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Book Details
Abstract
Conn’s Current Therapy 2010 provides concise and easy-to-use guidance on the latest advances in therapeutics for common complaints and diagnoses. Edward T. Bope, MD; Robert E. Rakel, MD; and Rick D. Kellerman offer their expertise and the knowledge of hundreds of skilled international leaders on the full range of evidence-based management options. Tap into recent developments and thorough updates on myelodysplastic syndromes, psychocutaneous medicine, recently-approved and soon-to-be-approved drugs, and much more to stay on top of current treatment practices. With the full text online at expertconsult.com, you’ll have the information you need right at your fingertips for easy access!
- Provides access to the full contents of the text online at expertconsult.com.
- Discusses recent developments and thorough updates on myelodysplastic syndromes, psychocutaneous medicine, recently-approved and soon-to-be-approved drugs, and much so you can stay on top of current treatment practices.
- Contains important diagnostic criteria in each chapter because correct diagnoses lead to the delivery of effective treatment.
- Features acknowledged expert contributors for each chapter so you know that you are getting the best and most practical and accurate advice.
- Presents management methods used by international experts to provide you with best practices from around the world.
- Covers most common major presenting symptoms in a section on symptomatic care to assure that your patients can get the best possible treatment while tests are being performed.
- Incorporates the latest information on recently-approved and soon-to-be-approved drugs so you are aware of all treatment options.
- Includes the ICD-9 list of common diseases and codes on end papers to enable you and your staff to accurately code for reimbursement.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Conn's Current Therapy 2010 | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Preface | xxv | ||
| Contents | xxvii | ||
| Section 1: Symptomatic Care Pending Diagnosis | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1: Pain | 1 | ||
| Classification | 1 | ||
| Pain as a Vital Sign | 1 | ||
| Treatment | 1 | ||
| Issues in Pain Management | 4 | ||
| Pain Emergencies | 5 | ||
| References | 5 | ||
| Chapter 2: Nausea and Vomiting | 5 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 6 | ||
| History: Defining the Illness | 6 | ||
| Physical Examination | 6 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Testing | 7 | ||
| Treatment | 7 | ||
| References | 8 | ||
| Chapter 3: Gaseousness and Dyspepsia | 9 | ||
| Gaseousness | 9 | ||
| Dyspepsia | 10 | ||
| References | 11 | ||
| Chapter 4: Hiccups | 11 | ||
| Etiology | 11 | ||
| Treatment | 12 | ||
| References | 12 | ||
| Chapter 5: Acute Infectious Diarrhea | 13 | ||
| Etiology | 13 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 15 | ||
| Special Cases | 16 | ||
| Prevention | 16 | ||
| Treatment | 17 | ||
| References | 19 | ||
| Chapter 6: Constipation | 19 | ||
| Definition | 20 | ||
| Demographics | 20 | ||
| Causes and Pathophysiology | 20 | ||
| Evaluation of Chronic Constipation | 21 | ||
| References | 23 | ||
| Chapter 7: Fever | 23 | ||
| Definitions | 23 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Physiology | 24 | ||
| Risks and Benefits of Fever | 24 | ||
| Fever of Unknown Origin | 24 | ||
| Treatment | 25 | ||
| References | 25 | ||
| Chapter 8: Cough | 25 | ||
| Acute Cough | 26 | ||
| Postinfectious Cough | 26 | ||
| Chronic Cough | 26 | ||
| Key Diagnostic Points | 26 | ||
| Treatment | 28 | ||
| References | 29 | ||
| Chapter 9: Pruritus | 30 | ||
| Diagnosis | 30 | ||
| Treatment | 33 | ||
| Complications | 33 | ||
| Follow-Up | 33 | ||
| References | 35 | ||
| Chapter 10: Tinnitus | 35 | ||
| General Phenomena of Tinnitus | 35 | ||
| Clinical Types | 36 | ||
| Contemporary and Practical Treatment | 38 | ||
| References | 39 | ||
| Chapter 11: Spine Pain | 40 | ||
| Epidemiology | 40 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 40 | ||
| Somatic Pain | 40 | ||
| Neuropathic Pain | 40 | ||
| Assessment | 41 | ||
| History | 41 | ||
| Examination | 41 | ||
| Natural Course of the Disease | 41 | ||
| Management | 42 | ||
| Radicular Pain Predominating | 42 | ||
| Axial Pain Predominating | 43 | ||
| Section 2: The Infectious Diseases | 45 | ||
| Chapter 12: The Patient with HIV Disease | 45 | ||
| Epidemiology | 45 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 46 | ||
| Natural History | 46 | ||
| Diagnosis | 46 | ||
| Screening | 47 | ||
| Approach to the Patient with HIV Infection | 47 | ||
| Antiretroviral Therapy | 47 | ||
| Treatment Failure | 54 | ||
| Drug Resistance and Resistance Testing | 54 | ||
| Adverse Drug Reactions and Drug-Drug Interactions | 54 | ||
| Complications | 59 | ||
| Management of HIV in Pregnant Women | 62 | ||
| Postexposure Prophylaxis of HIV Infection | 62 | ||
| References | 62 | ||
| Chapter 13: Amebiasis | 62 | ||
| Intestinal Amebiasis | 63 | ||
| Amebic Liver Abscess | 63 | ||
| Diagnosis | 63 | ||
| Therapy | 63 | ||
| References | 64 | ||
| Chapter 14: Giardiasis | 64 | ||
| Background | 64 | ||
| Organism | 64 | ||
| Epidemiology | 64 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 65 | ||
| Clinical Features | 65 | ||
| Diagnosis | 66 | ||
| Treatment | 66 | ||
| Follow-up | 67 | ||
| Prognosis | 67 | ||
| Prevention | 67 | ||
| References | 67 | ||
| Chapter 15: Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock | 68 | ||
| Epidemiology | 68 | ||
| Definitions | 68 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 69 | ||
| Diagnosis | 69 | ||
| Treatment | 69 | ||
| Prognosis and Limits of Care | 72 | ||
| References | 72 | ||
| Chapter 16: Brucellosis | 72 | ||
| Etiology | 72 | ||
| Epidemiology | 72 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 73 | ||
| Clinical Features | 73 | ||
| Diagnosis | 74 | ||
| Treatment | 74 | ||
| Prevention | 75 | ||
| References | 76 | ||
| Chapter 17: Varicella (Chickenpox) | 76 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Chickenpox | 76 | ||
| Epidemiology after Approval of the Vaccine | 76 | ||
| Treatment | 77 | ||
| References | 78 | ||
| Chapter 18: Cholera | 78 | ||
| Etiology | 78 | ||
| Treatment | 79 | ||
| Complications and Prognosis | 80 | ||
| References | 81 | ||
| Chapter 19: Foodborne Illness | 81 | ||
| History | 81 | ||
| Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment | 81 | ||
| References | 83 | ||
| Chapter 20: Necrotizing Skin and Soft Tissue Infections | 83 | ||
| Etiology | 83 | ||
| Clinical Features | 84 | ||
| Diagnosis | 85 | ||
| Treatment | 85 | ||
| References | 86 | ||
| Chapter 21: Toxic Shock Syndrome | 86 | ||
| Epidemiology | 87 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 87 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 87 | ||
| Diagnosis | 87 | ||
| Treatment | 88 | ||
| Prevention | 88 | ||
| References | 88 | ||
| Chapter 22: Influenza | 88 | ||
| Microbiology | 88 | ||
| Prevention | 89 | ||
