 27 | ||
| Communicating and Educating | 27 | ||
| Marketing and Publicising | 27 | ||
| Facilitating, Networking, Partnership Working | 27 | ||
| Influencing Policy and Practice | 28 | ||
| Competencies in public health and health promotion | 28 | ||
| Practice points | 33 | ||
| References | 33 | ||
| Websites | 33 | ||
| Blogs | 34 | ||
| 34 | |||
| 34 | |||
| Youtube | 34 | ||
| 3 Who Promotes Health? | 35 | ||
| Summary | 35 | ||
| National public health agencies | 37 | ||
| The Government | 37 | ||
| The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) | 37 | ||
| Public Health England | 38 | ||
| Health Services | 38 | ||
| Online Public Health Resources: NHS Direct Wales, NHS Choices | 39 | ||
| NHS Walk-In Centres (WICS) | 39 | ||
| Other National and Local Public Health Agencies | 40 | ||
| Non-Government Organisations | 40 | ||
| The Royal Society for Public Health (RSPH) | 40 | ||
| The Institute of Health Promotion and Education (IHPE) | 40 | ||
| Voluntary and Charitable Organisations and Pressure Groups | 40 | ||
| Professional Associations | 40 | ||
| Trade Unions | 40 | ||
| Commercial and Industrial Organisations | 40 | ||
| Manufacturers and Retailers | 41 | ||
| The Mass Media | 41 | ||
| Churches and Religious Organisations | 41 | ||
| International public health agencies | 41 | ||
| The European Community | 41 | ||
| The World Health Organization (WHO) | 42 | ||
| Other International Agencies | 42 | ||
| The International Union for Health Promotion and Education (IUHPE) | 42 | ||
| European Public Health Alliance (EPHA) | 43 | ||
| World Federation of Public Health Associations (WFPHA) | 43 | ||
| Agents of Health Promotion | 43 | ||
| Directors of Public Health | 44 | ||
| Health Promotion Specialists | 44 | ||
| Public Health Practitioners | 44 | ||
| Public Health Specialists | 46 | ||
| Health Trainers and Community Health Champions | 46 | ||
| General Practitioners | 47 | ||
| Nurses and Midwives | 48 | ||
| Other Health Professions | 49 | ||
| Health promotion agents and agencies outside the NHS | 49 | ||
| Local Authorities | 49 | ||
| Environmental Health Officers/Practitioners | 49 | ||
| Personal, Social and Health and Economic (PSHE) Teachers and Schools | 49 | ||
| Social Services | 49 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Medicine Practitioners | 50 | ||
| Other local organisations and groups | 50 | ||
| Universities and Colleges | 50 | ||
| Community Groups | 50 | ||
| Employers | 50 | ||
| Police, Probation and Prison Officers | 50 | ||
| Fire and Rescue Authorities | 50 | ||
| Practice points | 51 | ||
| References | 51 | ||
| Websites | 53 | ||
| Blogs | 53 | ||
| 53 | |||
| 4 Values and ethical considerations in health promotion and public health | 55 | ||
| Summary | 55 | ||
| Exploring the Aims of health promotion and public health practice | 55 | ||
| Aiming for Compliance or Informed Choice? | 57 | ||
| Analysing aims and values: five approaches | 57 | ||
| 1. The Medical Approach | 58 | ||
| 2. The Behaviour-Change Approach | 58 | ||
| 3. The Educational Approach | 58 | ||
| 4. The Client-Centred Approach | 58 | ||
| 5. The Societal-Change Approach | 58 | ||
| Ethical dilemmas | 61 | ||
| Bottom Up or Top Down? | 61 | ||
| Just Widening the Inequalities? | 62 | ||
| The Health Promoter and Public Health Practitioner: A Shining Example? | 62 | ||
| Facts, Fads or Fashions? | 63 | ||
| Health At Any Cost? | 63 | ||
| Health Information: An Insensitive Blunderbuss? | 63 | ||
| Empower the People? | 63 | ||
| Health for Sale? | 63 | ||
| Individual Freedom or Community Health? | 63 | ||
| Behaviour change and nudging, an ethical approach? | 64 | ||
| Making ethical decisions | 64 | ||
| Towards an ethical code of practice | 65 | ||
| Practice points | 66 | ||
| References | 66 | ||
| Websites | 67 | ||
| 67 | |||
