Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
New edition of the hugely popular Survival Guide to Midwifery, originally created in response to student requests for quality-assured, ‘dip into’ information designed for use in the clinical environment. The latest edition is fully updated throughout and has new authorship from the UK and Australia.
- Helpful bullet point style allows rapid access to essential information
- Useful revision guide for examinations and assessments
- Contains common abbreviations, medications, drug calculations, glossary of common terms, and normal values
- Thoroughly revised to reflect key developments in current midwifery practice
- Now includes further reading and useful website addresses
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Myles Survival Guide to Midwifery | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Table Of Contents | v | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| What’s new? | vii | ||
| Acknowledgements | viii | ||
| Common Abbreviations Used Within the Guide | ix | ||
| 1 Anatomy and Reproduction | 1 | ||
| 1 The Female Pelvis and the Reproductive Organs | 2 | ||
| The female pelvis | 2 | ||
| The innominate bones (Fig. 1.1) | 2 | ||
| The ilium | 2 | ||
| The ischium | 2 | ||
| The pubic bone | 2 | ||
| The sacrum | 3 | ||
| The coccyx | 4 | ||
| The pelvic joints | 4 | ||
| The pelvic ligaments | 4 | ||
| The true pelvis | 4 | ||
| The pelvic brim | 4 | ||
| Diameters of the brim | 5 | ||
| The anteroposterior diameter | 5 | ||
| The oblique diameter | 7 | ||
| The transverse diameter | 7 | ||
| The pelvic cavity | 7 | ||
| The pelvic outlet | 7 | ||
| The false pelvis | 7 | ||
| Pelvic inclination | 8 | ||
| The pelvic planes | 8 | ||
| The axis of the pelvic canal | 8 | ||
| The four types of pelvis (Table 1.1) | 9 | ||
| The pelvic floor | 9 | ||
| The vulva | 11 | ||
| The vagina | 11 | ||
| The uterus | 11 | ||
| Supports | 12 | ||
| Structure | 12 | ||
| The body or corpus | 13 | ||
| The fundus | 13 | ||
| The cornua | 13 | ||
| The uterine tubes | 13 | ||
| The cavity | 13 | ||
| The isthmus | 13 | ||
| The cervix | 14 | ||
| Layers | 14 | ||
| The endometrium | 14 | ||
| The myometrium | 15 | ||
| The perimetrium | 15 | ||
| Blood supply | 15 | ||
| Lymphatic drainage | 16 | ||
| Nerve supply | 16 | ||
| The ovaries | 16 | ||
| Useful website | 16 | ||
| 2 The Female Urinary Tract | 17 | ||
| The kidneys | 17 | ||
| Functions | 17 | ||
| Position and appearance | 17 | ||
| Inner structure | 17 | ||
| The nephrons (Fig. 2.1) | 18 | ||
| Juxtaglomerular apparatus | 19 | ||
| Blood supply | 19 | ||
| The making of urine | 20 | ||
| Filtration | 20 | ||
| Reabsorption | 20 | ||
| Secretion | 21 | ||
| Endocrine activity | 21 | ||
| The urine | 21 | ||
| The ureters | 22 | ||
| The bladder | 22 | ||
| Structure | 22 | ||
| The urethra | 23 | ||
| Micturition | 23 | ||
| Further reading | 24 | ||
| Useful website | 24 | ||
| 3 Hormonal Cycles | 25 | ||
| Fertilization and early development | 25 | ||
| The ovarian cycle | 25 | ||
| Ovarian hormones | 25 | ||
| Oestrogen | 25 | ||
| Progesterone | 26 | ||
| Relaxin | 26 | ||
| Pituitary control | 26 | ||
| FSH | 26 | ||
| LH | 27 | ||
| Prolactin | 27 | ||
| The uterine cycle or menstrual cycle | 27 | ||
| Fertilization | 27 | ||
| Development of the zygote | 29 | ||
| The decidua | 29 | ||