| Evaluation | 89 | ||
| Complications | 90 | ||
| Chemoprophylaxis | 90 | ||
| Treatment | 91 | ||
| References | 91 | ||
| Chapter 23: Visceral Leishmaniasis | 91 | ||
| Epidemiology | 92 | ||
| Diagnosis | 92 | ||
| Available Drugs | 93 | ||
| Therapeutic Strategies | 94 | ||
| References | 94 | ||
| Chapter 24: Leprosy | 95 | ||
| Epidemiology | 95 | ||
| Etiopathogenesis | 95 | ||
| Clinical Features | 95 | ||
| Diagnosis | 98 | ||
| Classification Of Disease | 98 | ||
| Rare Variants | 98 | ||
| Treatment | 99 | ||
| Reactions | 100 | ||
| Prevention of Disabilities and Rehabilitation | 101 | ||
| Prevention | 101 | ||
| WHO Strategy for 2006 Through 2010 | 101 | ||
| References | 101 | ||
| Chapter 25: Malaria | 101 | ||
| Transmission | 102 | ||
| Etiology and Life Cycle | 102 | ||
| Epidemiology | 102 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 102 | ||
| Diagnosis | 104 | ||
| Antimalarial Drugs | 104 | ||
| Treatment | 106 | ||
| Prevention | 108 | ||
| References | 110 | ||
| Chapter 26: Bacterial Meningitis | 110 | ||
| Diagnosis | 110 | ||
| Antibiotic Selection | 110 | ||
| Special Considerations for Antibiotic Therapy | 110 | ||
| Adjunctive Therapy | 112 | ||
| Chemoprophylaxis for Bacterial Meningitis | 112 | ||
| Vaccines for Bacterial Meningitis | 113 | ||
| References | 113 | ||
| Chapter 27: Infectious Mononucleosis | 113 | ||
| Classic Syndrome and Disease Course | 114 | ||
| Complications of Infectious Mononucleosis | 114 | ||
| Unusual Manifestations of Infectious Mononucleosis | 114 | ||
| Diagnosis | 115 | ||
| Treatment | 115 | ||
| References | 116 | ||
| Chapter 28: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 116 | ||
| Definition | 116 | ||
| Epidemiology | 116 | ||
| Diagnosis | 117 | ||
| Therapy | 117 | ||
| References | 119 | ||
| Chapter 29: Mumps | 119 | ||
| Epidemiology | 119 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 119 | ||
| Diagnosis | 120 | ||
| Treatment | 120 | ||
| Prevention | 120 | ||
| References | 120 | ||
| Chapter 30: Plague | 121 | ||
| Epidemiology | 121 | ||
| Modes of Transmission | 121 | ||
| Bioterrorism Threat | 121 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Clinical Syndromes | 121 | ||
| Diagnosis | 121 | ||
| Treatment | 121 | ||
| Prevention and Control | 122 | ||
| References | 122 | ||
| Chapter 31: Anthrax | 122 | ||
| Background | 122 | ||
| Clinical Features | 122 | ||
| Diagnosis | 123 | ||
| Treatment | 124 | ||
| References | 126 | ||
| Chapter 32: Psittacosis | 126 | ||
| Epidemiology | 126 | ||
| Clinical Features | 126 | ||
| Diagnosis | 126 | ||
| Management | 127 | ||
| References | 127 | ||
| Chapter 33: Q Fever | 127 | ||
| Diagnosis | 127 | ||
| Disease States | 127 | ||
| Treatment | 128 | ||
| References | 128 | ||
| Chapter 34: Rabies | 128 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 128 | ||
| Clinical Features | 129 | ||
| Epidemiology | 129 | ||
| Diagnosis | 129 | ||
| Prevention | 129 | ||
| Management of Human Rabies | 130 | ||
| References | 130 | ||
| Chapter 35: Rat-Bite Fever | 130 | ||
| Epidemiology | 130 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 131 | ||
| Diagnosis | 131 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 131 | ||
| Treatment | 131 | ||
| References | 132 | ||
| Chapter 36: Relapsing Fever | 132 | ||
| Epidemiology | 132 | ||
| Clinical Diagnosis | 132 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 133 | ||
| Treatment | 134 | ||
| Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction | 134 | ||
| Outcome | 134 | ||
| Prevention | 135 | ||
| References | 135 | ||
| Chapter 37: Lyme Disease | 135 | ||
| Epidemiology | 135 | ||
| Clinical Features | 135 | ||
| Laboratory Testing in Lyme Disease | 136 | ||
| Treatment | 136 | ||
| Prevention | 138 | ||
| References | 138 | ||
| Chapter 38: Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome | 138 | ||
| Background and Epidemiology | 139 | ||
| Clinical Features and Diagnosis | 139 | ||
| Complications | 139 | ||
| Treatment and Vaccination | 140 | ||
| References | 140 | ||
| Chapter 39: Measles (Rubeola) | 140 | ||
| Epidemiology | 140 | ||
| Clinical Features | 140 | ||
| Diagnosis | 141 | ||
| Treatment | 141 | ||
| Prevention | 141 | ||
| References | 141 | ||
| Chapter 40: Tetanus | 142 | ||
| Etiology | 142 | ||
| Epidemiology | 142 | ||
| Clinical Features | 142 | ||
| Diagnosis | 142 | ||
| Treatment | 143 | ||
| Prevention | 143 | ||
| References | 144 | ||
| Chapter 41: Pertussis | 144 | ||
| Microbiology and Pathophysiology | 144 | ||
| Epidemiology | 144 | ||
| Immunity | 145 | ||
| Clinical Symptoms | 145 | ||
| Complications | 145 | ||
| Diagnosis | 145 | ||
| Treatment | 145 | ||
| Prevention | 145 | ||
| References | 146 | ||
| Chapter 42: Office-Based Immunization Practices | 146 | ||
| The Adoption of a Comprehensive Immunization Schedule | 146 | ||
| Adoption of Immunization-Specific Practices | 152 | ||
| Common Problems | 154 | ||
| References | 155 | ||
| Chapter 43: Travel Medicine | 155 | ||
| Pretravel Counseling | 156 | ||
| Immunizations | 156 | ||
| Protection against Malaria | 161 | ||
| Protection against Traveler's Diarrhea | 162 | ||
| Illness in the Returned Traveler | 165 | ||
| Post-travel Counseling | 168 | ||
| References | 168 | ||
| Chapter 44: Toxoplasmosis | 169 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Epidemiology | 169 | ||
| Diagnosis and Testing | 169 | ||
| Infection in Immunocompetent Patients | 171 | ||
| Infection in Immunocompromised and AIDS Patients | 171 | ||
| Ocular Toxoplasmosis | 171 | ||
| Congenital Toxoplasmosis and Toxoplasmosis in Pregnancy | 171 | ||
| Treatment | 171 | ||
| Prevention | 173 | ||
| References | 174 | ||
| Chapter 45: Cat-Scratch Disease | 174 | ||
| Epidemiology | 174 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 174 | ||
| Diagnosis | 175 | ||
| Treatment | 175 | ||
| Prevention | 175 | ||
| References | 175 | ||
| Chapter 46: Salmonellosis | 176 | ||
| Microbiology | 176 | ||
| Epidemiology | 176 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 176 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 177 | ||
| Treatment | 177 | ||
| Bacteremia and Focal Infection | 178 | ||
| Treatment | 178 | ||
| Enteric Fever | 179 | ||
| Carrier State | 179 | ||
| Prevention | 179 | ||
| References | 179 | ||
| Chapter 47: Typhoid Fever | 179 | ||
| Epidemiology | 180 | ||
| Clinical Features | 180 | ||
| Complications | 180 | ||
| Diagnosis | 180 | ||
| Treatment | 180 | ||
| Prevention | 181 | ||
| References | 182 | ||
| Chapter 48: Rickettsial and Ehrlichial Infections | 182 | ||
| Rickettsial Infections | 182 | ||
| Ehrlichial Infections | 183 | ||
| References | 185 | ||
| Chapter 49: Smallpox | 185 | ||
| Clinical Features | 185 | ||
| Clinical Course | 185 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis and Laboratory Studies | 189 | ||
| Treatment | 191 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 191 | ||
| References | 191 | ||
| Section 3: Diseases of the Head and Neck | 193 | ||
| Chapter 50: Vision Correction Procedures | 193 | ||