| Blog | 67 | ||
| Youtube | 67 | ||
| BBC Iplayer | 67 | ||
| Part 2 Planning and Managing Health Promotion and Public Health Practice | 69 | ||
| Part Contents | 69 | ||
| Part Summary | 69 | ||
| 5 Planning and evaluating health promotion and public health interventions | 71 | ||
| Summary | 71 | ||
| The planning process | 71 | ||
| The planning framework | 73 | ||
| Stage 1: Identify Needs and Priorities | 73 | ||
| Stage 2: Set Aims and Objectives | 73 | ||
| Setting Health Educational Objectives | 74 | ||
| Objectives About ‘Knowing’ | 75 | ||
| Objectives About ‘Feeling’ | 75 | ||
| Objectives About ‘Doing’ | 75 | ||
| Stage 3: Decide the Best Way of Achieving the Aims | 76 | ||
| Stage 4: Identify Resources | 77 | ||
| Professional Input | 77 | ||
| Your Client or Client/Target Group | 78 | ||
| People Who Influence Your Client or Client Group | 79 | ||
| Existing Policies and Public Health Strategies | 79 | ||
| Existing Facilities and Services | 79 | ||
| Material Resources | 79 | ||
| Media Resources | 79 | ||
| Stage 5: Plan Evaluation Methods | 79 | ||
| What is Meant by Evaluation? | 79 | ||
| Why Evaluate? | 80 | ||
| Who is the Evaluation For? | 80 | ||
| Assessing the Outcome | 80 | ||
| Changes in Health Awareness Can Be Assessed By: | 80 | ||
| Changes in Knowledge or Attitude Can Be Assessed By: | 81 | ||
| Behaviour Change Can Be Assessed By: | 81 | ||
| Policy Changes Can Be Assessed By: | 81 | ||
| Changes to the Physical Environment Can Be Assessed By: | 81 | ||
| Changes in Health Status Can Be Assessed By: | 81 | ||
| Assessing the Process | 81 | ||
| Measuring the Input | 82 | ||
| Self-evaluation | 82 | ||
| Feedback From Other People | 82 | ||
| Stage 6: Set an Action Plan | 82 | ||
| Stage 7: Action! | 82 | ||
| Practice points | 84 | ||
| References | 84 | ||
| Websites | 84 | ||
| 84 | |||
| 6 Identifying health promotion and public health practice needs and priorities | 85 | ||
| Summary | 85 | ||
| Concepts of need | 86 | ||
| 1. Normative Need – Defined by the Expert | 86 | ||
| 2. Felt Need – Wants | 86 | ||
| 3. Expressed Need – Demands | 86 | ||
| 4. Comparative Need | 86 | ||
| Need, demand and supply | 87 | ||
| Example of a Quality Statement | 87 | ||
| Identifying health promotion needs | 87 | ||
| The Scope | 88 | ||
| Reactive or Proactive? | 88 | ||
| Putting Users’ Needs First | 88 | ||
| Finding and using information | 89 | ||
| Epidemiological Data | 90 | ||
| Lifestyle Data | 91 | ||
| Socioeconomic Data | 91 | ||
| Professional Views | 91 | ||
| Public Views | 91 | ||
| Local and National Media and Social Media | 92 | ||
| Assessing health promotion and public health practice needs | 92 | ||
| 1. What TYPE of Need Is It? | 92 | ||
| 2. Who Decided That There Is a Need? | 92 | ||
| 3. What are the Grounds for Deciding That There Is a Need? | 93 | ||
| 4. What are the Aims and the Appropriate Response to the Need? | 93 | ||
| Setting health promotion and public health priorities | 94 | ||
| Practice points | 97 | ||
| References | 97 | ||
| Websites | 97 | ||
| 98 | |||
| 98 | |||
| 7 Evidence and research for health promotion and public health practice | 99 | ||
| Summary | 99 | ||
| Evidence-informed health promotion and public health practice | 99 | ||
| What Health Promotion and Public Health Interventions Work? | 100 | ||
| Evidence-Informed Health Promotion and Public Health Practice | 101 | ||
| Judging the cost effectiveness of public health interventions | 102 | ||
| Cost–Utility Analysis | 102 | ||
| Cost–Consequences and Cost– Benefit Analyses | 102 | ||
| Audit | 103 | ||
| Audit, Research and Evaluation | 104 | ||
| Health impact assessment | 105 | ||
| Using published research | 106 | ||
| How to Search the Literature | 106 | ||
| Doing your own small-scale research | 107 | ||
| Basic Tools of Research | 109 | ||