| The trophoblast | 29 | ||
| The inner cell mass | 30 | ||
| The embryo | 30 | ||
| Useful website | 30 | ||
| 4 The Placenta | 31 | ||
| Development | 31 | ||
| Circulation through the placenta | 31 | ||
| The mature placenta | 32 | ||
| Functions | 32 | ||
| Appearance of the placenta at term | 33 | ||
| Amniotic fluid | 33 | ||
| Functions | 33 | ||
| Volume | 33 | ||
| Constituents | 34 | ||
| The umbilical cord | 34 | ||
| Anatomical variations of the placenta and the cord | 34 | ||
| 5 The Fetus | 37 | ||
| Time scale of development | 37 | ||
| Fetal organs | 37 | ||
| Blood | 37 | ||
| The renal tract | 37 | ||
| The adrenal glands | 37 | ||
| The liver | 37 | ||
| The alimentary tract | 39 | ||
| The lungs | 40 | ||
| The central nervous system | 40 | ||
| The skin | 40 | ||
| The fetal circulation | 40 | ||
| The fetal skull | 42 | ||
| Ossification | 43 | ||
| Bones of the vault (Fig. 5.3) | 43 | ||
| Sutures and fontanelles | 44 | ||
| Regions and landmarks of the fetal skull | 44 | ||
| Diameters of the fetal skull | 44 | ||
| Attitude of the fetal head | 46 | ||
| Presenting diameters | 46 | ||
| Vertex presentation | 46 | ||
| Brow presentation | 47 | ||
| Face presentation | 47 | ||
| Moulding | 47 | ||
| The intracranial membranes and sinuses (Fig. 5.5) | 47 | ||
| 2 Pregnancy | 49 | ||
| 6 Preparing for Pregnancy | 50 | ||
| Preconception care | 50 | ||
| General health and fertility | 50 | ||
| Body weight | 50 | ||
| Principles of a healthy diet | 51 | ||
| Folate, folic acid and neural tube defects | 52 | ||
| Vitamin A | 52 | ||
| Pre-existing medical conditions and drugs | 53 | ||
| Diabetes | 53 | ||
| Epilepsy | 53 | ||
| Phenylketonuria | 53 | ||
| Oral contraception | 54 | ||
| Drug abuse | 54 | ||
| Environmental factors | 54 | ||
| Smoking | 54 | ||
| Alcohol | 55 | ||
| Exercise | 55 | ||
| Workplace hazards and noxious substances | 55 | ||
| Genetic counselling | 55 | ||
| Mendelian inheritance | 56 | ||
| Chromosome abnormalities | 56 | ||
| Non-Mendelian disorders | 56 | ||
| Prenatal diagnosis | 56 | ||
| Infertility | 57 | ||
| Assisted reproduction techniques | 57 | ||
| Suggested reading | 58 | ||
| Useful website | 58 | ||
| 7 Change and Adaptation in Pregnancy | 59 | ||
| Physiological changes in the reproductive system | 59 | ||
| The body of the uterus | 59 | ||
| Decidua | 59 | ||
| Myometrium | 59 | ||
| Muscle layers | 59 | ||
| Uterine activity in pregnancy | 60 | ||
| Perimetrium | 61 | ||
| Blood supply | 61 | ||
| Changes in uterine shape and size | 62 | ||
| The cervix | 63 | ||
| The vagina | 63 | ||
| Changes in the cardiovascular system | 64 | ||
| The heart | 64 | ||
| Cardiac output | 64 | ||
| Blood | 65 | ||
| Blood pressure | 65 | ||
| Blood volume | 65 | ||
| Plasma | 65 | ||
| Red blood cells | 66 | ||
| Iron metabolism | 67 | ||
| Plasma protein | 67 | ||
| Clotting factors | 67 | ||
| White blood cells (leucocytes) | 67 | ||
| Immunity | 68 | ||
| Changes in the respiratory system | 68 | ||
| Changes in the urinary system | 69 | ||
| Changes in the gastrointestinal system | 71 | ||
| Changes in metabolism | 72 | ||
| Maternal weight | 73 | ||
| Skeletal changes | 73 | ||
| Skin changes | 74 | ||
| Pigmentation | 74 | ||
| Stretch marks | 75 | ||
| Itching | 75 | ||
| Hair | 75 | ||
| Other skin changes | 75 | ||
| Changes in the breasts | 75 | ||