| Background and Definitions | 193 | ||
| Epidemiology | 194 | ||
| Surgical Management of Refractive Error | 194 | ||
| Treatment of Presbyopia | 197 | ||
| Future Outlook | 197 | ||
| Summary | 197 | ||
| References | 197 | ||
| Chapter 51: Conjunctivitis | 197 | ||
| Allergic Conjunctivitis | 197 | ||
| Viral Conjunctivitis | 198 | ||
| Bacterial Conjunctivitis | 199 | ||
| Adult Inclusion Conjunctivis | 199 | ||
| Neonatal Conjunctivitis | 199 | ||
| Chapter 52: Optic Neuritis | 200 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 200 | ||
| Investigations | 201 | ||
| Current Approach to Therapy: Acute and Long-term Management | 201 | ||
| Prognosis and Future Considerations | 202 | ||
| References | 202 | ||
| Chapter 53: Uveitis | 202 | ||
| Clinical Features and Diagnosis | 202 | ||
| Sequelae and Complications of Uveitis | 203 | ||
| Current Treatment | 203 | ||
| References | 204 | ||
| Chapter 54: Glaucoma | 204 | ||
| Types of Glaucoma | 205 | ||
| Treatment | 206 | ||
| References | 207 | ||
| Chapter 55: Otitis Externa | 208 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 208 | ||
| Diagnosis | 208 | ||
| Treatment | 208 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis and Treatment | 208 | ||
| References | 209 | ||
| Chapter 56: Otitis Media | 209 | ||
| Definitions | 210 | ||
| Treatment Recommendations | 210 | ||
| Conclusion | 211 | ||
| References | 211 | ||
| Chapter 57: Episodic Vertigo | 211 | ||
| The Vestibular System | 211 | ||
| Approach to the Patient | 213 | ||
| Management | 214 | ||
| References | 214 | ||
| Chapter 58: Meniere's Disease | 214 | ||
| Background and Epidemiology | 214 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 214 | ||
| Evaluation | 215 | ||
| Management | 215 | ||
| References | 216 | ||
| Chapter 59: Sinusitis | 216 | ||
| Definitions | 216 | ||
| Acute Rhinosinusitis | 217 | ||
| Chronic Rhinosinusitis | 217 | ||
| Recurrent Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis | 218 | ||
| Radiographic Imaging | 219 | ||
| Complications of ABRS and Differential Diagnosis | 219 | ||
| Conclusions | 219 | ||
| References | 219 | ||
| Chapter 60: Nonallergic Perennial Rhinitis | 220 | ||
| Classification | 220 | ||
| Nasal Physiology | 220 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 220 | ||
| Diagnosis | 221 | ||
| Treatment | 222 | ||
| Conclusion | 223 | ||
| References | 223 | ||
| Chapter 61: Hoarseness and Laryngitis | 224 | ||
| Normal Laryngeal Function | 224 | ||
| Evaluation of Dysphonia | 224 | ||
| Types of Dysphonia | 225 | ||
| Neurologic Disorders and the Voice | 228 | ||
| Functional Voice Disorders | 228 | ||
| Presbylaryngis | 228 | ||
| Conclusion | 229 | ||
| References | 229 | ||
| Chapter 62: Streptococcal Pharyngitis | 229 | ||
| Epidemiology | 229 | ||
| Reasons to Treat | 229 | ||
| Clinical Diagnosis | 230 | ||
| Testing | 230 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 231 | ||
| Treatment | 231 | ||
| Complications | 232 | ||
| Vaccine Development | 234 | ||
| References | 234 | ||
| Section 4: The Respiratory System | 235 | ||
| Chapter 63: Acute Respiratory Failure | 235 | ||
| Definitions and Pathophysiology | 235 | ||
| Treatment | 236 | ||
| Specific Causes of Acute Respiratory Failure | 238 | ||
| References | 240 | ||
| Chapter 64: Atelectasis | 240 | ||
| Etiology | 240 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 240 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 241 | ||
| Diagnosis | 241 | ||
| Treatment | 241 | ||
| References | 241 | ||
| Chapter 65: Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 241 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 241 | ||
| Epidemiology and Risk Factors | 242 | ||
| Diagnosis | 242 | ||
| COPD Classification | 242 | ||
| Management of Stable COPD | 243 | ||
| Management of Exacerbations | 245 | ||
| Surgical Options | 246 | ||
| Chapter 66: Cystic Fibrosis | 246 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 246 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 246 | ||
| Diagnosis | 248 | ||
| Treatment | 248 | ||
| References | 249 | ||
| Chapter 67: Sleep Apnea | 250 | ||
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 250 | ||
| Central Sleep Apnea | 251 | ||
| References | 252 | ||
| Chapter 68: Primary Lung Cancer | 252 | ||
| Epidemiology | 252 | ||
| Etiology | 252 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 253 | ||
| Diagnosis and Evaluation | 253 | ||
| Treatment | 254 | ||
| References | 256 | ||
| Chapter 69: Coccidioidomycosis | 257 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 257 | ||
| Diagnosis | 257 | ||
| Treatment | 258 | ||
| References | 258 | ||
| Chapter 70: Histoplasmosis | 258 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 258 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 259 | ||
| Diagnosis | 259 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 259 | ||
| Prophylaxis in Patients with AIDS | 260 | ||
| Treatment | 260 | ||
| References | 261 | ||
| Chapter 71: Blastomycosis | 261 | ||
| Epidemiology | 261 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 262 | ||
| Diagnosis | 262 | ||
| Treatment | 262 | ||
| References | 263 | ||
| Chapter 72: Pleural Effusion and Empyema Thoracis | 263 | ||
| Physiology of Pleural Disease | 263 | ||
| Clinical Features of Pleural Effusions and Empyema | 263 | ||
| Etiology | 263 | ||
| Laboratory Investigations | 264 | ||
| Imaging | 265 | ||
| Treatment of Pleural Effusion | 265 | ||
| Treatment of Empyema | 265 | ||
| Outcome | 266 | ||
| References | 266 | ||
| Chapter 73: Primary Lung Abscess | 266 | ||
| Cause | 266 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 267 | ||
| Diagnosis | 267 | ||
| Treatment | 267 | ||
| Prevention | 268 | ||
| References | 268 | ||
| Chapter 74: Acute Bronchitis | 268 | ||
| Diagnosis | 268 | ||
| Treatment | 268 | ||
| References | 269 | ||
| Chapter 75: Bacterial Pneumonia | 269 | ||
| Community-Acquired Pneumonia | 269 | ||
| Health Care-Acquired Pneumonia | 272 | ||
| References | 273 | ||
| Chapter 76: Viral Respiratory Infections | 273 | ||
| Common Colds | 273 | ||
| Influenza-Like Illness | 274 | ||
| Croup | 274 | ||
| Bronchiolitis | 274 | ||
| References | 275 | ||
| Chapter 77: Viral and Mycoplasmal Pneumonias | 275 | ||
| Influenza (Human, Avian, and Swine) | 275 | ||
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia | 276 | ||
| References | 278 | ||
| Chapter 78: Legionellosis | 279 | ||
| Epidemiology | 279 | ||
| Clinical Features | 279 | ||
| Diagnosis | 279 | ||
| Treatment | 279 | ||
| Chapter 79: Venous Thromboembolism | 280 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Risk Factors | 280 | ||
| Epidemiology and Natural History of Venous Thromboembolism | 281 | ||
| Diagnosis of Deep Venous Thrombosis | 281 | ||
| Diagnosis of Recurrent Deep Venous Thrombosis | 283 | ||
| Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism | 283 | ||
| Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism | 285 | ||
| Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism | 286 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 287 | ||