| Questionnaires | 109 | ||
| Personal Interviews | 109 | ||
| Participant and Non-participant Observation | 110 | ||
| Sampling | 110 | ||
| Random sampling. | 110 | ||
| Quota sampling. | 110 | ||
| Convenience sampling. | 110 | ||
| The Research Report | 112 | ||
| Practice points | 113 | ||
| References | 113 | ||
| Websites | 114 | ||
| 114 | |||
| 114 | |||
| Youtube | 114 | ||
| Blogs | 114 | ||
| 8 Skills of personal effectiveness | 115 | ||
| Summary | 115 | ||
| Management skills in health promotion and public health practice | 115 | ||
| Managing information | 116 | ||
| Principles of Effective Information Systems | 116 | ||
| Writing reports | 116 | ||
| Stage 1: Define the purpose | 116 | ||
| Stage 2: Define the readers | 117 | ||
| Stage 3: Prepare the structure | 117 | ||
| Stage 4: Write the report | 117 | ||
| Stage 5: Review and revision | 117 | ||
| Stage 6: Final check | 117 | ||
| Using time effectively | 119 | ||
| Time Logs and Time Diaries | 119 | ||
| Scheduling Your Work | 119 | ||
| Managing project work | 120 | ||
| Starting Health Promotion and Public Health Projects | 120 | ||
| Detailed Planning | 120 | ||
| Controlling Implementation | 122 | ||
| Managing change | 122 | ||
| Implementing Change | 123 | ||
| Key Factors for Successful Change | 123 | ||
| Reasons for Resistance to Change | 124 | ||
| Methods for Overcoming Resistance to Change | 125 | ||
| Working for quality | 125 | ||
| Criteria for Quality | 125 | ||
| Improving Quality | 126 | ||
| Developing Quality Standards | 128 | ||
| Practice points | 128 | ||
| References | 128 | ||
| Websites | 129 | ||
| 129 | |||
| Blogs | 129 | ||
| Youtube | 129 | ||
| 9 Working effectively with other people | 131 | ||
| Summary | 131 | ||
| Communicating with colleagues | 131 | ||
| Coordination and teamwork | 132 | ||
| Appointing a Coordinator | 132 | ||
| Using Your Reputation | 132 | ||
| Establishing Good Relationships | 132 | ||
| Bargaining | 133 | ||
| Out-ranking | 133 | ||
| Discussion and Negotiation | 133 | ||
| Policies, Procedures and Protocols | 133 | ||
| Joint Planning | 133 | ||
| Joint Working Through Creating Teams | 133 | ||
| Creation of Lateral Relations | 133 | ||
| Characteristics of Successful Teams | 134 | ||
| Participating in meetings | 134 | ||
| Effective committee work | 134 | ||
| Officers | 134 | ||
| Chair | 135 | ||
| Secretary | 135 | ||
| Treasurer | 135 | ||
| Quorum | 135 | ||
| Committee Behaviour | 135 | ||
| Understanding Conflict | 135 | ||
| Working in partnership with other organisations | 136 | ||
| Networking | 137 | ||
| Cooperating | 137 | ||
| Joint Working | 138 | ||
| Factors for Successful Public Health Partnership Working | 138 | ||
| Potential Difficulties With Public Health Partnership Working | 139 | ||
| Practice points | 139 | ||
| References | 139 | ||
| Websites | 140 | ||
| 140 | |||
| Blogs | 140 | ||
| Youtube | 140 | ||
| 140 | |||
| Part 3 Competencies in Health Promotion and Public Health Practice | 141 | ||
| Part Contents | 141 | ||
| Part Summary | 141 | ||
| 10 Fundamentals of communication in public health | 143 | ||
| Summary | 143 | ||
| Exploring relationships with clients | 144 | ||
| Accepting or Judging? | 144 | ||
| Autonomy or Dependency? | 144 | ||
| A Partnership or a One-Way Process? | 144 | ||
| Clients’ Feelings – Positive or Negative? | 145 | ||
| Self-esteem, self-confidence and communication | 145 | ||
| Listening | 146 | ||
| Enabling people to talk | 147 | ||
| Giving an Invitation to Talk | 147 | ||
| Giving Attention | 147 | ||
| Encouraging | 147 | ||
| Paraphrasing | 147 | ||
| Reflecting Feelings | 147 | ||
| Reflecting Meanings | 147 | ||
| Summing Up | 148 | ||
| Asking questions and getting feedback | 148 | ||
| Types of Questions | 148 | ||
| Getting Feedback | 149 | ||
| Communication barriers | 149 | ||