| Changes in the endocrine system | 76 | ||
| Placental hormones | 77 | ||
| Pituitary gland and its hormones | 77 | ||
| Thyroid function | 78 | ||
| Adrenal glands | 78 | ||
| Diagnosis of pregnancy | 79 | ||
| 8 Common Disorders of and Exercises for Pregnancy | 82 | ||
| Relief of aches and pains | 82 | ||
| Back and pelvic pain | 82 | ||
| Cramp | 82 | ||
| Antenatal exercises | 83 | ||
| Transversus exercise | 84 | ||
| Pelvic tilting or rocking | 84 | ||
| Pelvic floor exercise | 84 | ||
| Foot and leg exercises | 85 | ||
| Additional information | 85 | ||
| Stress, relaxation and respiration | 85 | ||
| Respiration | 86 | ||
| Further reading | 87 | ||
| Useful website | 87 | ||
| 9 Antenatal Care | 88 | ||
| Aim of antenatal care | 88 | ||
| The initial assessment (booking visit – ideally by 10 weeks’ gestation) | 88 | ||
| Models of midwifery care | 89 | ||
| Introduction to the midwifery service | 89 | ||
| Observations | 89 | ||
| Social history | 89 | ||
| General health | 90 | ||
| Menstrual history | 90 | ||
| Obstetric history | 91 | ||
| Medical history | 92 | ||
| Family history | 92 | ||
| Physical examination | 92 | ||
| Weight | 92 | ||
| Blood pressure | 92 | ||
| Urinalysis | 94 | ||
| Blood tests in pregnancy | 94 | ||
| The midwife’s examination and advice | 95 | ||
| Nausea and vomiting | 95 | ||
| Bladder and bowel function | 95 | ||
| Vaginal discharge | 96 | ||
| Abdominal examination | 96 | ||
| Oedema | 96 | ||
| Varicosities | 97 | ||
| Abdominal examination | 97 | ||
| Preparation | 97 | ||
| Method | 97 | ||
| Inspection | 97 | ||
| Skin changes | 98 | ||
| Palpation | 98 | ||
| Fundal palpation | 98 | ||
| Lateral palpation | 99 | ||
| Pelvic palpation | 100 | ||
| Auscultation | 101 | ||
| Findings | 102 | ||
| Gestational age | 102 | ||
| Lie | 102 | ||
| Attitude | 102 | ||
| Presentation | 102 | ||
| Denominator | 103 | ||
| Position | 103 | ||
| Engagement | 103 | ||
| Ongoing antenatal care | 107 | ||
| 16 weeks | 107 | ||
| 18–20 weeks | 107 | ||
| 25 weeks | 107 | ||
| 28 weeks | 107 | ||
| 31 weeks (nulliparous women) | 107 | ||
| 34 weeks | 108 | ||
| 36 weeks | 108 | ||
| 38 weeks | 108 | ||
| 40 weeks (nulliparous women) | 108 | ||
| 41 weeks | 108 | ||
| Further reading | 109 | ||
| Useful website | 109 | ||
| 10 Specialized Fetal Investigations | 110 | ||
| Psychological aspects of prenatal testing | 110 | ||
| Tests for fetal abnormality | 110 | ||
| Screening for fetal abnormality | 110 | ||
| The use of ultrasound in maternity care | 111 | ||
| First trimester pregnancy scans | 112 | ||
| Measurement of nuchal translucency at 10–14 weeks as a screen for Down syndrome | 112 | ||
| Second trimester ultrasound scans | 112 | ||
| The detailed fetal anomaly scan | 113 | ||
| Markers for chromosomal abnormality | 113 | ||
| Third trimester pregnancy scans | 113 | ||
| Fetal growth | 113 | ||
| Asymmetrical growth restriction | 114 | ||
| Doppler ultrasonography | 114 | ||
| Biophysical profiling | 114 | ||
| Screening for fetal abnormality | 115 | ||
| Invasive diagnostic tests | 116 | ||
| Chorionic villus sampling | 116 | ||
| Amniocentesis | 117 | ||
| Fetal blood sampling | 117 | ||
| Suggested reading | 117 | ||
| Useful websites | 117 | ||
| 11 Abnormalities of Early Pregnancy | 118 | ||
| Bleeding in pregnancy | 118 | ||
| Implantation bleeding | 118 | ||
| Cervical ectropion | 118 | ||