| References | 287 | ||
| Chapter 80: Sarcoidosis | 288 | ||
| Epidemiology | 288 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 288 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 288 | ||
| Diagnosis | 293 | ||
| Natural History | 293 | ||
| Treatment | 294 | ||
| References | 295 | ||
| Chapter 81: Pneumoconiosis | 295 | ||
| Pneumoconiosis | 295 | ||
| Asbestosis | 295 | ||
| Silicosis | 296 | ||
| Disclaimer | 298 | ||
| References | 298 | ||
| Chapter 82: Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis | 298 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 298 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis | 298 | ||
| Treatment | 298 | ||
| References | 299 | ||
| Chapter 83: Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases | 299 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 299 | ||
| Diagnosis of Active Tuberculosis | 300 | ||
| Principles of Treatment | 300 | ||
| References | 305 | ||
| Section 5: The Cardiovascular System | 307 | ||
| Chapter 84: Acquired Diseases of the Aorta | 307 | ||
| Aortic Aneurysms | 307 | ||
| Aortic Occlusive Disease | 308 | ||
| Aortic Dissections | 309 | ||
| Traumatic Aortic Injury | 310 | ||
| References | 310 | ||
| Chapter 85: Angina Pectoris | 311 | ||
| Clinical Features | 311 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing | 311 | ||
| Risk Factor Management | 312 | ||
| Approach to Treatment | 313 | ||
| Other Causes of Angina | 315 | ||
| Newer Imaging Techniques | 316 | ||
| Summary | 316 | ||
| References | 316 | ||
| Chapter 86: Cardiac Arrest: Sudden Cardiac Death | 316 | ||
| Definition and Causes | 316 | ||
| Tests to Identify Risk for Sudden Death | 317 | ||
| Treatment | 317 | ||
| Primary Prevention of Ventricular Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death | 317 | ||
| Sudden Death Associated with Abnormalities of the QT Interval | 319 | ||
| Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation | 320 | ||
| Adult Congenital Heart Disease | 320 | ||
| Neuromuscular Diseases | 320 | ||
| Bradyarrhythmia | 320 | ||
| References | 320 | ||
| Chapter 87: Atrial Fibrillation | 320 | ||
| Classification | 320 | ||
| Presentation | 320 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 321 | ||
| Treatment | 321 | ||
| References | 324 | ||
| Chapter 88: Premature Beats | 324 | ||
| Premature Atrial Complexes | 324 | ||
| Premature Junctional Complexes | 325 | ||
| Premature Ventricular Complexes | 326 | ||
| References | 327 | ||
| Chapter 89: Heart Block | 327 | ||
| Mechanisms | 327 | ||
| Etiology | 328 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 328 | ||
| Treatment | 329 | ||
| Approach to the Patient | 330 | ||
| Conclusions | 331 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 331 | ||
| References | 331 | ||
| Chapter 90: Tachycardias | 331 | ||
| Mechanisms of Tachyarrhythmias | 331 | ||
| Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias | 332 | ||
| Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias | 335 | ||
| Brugada Syndrome | 336 | ||
| References | 337 | ||
| Chapter 91: Congenital Heart Disease | 337 | ||
| Cardiac Evaluation | 337 | ||
| Acyanotic Lesions with Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow | 338 | ||
| Acyanotic Lesions with Obstruction | 339 | ||
| Cyanotic Lesions with Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow | 340 | ||
| Cyanotic Lesions with Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow | 342 | ||
| References | 342 | ||
| Chapter 92: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy | 342 | ||
| Definition | 342 | ||
| Prevalence | 343 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 343 | ||
| Molecular Genetics | 343 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 343 | ||
| Treatment | 344 | ||
| Experimental Pharmacologic Agents | 345 | ||
| References | 345 | ||
| Chapter 93: Mitral Valve Prolapse | 345 | ||
| Prevalence | 345 | ||
| Classification | 346 | ||
| Pathology | 346 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 346 | ||
| Diagnosis | 347 | ||
| Use of Echocardiography | 347 | ||
| Medical Management | 348 | ||
| Surgical Management | 348 | ||
| References | 349 | ||
| Chapter 94: Heart Failure | 349 | ||
| Definition | 349 | ||
| History and Physical Examination | 349 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures | 350 | ||
| Classification | 351 | ||
| Management of Heart Failure | 351 | ||
| Common Management Errors | 352 | ||
| References | 353 | ||
| Chapter 95: Infective Endocarditis | 353 | ||
| Epidemiologic Changes | 353 | ||
| Forms of Endocarditis | 353 | ||
| Microbiology | 354 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 354 | ||
| Diagnosis | 355 | ||
| Treatment of Infective Endocarditis | 356 | ||
| References | 359 | ||
| Chapter 96: Hypertension | 359 | ||
| Definition | 359 | ||
| Epidemiology | 359 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 361 | ||
| Evaluation | 361 | ||
| Treatment | 362 | ||
| Resistant Hypertension | 365 | ||
| Secondary Hypertension | 368 | ||
| Hypertensive Emergencies | 368 | ||
| References | 369 | ||
| Chapter 97: Acute Myocardial Infarction | 369 | ||
| Incidence | 369 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 369 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 369 | ||
| Evaluation of Suspected Acute Myocardial Infarction | 370 | ||
| Treatment | 370 | ||
| Summary | 376 | ||
| References | 376 | ||
| Chapter 98: Pericarditis and Pericardial Effusions | 376 | ||
| Embryologic Origin of the Pericardium | 376 | ||
| Pathologic Processes Involving the Pericardium | 376 | ||
| Classification | 376 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 377 | ||
| Diagnostic Work-up | 377 | ||
| Treatment | 379 | ||
| Prognosis | 379 | ||
| References | 379 | ||
| Chapter 99: Peripheral Arterial Disease | 380 | ||
| Carotid Artery Disease | 380 | ||
| Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease | 382 | ||
| References | 384 | ||
| Chapter 100: Venous Thrombosis | 384 | ||
| Air Travel and Thrombosis | 384 | ||
| Epidemiology | 384 | ||
| Etiology | 384 | ||
| Prevention | 385 | ||
| Summary | 386 | ||
| References | 386 | ||
| Section 6: The Blood and Spleen | 387 | ||
| Chapter 101: Aplastic Anemia | 387 | ||
| Definition | 387 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 387 | ||
| Supportive Care | 388 | ||
| Treatment | 388 | ||
| Long-Term Complications of Treatment | 390 | ||
| Conclusions | 391 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 391 | ||
| References | 391 | ||
| Chapter 102: Iron Deficiency | 391 | ||
| Normal Iron Metabolism | 391 | ||
| Causes of Iron Deficiency | 392 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms of Iron Deficiency | 392 | ||
| Laboratory Abnormalities | 392 | ||
| Principles of Iron Replacement Therapy | 392 | ||
| References | 394 | ||
| Chapter 103: Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia | 394 | ||
| General Clinical and Laboratory Findings of AIHA | 395 | ||
| Warm-Antibody AIHA | 395 | ||
| Cold-Antibody AIHA | 396 | ||
| Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria | 396 | ||
| Evans Syndrome | 397 | ||
| Medication-Induced AIHA | 397 | ||
| References | 398 | ||
| Chapter 104: Nonimmune Hemolytic Anemia | 398 | ||
| Diagnosis | 398 | ||
| Management | 398 | ||
| Congenital Hemolytic Anemias | 399 | ||
| Acquired Nonimmune Hemolytic Anemias | 401 | ||
| Hemolytic Anemia Caused by Erythrocyte Fragmentation | 402 | ||
| Hemolytic Anemia Caused by Chemical and Physical Agents | 402 | ||
| Hemolytic Anemia Caused by Infection | 402 | ||
| References | 402 | ||
| Chapter 105: Pernicious Anemia and Other Megaloblastic Anemias | 402 | ||
| Pernicious Anemia | 402 | ||
| Other Causes of Megaloblastic Anemia | 402 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 403 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 404 | ||
| Diagnosing Pernicious Anemia | 404 | ||
| Treatment | 404 | ||
| References | 405 | ||
| Chapter 106: Thalassemia | 405 | ||
| Globin Gene Arrangements | 405 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 406 | ||
| -Thalassemia Major | 407 | ||
| -Thalassemia Intermedia | 409 | ||
| -Thalassemia Minor | 409 | ||
| -Thalassemia | 409 | ||
| References | 410 | ||
| Chapter 107: Sickle Cell Disease | 410 | ||
| Clinical Features | 410 | ||
| Treatment | 413 | ||
| Other Therapeutic Issues | 417 | ||
| References | 419 | ||
| Chapter 108: Neutropenia | 419 | ||
| Evaluation of Neutropenia | 419 | ||
| Classification | 420 | ||
| Therapy | 420 | ||
| References | 421 | ||
| Chapter 109: Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn | 421 | ||
| The RhD Antigen | 421 | ||
| Treatment | 422 | ||
| Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn from non-RhD Antibodies | 424 | ||
| References | 424 | ||
| Chapter 110: Hemophilia and Related Bleeding Disorders | 430 | ||
| Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B | 424 | ||
| Von Willebrand's Disease | 428 | ||
| Rare Bleeding Disorders | 430 | ||
| References | 430 | ||
| Chapter 111: Platelet-Mediated Bleeding Disorders | 430 | ||
| Elements of Platelet Function | 430 | ||
| Quantitative Bleeding Disorders | 431 | ||
| Qualitative Platelet Disorders | 432 | ||
| References | 433 | ||
| Chapter 112: Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | 433 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 433 | ||
| Complications | 433 | ||
| Diagnosis | 434 | ||
| Treatment | 434 | ||
| References | 434 | ||
| Chapter 113: Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura | 434 | ||
| Classification | 435 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 435 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 435 | ||
| Diagnosis | 436 | ||
| Treatment | 436 | ||
| Prognosis | 436 | ||
| References | 437 | ||
| Chapter 114: Hemochromatosis | 437 | ||
| Clinical Features of Hemochromatosis: Liver Disease | 437 | ||
| Diagnosis of Hemochromatosis | 437 | ||
| Family Studies | 438 | ||
| Treatment | 439 | ||
| Population Screening | 439 | ||
| References | 440 | ||
| Chapter 115: Hodgkin's Lymphoma | 440 | ||
| Histologic Classification | 440 | ||
| Staging and Risk Categorization | 440 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Initial Investigations | 441 | ||
| Treatment | 442 | ||
| Issues of Survivorship | 444 | ||
| References | 445 | ||
| Chapter 116: Hodgkin's Disease: Radiation Therapy | 445 | ||
| Epidemiology | 445 | ||
| Natural History | 445 | ||
| Pathology | 445 | ||
| Evaluation and Staging | 446 | ||
| Treatment | 446 | ||
| References | 448 | ||
| Chapter 117: Acute Leukemia in Adults | 448 | ||
| Diagnosis of Acute Leukemia | 448 | ||
| Prognosis in Acute Leukemia | 449 | ||
| Treatment | 450 | ||
| References | 452 | ||
| Chapter 118: Acute Leukemia in Children | 452 | ||
| Classification | 452 | ||
| Epidemiology | 452 | ||
| Prognosis | 453 | ||
| Etiology | 454 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 455 | ||
| Medical Emergencies in Childhood Leukemia | 455 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 456 | ||
| Risk Stratification | 456 | ||
| Treatment | 457 | ||
| Relapse | 458 | ||
| Late Effects | 458 | ||
| References | 459 | ||
| Chapter 119: Chronic Leukemias | 459 | ||
| Chronic Myeloid Leukemia | 459 | ||
| Treatment | 460 | ||
| Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia | 463 | ||
| References | 466 | ||
| Chapter 120: Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma | 466 | ||
| Epidemiology and Etiology | 466 | ||
| Classification | 466 | ||
| Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Staging | 467 | ||
| Treatment Principles | 468 | ||
| Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma | 468 | ||
| Follicular Lymphoma | 469 | ||
| Burkitt's Lymphoma | 470 | ||
| T-Cell and NK-Cell Lymphomas | 470 | ||
| References | 470 | ||
| Chapter 121: Multiple Myeloma | 471 | ||
| Diagnosis | 471 | ||
| Staging and Prognosis | 472 | ||
| Therapy | 472 | ||
| References | 475 | ||
| Chapter 122: Polycythemia Vera | 476 | ||
| Epidemiology and Prognosis | 476 | ||
| Thromboembolic Complications | 476 | ||
| Clinical Features | 476 | ||
| Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis | 477 | ||
| Therapy | 477 | ||
| Special Considerations | 478 | ||
| References | 478 | ||
| Chapter 123: Porphyria | 479 | ||
| Classification | 479 | ||
| Diagnosis | 479 | ||
| Treatment | 479 | ||
| References | 484 | ||
| Chapter 124: Therapeutic Use of Blood Components | 484 | ||
| Red Blood Cells | 484 | ||
| Platelets | 486 | ||
| Plasma | 487 | ||
| Granulocytes | 487 | ||
| References | 487 | ||
| Chapter 125: Adverse Effects of Blood Transfusion | 488 | ||
| Transfusion Reactions | 488 | ||
| Transfusion-Related Complications | 493 | ||
| References | 496 | ||
| Chapter 126: Myelodysplastic Syndromes | 496 | ||
| Epidemiology | 496 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 496 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 496 | ||
| Prognosis | 496 | ||
| Treatment | 497 | ||
| References | 498 | ||
| Section 7: The Digestive System | 499 | ||
| Chapter 127: Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis | 499 | ||
| Cholelithiasis | 499 | ||
| Acute Cholecystitis | 499 | ||
| Chronic Cholecystitis | 501 | ||
| Biliary Sludge | 501 | ||
| Choledocholithiasis | 501 | ||
| References | 502 | ||
| Chapter 128: Cirrhosis | 502 | ||
| Ascites | 503 | ||
| Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis | 504 | ||
| Portosystemic (Hepatic) Encephalopathy | 505 | ||
| Hepatorenal Syndrome | 506 | ||
| Portopulmonary Hypertension | 506 | ||
| Hepatopulmonary Syndrome | 507 | ||
| Hepatic Hydrothorax | 507 | ||
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 507 | ||
| Vaccination | 508 | ||
| Osteopenia | 508 | ||
| Liver Transplantation | 508 | ||
| References | 509 | ||
| Chapter 129: Bleeding Esophageal Varices | 510 | ||
| Variceal Bleeding: Scope of the Problem | 510 | ||
| Treatment | 510 | ||
| References | 513 | ||
| Chapter 130: Dysphagia and Esophageal Obstruction | 513 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 513 | ||
| Diagnosis | 513 | ||