| 1. Social and Cultural Gaps | 150 | ||
| 2. Limited Receptiveness | 150 | ||
| 3. Negative Attitude to the Health Promoter and Public Health Practitioner | 150 | ||
| 4. Limited Understanding and Memory | 150 | ||
| 5. Insufficient Emphasis by the Health Promoter | 150 | ||
| 6. Contradictory Messages | 150 | ||
| Overcoming language barriers | 151 | ||
| Nonverbal communication | 152 | ||
| Bodily Contact | 152 | ||
| Proximity | 152 | ||
| Orientation | 152 | ||
| Level | 152 | ||
| Posture | 152 | ||
| Physical Appearance | 152 | ||
| Facial Expression | 152 | ||
| Hand Movements and Head Movements | 152 | ||
| Direction of Gaze and Eye Contact | 152 | ||
| Nonverbal Aspects of Speech | 153 | ||
| Other forms of communication | 154 | ||
| Health Literacy and Health Communications | 155 | ||
| Practice points | 155 | ||
| References | 155 | ||
| Websites | 156 | ||
| Youtube | 156 | ||
| 156 | |||
| 11 Using communication tools in health promotion and public health practice | 157 | ||
| Summary | 157 | ||
| Selecting public health resources | 157 | ||
| Is It Appropriate for Achieving Your Aims? | 159 | ||
| Is It the Most Appropriate Kind of Resource? | 159 | ||
| Is It Consistent With Your Values and Approach? | 159 | ||
| Is It Relevant for Your Clients? | 159 | ||
| Is It Racist, Sexist, Ageist? | 159 | ||
| Will It Be Understood? | 159 | ||
| Is the Information Reliable? | 159 | ||
| Does It Contain Advertising? | 159 | ||
| The range of public health resources: uses, advantages and limitations | 160 | ||
| Producing health promotion and public health resources | 160 | ||
| Making the Most of Display Materials: Posters, Charts, Display Boards and Stands | 160 | ||
| Making the Most of Written Materials: Instruction Sheets and Cards, Leaflets and Booklets | 161 | ||
| Nonsexist Writing | 161 | ||
| Presenting statistical information | 162 | ||
| Using the mass media to promote health | 163 | ||
| Mass Media as Tools for Health Promotion and Public Health | 163 | ||
| Using Mass Media to Promote Health | 165 | ||
| Creating Opportunities | 165 | ||
| Working with Radio and Television | 166 | ||
| Basic Information | 166 | ||
| The Programmes | 166 | ||
| Interviews | 166 | ||
| Finding Out About a Specific Programme | 166 | ||
| Preparing the Message | 166 | ||
| Presenting Your Message | 167 | ||
| Working With the Local Press | 167 | ||
| Basic Information | 167 | ||
| The Copy | 167 | ||
| The Subjects | 168 | ||
| The Language | 168 | ||
| Your Special Interests | 168 | ||
| How to Write a Press Release | 168 | ||
| Writing Letters to the Editor | 169 | ||
| Using the internet and social media to promote health | 170 | ||
| The Social Media | 170 | ||
| Assessing the Quality of Health Information on the Internet | 171 | ||
| Author | 171 | ||
| Purpose | 172 | ||
| Objectivity | 172 | ||
| Accuracy | 172 | ||
| Reliability and Credibility | 172 | ||
| Currency | 172 | ||
| Links | 172 | ||
| Practice points | 173 | ||
| References | 173 | ||
| Websites | 174 | ||
| Blogs | 174 | ||
| 174 | |||
| 174 | |||
| Youtube | 174 | ||
| 12 Educating for health | 175 | ||
| Summary | 175 | ||
| Principles of learning for health | 175 | ||
| Facilitating health learning | 176 | ||
| Plan Your Session | 176 | ||
| Work from the Known to the Unknown | 177 | ||
| Aim for Maximum Involvement | 177 | ||
| Vary Your Learning Methods | 177 | ||
| Devise Public Health Education Activities | 177 | ||
| Ensure Relevance | 179 | ||
| Identify Realistic Health Goals and Objectives | 179 | ||
| Use Learning Contracts | 179 | ||
| Step 1: Diagnose Health Learning Needs With the Learners | 179 | ||
| Step 2: Specify the Learning Objectives of Each Learner | 179 | ||
| Step 3: Specify Learning Methods | 179 | ||
| Step 4: Evaluate Learning | 180 | ||