| Cervical polyps | 119 | ||
| Carcinoma of the cervix | 119 | ||
| Types | 119 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 119 | ||
| Investigation | 119 | ||
| Treatment | 120 | ||
| Spontaneous miscarriage | 120 | ||
| Incidence | 120 | ||
| Sequelae to early pregnancy loss | 120 | ||
| Induced abortion | 121 | ||
| Methods | 123 | ||
| Recurrent miscarriage | 123 | ||
| Cervical insufficiency | 123 | ||
| Causes | 124 | ||
| Treatment | 124 | ||
| Ectopic pregnancy | 124 | ||
| Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy | 124 | ||
| Clinical presentation (Box 11.3) | 124 | ||
| Gestational trophoblastic disease | 125 | ||
| Hydatidiform mole | 126 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 126 | ||
| Treatment | 126 | ||
| Administration of anti-D immunoglobulin in early pregnancy | 127 | ||
| Retroversion of the uterus | 127 | ||
| Fibroids (leiomyomas) | 127 | ||
| Effect of pregnancy on fibroids | 127 | ||
| Effect of fibroids on pregnancy | 127 | ||
| Red degeneration of fibroids | 128 | ||
| Hyperemesis gravidarum | 128 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 128 | ||
| Management | 128 | ||
| Useful websites | 129 | ||
| 12 Problems of Pregnancy | 130 | ||
| Abdominal pain in pregnancy | 130 | ||
| Uterine fibroid degeneration | 130 | ||
| 3 Labour | 235 | ||
| 17 The First Stage of Labour | 236 | ||
| Phases of the first stage | 236 | ||
| The onset of spontaneous normal labour | 236 | ||
| Spurious labour | 236 | ||
| Physiological processes | 237 | ||
| Uterine action | 237 | ||
| Fundal dominance (Fig. 17.1) | 237 | ||
| Polarity | 238 | ||
| Contraction and retraction | 238 | ||
| Formation of upper and lower uterine segments | 239 | ||
| Cervical effacement | 239 | ||
| Cervical dilatation | 240 | ||
| Mechanical factors | 240 | ||
| Formation of the forewaters | 240 | ||
| General fluid pressure | 241 | ||
| Rupture of the membranes | 241 | ||
| Fetal axis pressure | 241 | ||
| Observations and care in labour | 242 | ||
| Maternal wellbeing | 242 | ||
| Past history and reaction to labour | 242 | ||
| Pulse rate | 242 | ||
| Temperature | 243 | ||
| Blood pressure | 243 | ||
| Urinalysis and bladder care | 243 | ||
| Fluid balance | 243 | ||
| Abdominal examination | 243 | ||
| Vaginal examination (VE) and progress in labour | 244 | ||
| Nutrition | 245 | ||
| Prevention of infection | 246 | ||
| Bowel preparation | 246 | ||
| Position and mobility | 246 | ||
| Pain management | 246 | ||
| Non-pharmacological methods of pain control | 246 | ||
| Pharmacological methods of pain control | 247 | ||
| Opiate drugs | 247 | ||
| Inhalation analgesia | 247 | ||
| Regional (epidural) analgesia | 247 | ||
| Fetal wellbeing | 249 | ||
| The fetal heart | 250 | ||
| Intermittent fetal monitoring | 250 | ||
| Continuous EFM | 250 | ||
| Findings | 250 | ||
| Response of the fetal heart to uterine contractions | 251 | ||
| Interpretation of CTG | 251 | ||
| Fetal blood sampling | 252 | ||
| Amniotic fluid | 252 | ||
| Fetal compromise | 252 | ||
| Midwife’s management of fetal compromise | 254 | ||
| Preterm labour | 254 | ||
| Records | 254 | ||
| Further reading | 255 | ||
| Useful websites | 255 | ||
| 18 The Second Stage of Labour | 256 | ||
| The nature of transition and second-stage phases of labour | 256 | ||
| Uterine action | 256 | ||
| Soft tissue displacement | 257 | ||