| Treatment | 515 | ||
| Summary | 516 | ||
| References | 516 | ||
| Chapter 131: Diverticula of the Alimentary Tract | 516 | ||
| Esophagus | 516 | ||
| Stomach | 517 | ||
| Small Intestine | 517 | ||
| Colon | 518 | ||
| Special Problems | 519 | ||
| References | 520 | ||
| Chapter 132: Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis | 520 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 520 | ||
| Diagnosis | 521 | ||
| Treatment | 522 | ||
| Therapeutic Options | 523 | ||
| References | 525 | ||
| Chapter 133: Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 525 | ||
| Epidemiology | 525 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 525 | ||
| Evaluation | 526 | ||
| Treatment | 526 | ||
| References | 527 | ||
| Chapter 134: Hemorrhoids, Anal Fissure, and Anorectal Abscess and Fistula | 527 | ||
| Anatomy and Function of the Anal Canal | 527 | ||
| History and Physical Examination | 528 | ||
| Hemorrhoids | 528 | ||
| Anal Fissure | 529 | ||
| Anorectal Abscess and Fistula | 529 | ||
| References | 530 | ||
| Chapter 135: Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease | 530 | ||
| Dyspepsia | 530 | ||
| Gastritis | 531 | ||
| Peptic Ulcer Disease | 532 | ||
| Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome | 535 | ||
| References | 535 | ||
| Chapter 136: Acute and Chronic Viral Hepatitis | 535 | ||
| Hepatitis A Virus | 536 | ||
| Hepatitis E Virus | 536 | ||
| Hepatitis B Virus | 537 | ||
| Hepatitis D Virus | 539 | ||
| Hepatitis C Virus | 539 | ||
| References | 540 | ||
| Chapter 137: Malabsorption | 540 | ||
| Diagnosis | 540 | ||
| Evaluation of Suspected Malabsorption | 543 | ||
| Specific Disorders Associated with Malabsorption | 544 | ||
| References | 546 | ||
| Chapter 138: Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis | 547 | ||
| Acute Pancreatitis | 547 | ||
| Chronic Pancreatitis | 552 | ||
| References | 556 | ||
| Chapter 139: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | 556 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 556 | ||
| Complications | 557 | ||
| Diagnosis | 557 | ||
| Management | 558 | ||
| References | 559 | ||
| Chapter 140: Tumors of the Stomach | 559 | ||
| Gastric Adenocarcinoma | 559 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors | 561 | ||
| Carcinoid Tumors | 561 | ||
| Gastric Lymphomas | 561 | ||
| References | 561 | ||
| Chapter 141: Tumors of the Colon and Rectum | 562 | ||
| Background, Epidemiology, and Etiology | 562 | ||
| Evaluation | 563 | ||
| Management | 565 | ||
| References | 566 | ||
| Chapter 142: Intestinal Parasites | 567 | ||
| Protozoa: Amoebae, Flagellates, Ciliates | 567 | ||
| Spore-Forming Protozoa and Microsporidia | 571 | ||
| Helminths | 573 | ||
| References | 577 | ||
| Section 8: Metabolic Disorders | 579 | ||
| Chapter 143: Diabetes Mellitus in Adults | 579 | ||
| Epidemiology | 579 | ||
| Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes and Prediabetes | 579 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 579 | ||
| Treatment | 580 | ||
| References | 587 | ||
| Chapter 144: Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents | 587 | ||
| Diagnosis | 588 | ||
| Initial Management | 588 | ||
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis | 588 | ||
| Initiation of Insulin Replacement Therapy | 589 | ||
| Outpatient Diabetes Care | 589 | ||
| Diabetes Education | 589 | ||
| Goals of Therapy | 590 | ||
| Insulin Therapy | 590 | ||
| Self-Monitoring | 591 | ||
| Medical Nutrition Therapy | 591 | ||
| Exercise | 592 | ||
| Psychosocial Support | 592 | ||
| Sick Day Management | 592 | ||
| Hypoglycemia | 592 | ||
| Screening for Diabetes-Related Complications | 592 | ||
| Screening for Other Autoimmune Diseases | 593 | ||
| Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Youth | 593 | ||
| References | 594 | ||
| Chapter 145: Diabetic Ketoacidosis | 594 | ||
| Diagnosis | 595 | ||
| Treatment | 595 | ||
| Complications | 598 | ||
| Summary | 598 | ||
| References | 599 | ||
| Chapter 146: Hyponatremia | 599 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 599 | ||
| Regulation of Water Balance | 599 | ||
| Central Nervous System Response to Hyponatremia/Hypoosmolality | 600 | ||
| Classification and Differential Diagnosis of Hyponatremia | 600 | ||
| Management | 603 | ||
| Summary | 605 | ||
| References | 605 | ||
| Chapter 147: Hyperuricemia and Gout | 605 | ||
| Diagnosis | 605 | ||
| Treatment | 606 | ||
| References | 608 | ||
| Chapter 148: Dyslipoproteinemias | 608 | ||
| Dynamics of Lipid Metabolism and Its Contribution to Atherosclerosis | 608 | ||
| Assessment of the Patient with Dyslipoproteinemia | 609 | ||
| Lifestyle Changes | 609 | ||
| Drug Therapy for Dyslipoproteinemia | 610 | ||
| References | 612 | ||
| Chapter 149: Obesity | 612 | ||
| Epidemiology | 612 | ||
| Diagnosis | 612 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 614 | ||
| Associated Comorbidities | 614 | ||
| Coronary Heart Disease | 614 | ||
| Treatment | 614 | ||
| Future Directions | 617 | ||
| References | 618 | ||
| Chapter 150: Osteoporosis | 618 | ||
| Epidemiology and Scope of the Problem | 618 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 618 | ||
| Risk Factors | 619 | ||
| Evaluation | 619 | ||
| Management | 620 | ||
| References | 622 | ||
| Chapter 151: Paget's Disease of Bone | 622 | ||
| Etiology | 622 | ||
| Epidemiology | 623 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 623 | ||
| Diagnosis | 623 | ||
| Treatment | 624 | ||
| References | 625 | ||
| Chapter 152: Parenteral Nutrition in Adults | 625 | ||
| Indications and Contraindications | 625 | ||
| Assessment of Nutritional Status | 625 | ||
| Estimating Nutritional Requirements | 626 | ||
| Composition of Central and Peripheral Venous Solutions | 628 | ||
| Administration and Venous Access | 629 | ||
| Infusion and Patient Monitoring | 629 | ||
| Patients with Special Needs | 630 | ||
| Common Complications and Management | 633 | ||
| References | 633 | ||
| Chapter 153: Parenteral Fluid Therapy for Infants and Children | 633 | ||
| Maintenance Fluids | 634 | ||
| Rehydration | 635 | ||
| Monitoring Requirements | 638 | ||
| References | 638 | ||
| Section 9: The Endocrine System | 639 | ||
| Chapter 154: Acromegaly | 639 | ||
| Physiology, Biochemistry and Regulation of the GH/IGF-1 Axis | 639 | ||
| Etiopathogenesis of Growth Hormone-Secreting Tumors | 639 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 640 | ||
| Mortality | 641 | ||
| Biochemical Diagnosis | 641 | ||
| Imaging | 641 | ||
| Treatment | 641 | ||
| References | 642 | ||
| Chapter 155: Adrenocortical Insufficiency | 643 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 643 | ||
| Evaluation | 643 | ||
| Etiology | 644 | ||
| Treatment | 644 | ||
| Adrenal Suppression and Chronic Glucocorticoid Therapy | 645 | ||
| References | 645 | ||
| Chapter 156: Cushing's Syndrome | 645 | ||
| Clinical Features | 645 | ||
| Etiology | 646 | ||
| Diagnosis | 646 | ||
| Treatment | 648 | ||
| References | 650 | ||
| Chapter 157: Diabetes Insipidus | 650 | ||