| Organise Your Public Health Education Material | 180 | ||
| Evaluation, Feedback and Assessment | 181 | ||
| Assessing Your Own Performance | 181 | ||
| Getting Feedback | 181 | ||
| Assessing the Health Learning Outcomes | 181 | ||
| Guidelines for giving public health talks | 182 | ||
| Check the Facilities | 182 | ||
| Make a Plan for the Session | 182 | ||
| Making and Using Notes | 182 | ||
| Prepare Your Introduction | 184 | ||
| Prepare the Key Points | 184 | ||
| Plan a Conclusion | 184 | ||
| Ask for Questions | 184 | ||
| Work on Your Presentation | 184 | ||
| Plan for Contingencies | 185 | ||
| Improving patient education | 185 | ||
| Teaching practical skills for health | 185 | ||
| Practice points | 187 | ||
| References | 187 | ||
| Website | 187 | ||
| Youtube | 187 | ||
| 187 | |||
| Blog | 187 | ||
| 13 Working with groups to promote health | 189 | ||
| Summary | 189 | ||
| Types of groups | 190 | ||
| When to use group work | 190 | ||
| Group leadership | 191 | ||
| Leadership Style | 191 | ||
| Leadership Responsibilities | 192 | ||
| Group behaviour | 193 | ||
| Group Development | 193 | ||
| Group Members’ Roles | 193 | ||
| Hidden Agendas | 193 | ||
| Setting up a group | 194 | ||
| Why Are You Proposing to Run the Group? | 194 | ||
| Who Will the Members Be? | 194 | ||
| What Are the Group’s Aims and Objectives? | 194 | ||
| Where Will the Group Meet? | 194 | ||
| What Resources Do You Need? | 195 | ||
| When Will the Group Meet? | 195 | ||
| How Will the Group Be Run? | 195 | ||
| How Will the Group Be Evaluated? | 195 | ||
| Getting groups going | 196 | ||
| Before the First Meeting | 196 | ||
| On Arrival | 196 | ||
| Getting to Know Each Other | 196 | ||
| Introduction in Pairs | 196 | ||
| Name Games | 196 | ||
| Sharing Initial Feelings and Expectations | 196 | ||
| Setting Ground Rules | 197 | ||
| Discussion skills | 197 | ||
| Trigger Materials | 197 | ||
| Brainstorms/Think Sessions | 197 | ||
| Rounds | 198 | ||
| Buzz Groups | 198 | ||
| Safe Revelations | 198 | ||
| Dealing with difficulties | 199 | ||
| Silence | 199 | ||
| Disasters | 199 | ||
| Distractions | 199 | ||
| Difficult Behaviour | 199 | ||
| Virtual groups | 200 | ||
| Setting Up a Social Media Group | 200 | ||
| Practice points | 202 | ||
| References | 203 | ||
| Youtube | 203 | ||
| Websites | 203 | ||
| 14 Enabling healthier living through behaviour change | 205 | ||
| Summary | 205 | ||
| Models of behaviour change | 206 | ||
| The Health Action Process Approach | 206 | ||
| The Motivation Phase | 206 | ||
| The Volition Phase | 207 | ||
| Transtheoretical Model and Stages of Change | 208 | ||
| Working with a client’s motivation | 209 | ||
| Ideas For Exploring Importance | 210 | ||
| Ideas For Building Confidence | 210 | ||
| Dangerous Assumptions About Motivation | 210 | ||
| Working for client self-empowerment | 210 | ||
| Strategies for increasing self-awareness, clarifying values and changing attitudes | 211 | ||
| Deciding What to Change | 211 | ||
| Ranking or Categorising | 211 | ||
| Using Polarised Views | 211 | ||
| Using a Values Continuum | 212 | ||
| Using Role-Play | 212 | ||
| Using Structured Activities | 212 | ||
| Strategies for decision making | 212 | ||
| Stage 1: Identify the Need and Create the Climate | 213 | ||
| Stage 2: Explore the Needs and the Concerns | 213 | ||
| Stage 3: Help the Client to Set Goals and Identify Options | 214 | ||
| Stage 4: Help the Client to Decide Which Option to Choose | 214 | ||
| Stage 5: Help the Client to Develop an Action Plan | 214 | ||
| Strategies for changing behaviour | 214 | ||
| Self-monitoring | 214 | ||
| Identifying Costs, Benefits and Rewards | 214 | ||
| Setting Targets and Evaluating Progress | 215 | ||
| Devising Coping Strategies | 215 | ||
| Using strategies effectively | 216 | ||
| Advocacy and Working in Partnership | 216 | ||