| Duration of the second stage | 257 | ||
| Maternal response to transition and the second stage | 257 | ||
| Pushing | 257 | ||
| Position | 258 | ||
| The mechanism of normal labour | 258 | ||
| Main movements | 259 | ||
| Descent | 259 | ||
| Flexion | 259 | ||
| Internal rotation of the head | 259 | ||
| Extension of the head | 260 | ||
| Restitution | 260 | ||
| Internal rotation of the shoulders | 260 | ||
| Lateral flexion | 260 | ||
| Observations and care during the second stage of labour | 260 | ||
| Principles of care | 260 | ||
| Observations | 262 | ||
| Uterine contractions | 262 | ||
| Descent, rotation and flexion | 262 | ||
| Fetal condition | 263 | ||
| Suspicious/pathological changes in the fetal heart when CTG in use | 263 | ||
| Maternal condition | 264 | ||
| Birth of the head | 264 | ||
| Birth of the shoulders | 265 | ||
| Episiotomy | 265 | ||
| Types of incision | 267 | ||
| Perineal trauma | 267 | ||
| Records | 268 | ||
| Further reading | 268 | ||
| Useful website | 269 | ||
| 19 The Third Stage of Labour | 270 | ||
| Physiological processes | 270 | ||
| Separation and descent of the placenta | 270 | ||
| Mechanical factors (Fig. 19.1) | 270 | ||
| Haemostasis | 270 | ||
| Management of the third stage | 273 | ||
| Uterotonics agents | 274 | ||
| Intravenous ergometrine 0.25–0.5 mg | 274 | ||
| Combined ergometrine and oxytocin | 275 | ||
| Oxytocin | 275 | ||
| Prostaglandins | 275 | ||
| Clamping of the umbilical cord | 276 | ||
| Delivery of the placenta and membranes | 276 | ||
| Controlled cord traction (CCT) | 276 | ||
| Asepsis | 278 | ||
| Cord blood sampling | 278 | ||
| Completion of the third stage | 278 | ||
| Immediate care | 279 | ||
| Complications of the third stage of labour | 279 | ||
| Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) | 279 | ||
| Primary postpartum haemorrhage | 279 | ||
| Atonic uterus | 280 | ||
| Signs of PPH | 280 | ||
| Prophylaxis | 281 | ||
| Management of PPH | 281 | ||
| Secondary postpartum haemorrhage | 281 | ||
| Suggested reading | 282 | ||
| Useful website | 283 | ||
| 20 Prolonged Pregnancy and Disorders of Uterine Action | 284 | ||
| Post-Term, Post-Dates or Prolonged Pregnancy | 284 | ||
| Plan of care for prolonged pregnancy | 284 | ||
| Indications for induction | 286 | ||
| Some contraindications to induction | 286 | ||
| Cervical ripening | 287 | ||
| Structural changes in ripening | 287 | ||
| Prostaglandins (PGE2) | 287 | ||
| Methods of inducing labour | 287 | ||
| Prostaglandins and induction | 287 | ||
| Associated risks of PGE2 preparations | 288 | ||
| Sweeping or stripping of cervical membranes | 288 | ||
| Amniotomy | 288 | ||
| Hazards of ARM | 289 | ||
| Oxytocin | 289 | ||
| Administration of oxytocin to induce labour | 290 | ||
| Risks associated with oxytocin infusion | 290 | ||
| Responsibilities of the midwife in the care of a mother where labour is induced | 290 | ||
| Prolonged labour | 291 | ||
| Delay in the latent phase | 292 | ||
| Delay in the active phase | 292 | ||
| Inefficient uterine action | 292 | ||
| Factors that may affect uterine action | 293 | ||
| Augmentation of labour | 293 | ||
| Incoordinate uterine activity | 293 | ||
| Constriction ring dystocia | 293 | ||
| Management of prolonged labour | 294 | ||
| Prolonged second stage of labour | 295 | ||
| Causes of delay in the second stage | 295 | ||