| General Principles of Treating Central (Neurogenic) Diabetes Insipidus | 650 | ||
| Principles of Treating Specific Problems | 651 | ||
| Special Problems of Fluid Balance | 652 | ||
| Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus | 653 | ||
| References | 653 | ||
| Chapter 158: Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Hypoparathyroidism | 653 | ||
| Primary Hyperparathyroidism | 653 | ||
| Hypoparathyroidism | 656 | ||
| References | 657 | ||
| Chapter 159: Primary Aldosteronism | 657 | ||
| Primary Aldosteronism | 657 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment of Less Common Causes of Primary Aldosteronism | 664 | ||
| References | 664 | ||
| Chapter 160: Hypopituitarism | 664 | ||
| The Function of the Pituitary | 664 | ||
| Causes of Hypopituitarism | 665 | ||
| Clinical Presentation, Diagnostic Testing, and Treatment | 666 | ||
| Conclusion | 670 | ||
| References | 670 | ||
| Chapter 161: Hyperprolactinemia | 670 | ||
| Physiology of Prolactin Secretion | 670 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 670 | ||
| Diagnosis of Prolactinoma | 670 | ||
| Treatment of Nontumoral Hyperprolactinemia | 671 | ||
| Treatment of Prolactinoma | 671 | ||
| Natural History of Prolactinoma | 672 | ||
| Prolactinoma and Pregnancy | 672 | ||
| References | 672 | ||
| Chapter 162: Hypothyroidism | 672 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 672 | ||
| Subclinical Hypothyroidism | 674 | ||
| Special Situations | 675 | ||
| References | 675 | ||
| Chapter 163: Hyperthyroidism | 676 | ||
| Diagnosis | 676 | ||
| Treatment | 677 | ||
| Other Forms of Hyperthyroidism | 679 | ||
| References | 680 | ||
| Chapter 164: Thyroid Cancer | 680 | ||
| Causes and Risk Factors | 680 | ||
| Diagnosis | 681 | ||
| Histologic Classification, Treatment, and Prognosis | 681 | ||
| Follow-up | 683 | ||
| Summary | 683 | ||
| References | 683 | ||
| Chapter 165: Pheochromocytomas | 684 | ||
| Presentation | 684 | ||
| Diagnosis | 684 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 685 | ||
| Genetic Counseling | 685 | ||
| Treatment | 685 | ||
| Postoperative and Long-term Follow-up | 686 | ||
| References | 686 | ||
| Chapter 166: Thyroiditis | 687 | ||
| Acute Thyroiditis | 687 | ||
| Subacute Thyroiditis | 687 | ||
| Silent Thyroiditis | 688 | ||
| Chronic (Autoimmune) Thyroiditis | 688 | ||
| Drug-Induced Thyroiditis | 688 | ||
| Riedel's Thyroiditis | 688 | ||
| References | 689 | ||
| Section 10: The Urogenital Tract | 691 | ||
| Chapter 167: Bacterial Infections of the Male Urinary Tract | 691 | ||
| Distinguishing Complicated from Uncomplicated Infections | 691 | ||
| Natural History | 691 | ||
| Diagnosis and Localization | 692 | ||
| Treatment | 692 | ||
| References | 693 | ||
| Chapter 168: Urinary Tract Infections in Women | 694 | ||
| General Concepts | 694 | ||
| Cystitis Versus Pyelonephritis | 694 | ||
| Dysuria-Pyuria Syndrome | 694 | ||
| Catheter-Associated Bacteriuria (CAB) | 694 | ||
| Benign Bacteriuria of the Elderly | 694 | ||
| Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections: Reinfection Versus Relapse | 694 | ||
| Acute Pyelonephritis | 694 | ||
| Chronic Pyelonephritis | 695 | ||
| Therapeutic Considerations | 696 | ||
| References | 697 | ||
| Chapter 169: Urinary Tract Infections in Infants and Children | 698 | ||
| Diagnosis | 698 | ||
| Imaging | 698 | ||
| Treatment | 698 | ||
| Voiding Dysfunction | 698 | ||
| Prophylaxis | 698 | ||
| References | 699 | ||
| Chapter 170: Childhood Incontinence | 699 | ||
| Classification of Pediatric Urinary Incontinence | 699 | ||
| Clinical Assessment | 701 | ||
| References | 701 | ||
| Chapter 171: Urinary Incontinence | 701 | ||
| Etiology | 701 | ||
| Evaluation of the Incontinent Patient | 702 | ||
| Treatment of Urinary Incontinence | 703 | ||
| References | 704 | ||
| Chapter 172: Epididymitis | 705 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 705 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 705 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment | 705 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 707 | ||
| Complications | 707 | ||
| References | 707 | ||
| Chapter 173: Primary Glomerular Diseases | 707 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis | 707 | ||
| Treatment | 708 | ||
| References | 712 | ||
| Chapter 174: Pyelonephritis | 712 | ||
| Epidemiology | 712 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 713 | ||
| Diagnosis | 713 | ||
| Microbial Etiology | 713 | ||
| Treatment | 714 | ||
| Imaging | 714 | ||
| Follow-up | 714 | ||
| References | 714 | ||
| Chapter 175: Trauma to the Genitourinary Tract | 715 | ||
| Renal Trauma | 715 | ||
| Ureteral Trauma | 716 | ||
| Bladder Trauma | 716 | ||
| Urethral Trauma | 717 | ||
| Trauma to the External Genitalia | 717 | ||
| Conclusion | 718 | ||
| References | 718 | ||
| Chapter 176: Prostatitis | 718 | ||
| Category I: Acute Bacterial Prostatitis | 718 | ||
| Category II: Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis | 719 | ||
| Category III: Chronic Nonbacterial Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome | 719 | ||
| Category IV: Asymptomatic Inflammatory Prostatitis | 721 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 721 | ||
| References | 721 | ||
| Chapter 177: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia | 721 | ||
| Epidemiology | 721 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 721 | ||
| Symptoms | 722 | ||
| Diagnosis | 723 | ||
| Treatment | 723 | ||
| alpha1-Adrenergic Blocking Agents | 723 | ||
| Efficacy of Medical Therapy | 723 | ||
| Phytotherapy | 724 | ||
| Minimally Invasive Therapies | 724 | ||
| References | 724 | ||
| Chapter 178: Erectile Dysfunction | 724 | ||
| Epidemiology | 724 | ||
| Physiology of Erection | 725 | ||
| Testosterone and Erectile Function | 725 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Erectile Dysfunction | 725 | ||
| Quantification of the Severity of Erectile Dysfunction and Improvement | 726 | ||
| Management of Erectile Dysfunction | 726 | ||
| References | 729 | ||
| Chapter 179: Acute Renal Failure | 730 | ||
| Epidemiology and Definitions | 730 | ||
| Classification | 730 | ||
| Treatment | 733 | ||
| Emerging Issues | 733 | ||
| References | 734 | ||
| Chapter 180: Chronic Renal Failure | 734 | ||
| Causes of Chronic Renal Failure | 734 | ||
| Approach to the Diagnosis of Chronic Renal Failure | 734 | ||
| Clinical and Laboratory Abnormalities in Chronic Renal Failure | 735 | ||
| Symptoms and Signs of Renal Failure | 736 | ||
| Management of Chronic Renal Failure | 736 | ||
| Measures Designed to Reduce the Rate of Progression of Renal Failure | 738 | ||
| Measures Designed to Treat Significant Laboratory Abnormalities | 738 | ||
| References | 739 | ||
| Chapter 181: Malignant Tumors of the Urogenital Tract | 740 | ||
| Carcinoma of the Prostate | 740 | ||
| Tumors of the Renal Parenchyma | 741 | ||
| Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter | 742 | ||
| Carcinoma of the Bladder | 742 | ||
| Urethral Carcinoma | 745 | ||
| Penile Cancer | 745 | ||