| Making Healthier Choices Easy Choices | 216 | ||
| Relating to Clients | 217 | ||
| Dealing With Resistance | 218 | ||
| Using Methods Sensitively | 218 | ||
| Brief interventions | 218 | ||
| Barriers to behaviour change | 219 | ||
| Practice points | 220 | ||
| References | 220 | ||
| Youtube | 221 | ||
| Websites | 221 | ||
| 15 Working with communities | 223 | ||
| Summary | 223 | ||
| Community engagement in health promotion and public health | 223 | ||
| Key Terms | 223 | ||
| Community | 223 | ||
| Community Work | 224 | ||
| Community Health Work | 224 | ||
| Community Action | 224 | ||
| Community Participation | 224 | ||
| Community Development | 224 | ||
| Community Health Projects | 224 | ||
| Community Health Services | 224 | ||
| Principles of community-based engagement | 225 | ||
| 1. The Centrality of the Community | 225 | ||
| 2. The Facilitator Role of Community Health Promoters and Public Health Practitioners | 225 | ||
| 3. The Importance of Addressing Inequalities | 225 | ||
| 4. A Broad Perspective on Health | 225 | ||
| Community participation | 225 | ||
| Community Participation in Planning | 225 | ||
| Ways of Developing Community Participation | 226 | ||
| Community development in practice | 227 | ||
| Assets-Based Community Development | 227 | ||
| 1. Asset Mapping | 228 | ||
| 2. WITTY (What’s Important To You?) | 229 | ||
| 3. Social Mirror | 232 | ||
| Some Implications of the Community Engagement Approach | 232 | ||
| 1. Different Priorities and Agendas | 232 | ||
| 2. Threat to Local Health Workers | 232 | ||
| 3. No Instant Results | 232 | ||
| 4. A Token Gesture or an Easy Option | 232 | ||
| 5. Evaluation Conflicts | 232 | ||
| Community health projects | 233 | ||
| Stage 1. Identifying Needs and Priorities | 233 | ||
| Stages 2 and 3. Setting Aims and Objectives, and Deciding the Best Way of Achieving Them | 233 | ||
| Stage 4. Identifying Resources | 233 | ||
| Stage 5. Planning Evaluation Methods | 235 | ||
| Stage 6. Setting An Action Plan | 235 | ||
| Stage 7. Implementing Your Plan | 236 | ||
| Developing competence in community work | 237 | ||
| Practice points | 237 | ||
| References | 238 | ||
| Websites | 238 | ||
| Youtube | 239 | ||
| 239 | |||
| 239 | |||
| 16 Influencing and implementing public health policy | 241 | ||
| Summary | 241 | ||
| European health policy framework: health 2020 | 241 | ||
| Making and influencing local and national health policy | 242 | ||
| Local and National Public Health Policy Themes | 242 | ||
| Behavioural Change as a Policy Directive | 243 | ||
| Place-Based Health | 244 | ||
| Implementing national health policies at a local level | 244 | ||
| Challenging policy | 245 | ||
| Characteristics of Power and Influence | 246 | ||
| The Politics of Influence | 246 | ||
| Planning | 246 | ||
| Making Allies | 247 | ||
| Networking | 247 | ||
| Influencing Policy by Making Deals and Negotiating | 248 | ||
| On Being Political | 248 | ||
| Developing and Implementing Policies | 249 | ||
| Policies on Promoting Health in Workplaces | 249 | ||
| Policies on Promoting Health in Hospitals | 250 | ||
| Promoting Health in Urban Settings: Healthy Cities | 250 | ||
| Policies on Promoting Health in Schools and Universities | 250 | ||
| Policies on Promoting Health in Prisons | 250 | ||
| Guidelines on Developing and Implementing a Policy | 250 | ||
| 1. Preparation Of The Policy | 253 | ||
| 2. Implementation of The Policy | 253 | ||
| 3. Education and Training | 253 | ||
| 4. Evaluation | 254 | ||
| Campaigning | 254 | ||
| Principles of Campaigning for Policy Change | 254 | ||
| Planning a Policy Campaign | 254 | ||
| Practice points | 255 | ||
| References | 255 | ||
| Websites | 256 | ||
| Blogs | 256 | ||
| Youtube | 256 | ||
| Webinars | 257 | ||
| 257 | |||
| 257 | |||
| Index | 259 |