| Management of a prolonged second stage of labour | 295 | ||
| Cervical dystocia | 296 | ||
| Precipitate labour | 296 | ||
| Trial of labour | 296 | ||
| Obstructed labour | 297 | ||
| Causes of obstructed labour | 297 | ||
| Signs of obstructed labour | 297 | ||
| Management of obstructed labour | 297 | ||
| Complications of obstructed labour | 297 | ||
| Suggested reading | 299 | ||
| Useful website | 299 | ||
| 21 Malpositions of the Occiput and Malpresentations | 300 | ||
| Occipitoposterior positions | 300 | ||
| Causes | 300 | ||
| Antenatal diagnosis | 300 | ||
| History | 300 | ||
| Abdominal examination | 300 | ||
| Inspection | 300 | ||
| Palpation | 301 | ||
| Auscultation | 301 | ||
| Diagnosis during labour | 301 | ||
| Vaginal examination | 301 | ||
| Management of labour | 301 | ||
| Mechanism of the right occipitoposterior position (Long rotation) | 301 | ||
| Possible course and outcomes of labour | 304 | ||
| Long internal rotation | 304 | ||
| Short internal rotation (persistent occipitoposterior position) | 305 | ||
| 4 Puerperium | 361 | ||
| 24 Physiology and Care in the Puerperium | 362 | ||
| Definitions | 362 | ||
| Puerperium | 362 | ||
| Postnatal period | 362 | ||
| Midwives and the management of postpartum care | 362 | ||
| Aims of postnatal care | 362 | ||
| Physiological changes | 363 | ||
| The uterus | 363 | ||
| Involution | 364 | ||
| Lochia | 364 | ||
| Assessment of vaginal blood loss | 365 | ||
| Perineal pain | 365 | ||
| Advice on what might help perineal pain | 365 | ||
| Vital signs and general health | 367 | ||
| Blood pressure | 367 | ||
| Circulation | 368 | ||
| Skin and nutrition | 368 | ||
| Urine and bowel function | 368 | ||
| Exercise and healthy activity versus rest, relaxation and sleep | 368 | ||
| Afterpains | 369 | ||
| Future public health issues and future fertility | 369 | ||
| Suggested reading | 370 | ||
| Useful website | 370 | ||
| 25 Physical Problems and Complications in the Puerperium | 371 | ||
| Immediate untoward events for the mother following the birth of the baby | 371 | ||
| Postpartum haemorrhage | 371 | ||
| Maternal collapse within 24 hours of the birth without overt bleeding | 372 | ||
| Postpartum complications and identifying deviations from the normal | 373 | ||
| Vulnerability to infection, potential causes and prevention | 373 | ||
| Acquisition of infections | 375 | ||
| The uterus and vaginal loss following vaginal birth | 375 | ||
| The uterus and vaginal loss following operative birth | 376 | ||
| Wound problems | 376 | ||
| Perineal problems | 376 | ||
| Caesarean section wounds | 378 | ||
| Circulation problems | 378 | ||
| Hypertension | 380 | ||
| Headache | 380 | ||
| Backache | 381 | ||
| Urinary problems | 381 | ||
| Bowels and constipation | 382 | ||
| Anaemia | 383 | ||
| Breast problems | 383 | ||
| Suggested reading | 384 | ||
| Useful website | 384 | ||
| 26 Perinatal Mental Health | 385 | ||
| Stress/anxiety and domestic abuse | 385 | ||
| The transition to motherhood | 386 | ||
| Normal emotional changes during pregnancy, labour and the puerperium | 386 | ||
| First trimester | 386 | ||
| Second trimester | 386 | ||
| Third trimester | 386 | ||
| Labour | 387 | ||
| The puerperium | 387 | ||
| Postnatal ‘blues’ | 388 | ||
| Emotional distress associated with traumatic birth events | 388 | ||
| PNMH disorders | 388 | ||
| Types of PNMH disorders | 389 | ||
| PNMH in pregnancy | 389 | ||
| PNMH disorders after birth | 390 | ||
| Puerperal psychosis | 390 | ||
| Postnatal depressive illness (PND) | 391 | ||
| Mild to moderate forms | 391 | ||
| Severe depressive illness | 392 | ||
| Treatment of PNMH disorders | 392 | ||
| Pharmacological treatment | 392 | ||
| General principles | 393 | ||
| Antidepressants | 393 | ||
| Antipsychotics | 395 | ||
| Mood stabilizers | 395 | ||
| Anticonvulsants | 395 | ||
| Suggested reading | 396 | ||
| Useful websites | 396 | ||
| 5 The Newborn Baby | 397 | ||
| 27 The Baby at Birth and Neonatal Resuscitation | 398 | ||
| Adaptation to extrauterine life | 398 | ||
| Pulmonary adaptation | 398 | ||
| Cardiovascular adaptation | 399 | ||
| Thermal adaptation | 400 | ||
| Immediate care of the baby at birth | 402 | ||
| Prevention of heat loss | 402 | ||
| Clearing the airway | 402 | ||
| Cutting the umbilical cord | 402 | ||
| Identification | 403 | ||
| Immediate neonatal assessment at birth | 403 | ||
| Continued early care | 403 | ||
| Vitamin K | 404 | ||
| Failure to establish respiration at birth | 405 | ||
| Intrauterine hypoxia | 405 | ||
| Respiratory depression | 406 | ||
| Resuscitation of the newborn | 407 | ||
| External cardiac massage | 409 | ||
| Use of drugs by the medical team | 410 | ||
| Naloxone hydrochloride | 411 | ||
| Sodium bicarbonate | 411 | ||
| Adrenaline (epinephrine) | 411 | ||
| Dextrose solution | 411 | ||
| Observations and after-care | 412 | ||
| Suggested reading | 412 | ||
| Useful website | 413 | ||
| 28 The Normal Baby | 414 | ||
| General characteristics | 414 | ||
| Appearance | 414 | ||
| Physiology | 414 | ||
| Respiratory system | 414 | ||
| Cardiovascular system and blood | 414 | ||
| Temperature regulation | 415 | ||
| Renal system | 415 | ||
| Gastrointestinal system | 415 | ||
| Immunological adaptations | 416 | ||
| Reproductive system: genitalia and breasts | 417 | ||
| Skeletomuscular system | 417 | ||
| Psychology and perception | 418 | ||
| Special senses | 418 | ||
| Vision | 418 | ||
| Hearing | 418 | ||
| Smell and taste | 418 | ||
| Touch | 418 | ||
| Sleeping and waking | 418 | ||
| Crying | 419 | ||
| Examination at birth | 419 | ||
| Colour and respirations | 419 | ||
| Face, head and neck | 419 | ||
| The mouth | 420 | ||
| The ears | 420 | ||
| Chest and abdomen | 420 | ||
| Genitalia and anus | 420 | ||
| Limbs and digits | 421 | ||
| Spine | 421 | ||
| Temperature | 421 | ||
| Documentation | 421 | ||
| Observation and general care | 421 | ||
| Neonatal care | 421 | ||
| Prevention of airway obstruction | 422 | ||
| Prevention of hypothermia | 422 | ||
| Prevention of infection | 422 | ||
| Skin care | 422 | ||
| Vaccination and immunization | 423 | ||
| Prevention of injury and accident | 423 | ||
| Assessing the baby’s wellbeing | 423 | ||
| Full examination within 72 hours of birth | 424 | ||
| Blood tests | 424 | ||
| Promoting family relationships | 424 | ||
| Parent–infant attachment | 424 | ||
| Promoting confidence and competence | 424 | ||
| Promoting communication | 424 | ||
| Suggested reading | 426 | ||
| Useful websites | 426 | ||
| 29 Infant Feeding | 427 | ||
| Anatomy and physiology of the breast | 427 | ||
| Properties and components of breast milk | 428 | ||
| Fats and fatty acids | 428 | ||
| Carbohydrate | 429 | ||
| Protein | 429 | ||
| Vitamins | 429 | ||
| Fat-soluble vitamins | 429 | ||
| Vitamin A | 429 | ||
| Vitamin D | 429 | ||
| Vitamin E | 430 | ||
| Vitamin K | 430 | ||
| Water-soluble vitamins | 430 | ||
| Minerals and trace elements | 431 | ||
| Iron | 431 | ||
| Zinc | 431 | ||
| Calcium | 431 | ||
| Other minerals | 431 | ||
| Anti-infective factors | 432 | ||
| Leucocytes | 432 | ||
| Immunoglobulins | 432 | ||
| Lysozyme | 432 | ||
| Lactoferrin | 432 | ||
| Bifidus factor | 432 | ||
| Hormones and growth factors | 433 | ||
| Management of breastfeeding | 433 | ||
| The first feed | 433 | ||
| Attachment and positioning | 433 | ||
| Feeding behaviour | 434 | ||
| Timing and frequency of feeds | 434 | ||
| Expressing breast milk | 435 | ||
| Care of the breasts | 436 | ||
| Breast problems | 436 | ||
| Sore and damaged nipples | 436 | ||
| Other causes of soreness | 436 | ||
| One breast only | 436 | ||
| Anatomical variations | 436 | ||
| Problems with breastfeeding | 437 | ||
| Engorgement | 437 | ||
| Deep breast pain | 438 | ||
| Mastitis | 438 | ||
| Non-infective (acute intramammary) mastitis | 438 | ||
| Infective mastitis | 439 | ||
| Breast abscess | 439 | ||
| Blocked ducts | 439 | ||
| White spots | 439 | ||
| Feeding difficulties due to the baby | 440 | ||
| Cleft lip | 440 | ||
| Cleft palate | 440 | ||
| Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia) | 440 | ||
| Blocked nose | 441 | ||
| Down syndrome | 441 | ||
| Prematurity | 441 | ||
| Contraindications to breastfeeding | 441 | ||
| Medication | 441 | ||
| Cancer | 441 | ||
| Breast surgery | 441 | ||
| HIV infection | 442 | ||
| Weaning from the breast | 442 | ||
| Complementary and supplementary feeds | 442 | ||
| Artificial feeding | 443 | ||
| Whey-dominant formulae | 443 | ||
| Casein-dominant formulae | 443 | ||
| Babies intolerant of standard formulae | 443 | ||
| Preparation of an artificial feed | 444 | ||
| The water supply | 444 | ||
| Sterilization of feeding equipment | 444 | ||
| Bottle teats | 445 | ||
| Feeding the baby with the bottle | 445 | ||
| The baby-friendly hospital initiative | 445 | ||
| Suggested reading | 446 | ||
| Useful websites | 446 | ||
| 30 The Healthy Low-Birth-Weight Baby | 447 | ||
| Classification of babies by weight and gestation | 447 | ||
| Weight | 447 | ||
| Gestational age | 447 | ||
| Small for gestational age (SGA) | 447 | ||
| Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) | 448 | ||
| Causes of intrauterine growth restriction | 448 | ||
| Asymmetric growth (sometimes called acute) | 448 | ||
| Appendix 1 Drugs (Medicines) | 547 | ||
| Appendix 2 An Aid to Calculations Used in Midwifery Practice | 557 | ||
| Simple formula for conversion | 557 | ||
| Example: | 557 | ||
| Appendix 3 Normal Values in Pregnancy | 562 | ||
| Units of measurement | 562 | ||
| Weight gain in pregnancy | 562 | ||
| Biochemistry | 563 | ||
| Haematology | 564 | ||
| Appendix 4 Glossary of Selected Terms | 566 | ||
| Index | 573 | ||
| A | 573 | ||
| B | 575 | ||
| C | 577 | ||
| D | 580 | ||
| E | 581 | ||
| F | 582 | ||
| G | 584 | ||
| H | 585 | ||
| I | 588 | ||
| J | 589 | ||
| K | 589 | ||
| L | 590 | ||
| M | 591 | ||
| N | 592 | ||
| O | 594 | ||
| P | 594 | ||
| Q | 600 | ||
| R | 600 | ||
| S | 601 | ||
| T | 604 | ||
| U | 605 | ||
| V | 607 | ||
| W | 608 | ||
| X | 608 | ||
| Y | 608 | ||
| Z | 608 |