| Testicular Cancer | 745 | ||
| Disclaimer | 746 | ||
| References | 749 | ||
| Chapter 182: Urethral Strictures | 749 | ||
| Evaluation and Diagnosis | 749 | ||
| Management | 749 | ||
| References | 751 | ||
| Chapter 183: Renal Calculi | 751 | ||
| Epidemiology | 751 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 751 | ||
| Diagnosis | 752 | ||
| Laboratory and Radiographic Studies | 752 | ||
| Treatment | 752 | ||
| References | 753 | ||
| Section 11: The Sexually Transmitted Diseases | 755 | ||
| Chapter 184: Chancroid, Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis), and Lymphogranuloma Venereum | 755 | ||
| Epidemiology | 755 | ||
| Diagnosis | 755 | ||
| Treatment | 756 | ||
| References | 756 | ||
| Chapter 185: Gonorrhea | 757 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 757 | ||
| Diagnosis | 757 | ||
| Prevention and Screening | 758 | ||
| References | 759 | ||
| Chapter 186: Nongonococcal Urethritis | 759 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 759 | ||
| Etiology | 759 | ||
| Diagnosis | 759 | ||
| Treatment | 760 | ||
| Follow-up | 760 | ||
| Chronic Urethritis | 760 | ||
| Complications | 760 | ||
| References | 760 | ||
| Chapter 187: Syphilis | 761 | ||
| Microbiology | 761 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 761 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 761 | ||
| Diagnosis | 761 | ||
| Treatment | 762 | ||
| Follow-up of Treated Patients | 762 | ||
| Chapter 188: Contraception | 762 | ||
| Combined Hormonal Methods | 762 | ||
| Progesterone-Only Methods | 764 | ||
| Initiating Hormonal Methods of Contraception | 765 | ||
| Emergency Contraception | 765 | ||
| Permanent Birth Control Methods | 765 | ||
| Contraceptive Counseling | 766 | ||
| References | 766 | ||
| Section 12: Diseases of Allergy | 767 | ||
| Chapter 189: Anaphylaxis and Serum Sickness | 767 | ||
| Anaphylaxis | 767 | ||
| Serum Sickness | 769 | ||
| References | 770 | ||
| Chapter 190: Asthma in Adolescents and Adults | 770 | ||
| Diagnosis | 771 | ||
| Assessment | 771 | ||
| Long-Term Management | 771 | ||
| Follow-up | 773 | ||
| Treatment of Exacerbations | 774 | ||
| Summary | 778 | ||
| Chapter 191: Asthma in Children | 778 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 778 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 778 | ||
| Key Diagnostic Points Consistent with Asthma | 779 | ||
| History | 779 | ||
| Physical Examination | 780 | ||
| Treatment | 780 | ||
| Medications | 780 | ||
| Education and Environmental Control | 784 | ||
| References | 784 | ||
| Chapter 192: Allergic Rhinitis Caused by Inhalant Factors | 784 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Morbidity | 784 | ||
| Diagnosis | 785 | ||
| Treatment | 786 | ||
| Management Overview | 787 | ||
| References | 788 | ||
| Chapter 193: Allergic Reactions to Drugs | 788 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 788 | ||
| Evaluation of Drug Allergy in Practice | 790 | ||
| Chapter 194: Allergic Reaction to Stinging Insects | 790 | ||
| Diagnosis | 790 | ||
| Treatment | 791 | ||
| References | 792 | ||
| Section 13: Diseases of the Skin | 793 | ||
| Chapter 195: Psychocutaneous Medicine | 793 | ||
| Classification | 793 | ||
| Delusions of Parasitosis | 793 | ||
| Dermatitis Artefacta, Neurotic Excoriations, and Acne Excoriée | 794 | ||
| Prurigo Nodularis and Lichen Simplex Chronicus | 797 | ||
| Trichotillomania | 798 | ||
| Cutaneous Sensory Disorders | 798 | ||
| Medications for Pain and Itching | 799 | ||
| References | 799 | ||
| Chapter 196: Acne Vulgaris and Rosacea | 799 | ||
| Acne Vulgaris | 799 | ||
| Rosacea | 801 | ||
| References | 802 | ||
| Chapter 197: Diseases of the Hair | 802 | ||
| Hair Growth | 802 | ||
| Hair Disorders | 803 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 805 | ||
| References | 805 | ||
| Chapter 198: Cancer of the Skin | 805 | ||
| Clinical Characteristics and Diagnosis | 805 | ||
| Management of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer | 806 | ||
| Follow-up and Prevention | 808 | ||
| References | 809 | ||
| Chapter 199: Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas, Including Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome | 809 | ||
| Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas | 809 | ||
| Standard Diagnosis and Staging Methods | 809 | ||
| Mycosis Fungoides, Sézary Syndrome, and Variants | 809 | ||
| Lymphoproliferative Disorders Associated with Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome | 813 | ||
| References | 813 | ||
| Chapter 200: Papulosquamous Eruptions-Psoriasis | 814 | ||
| Treatment | 814 | ||
| References | 818 | ||
| Chapter 201: Autoimmune Connective Tissue Disease | 818 | ||
| Lupus Erythematosus | 818 | ||
| Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis | 820 | ||
| Scleroderma | 820 | ||
| References | 822 | ||
| Chapter 202: Cutaneous Vasculitis | 822 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 822 | ||
| Histopathology | 823 | ||
| Etiology | 823 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 823 | ||
| Treatment | 824 | ||
| References | 825 | ||
| Chapter 203: Diseases of the Nails | 825 | ||
| Overview | 825 | ||
| Lichen Planus | 825 | ||
| Onychomycosis | 827 | ||
| Brittle Nails | 827 | ||
| Ingrown Nails | 827 | ||
| Subungual Hematoma | 827 | ||
| Psoriasis | 828 | ||
| Primary (Simple) Onycholysis | 828 | ||
| Primary (Simple) Chronic Paronychia | 828 | ||
| References | 828 | ||
| Chapter 204: Keloids | 829 | ||
| Clinical Features | 829 | ||
| Treatment | 829 | ||
| Management Overview | 831 | ||
| References | 831 | ||
| Chapter 205: Warts (Verruca) | 831 | ||
| Clinical Features | 831 | ||
| Treatment | 831 | ||
| References | 833 | ||
| Chapter 206: Condyloma Acuminata (Genital Warts) | 833 | ||
| Etiology | 833 | ||
| Epidemiology and Pathogenesis | 834 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 834 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 834 | ||
| Treatment and Management | 835 | ||
| References | 836 | ||
| Chapter 207: Melanocytic Nevi | 836 | ||
| Acquired Melanocytic Nevi | 836 | ||
| Recurrent Melanocytic Nevi | 837 | ||
| Halo (Melanocytic) Nevi | 837 | ||
| Congenital Melanocytic Nevi | 837 | ||
| Blue Nevi | 838 | ||
| Spitz Nevi | 838 | ||
| Dysplastic Melanocytic Nevi | 838 | ||
| References | 839 | ||
| Chapter 208: Melanoma | 839 | ||
| Diagnosis | 839 | ||
| Treatment | 840 | ||
| Patient Follow-up | 842 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 842 | ||
| References | 842 | ||
| Chapter 209: Premalignant Cutaneous and Mucosal Lesions | 842 | ||
| Actinic Keratoses or Cheilitis | 843 | ||
| Arsenical Keratoses | 844 | ||
| Porokeratoses | 844 | ||
| Human Papillomavirus Disease | 844 | ||
| Atypia in Melanocytic Nevi | 845 | ||
| References | 845 | ||
| Chapter 210: Bacterial Diseases of the Skin | 845 | ||
| Common Infections | 845 | ||
| Life-Threatening Infections | 847 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 848 | ||
| Conclusions | 849 | ||
| References | 849 | ||
| Chapter 211: Viral Diseases of the Skin | 849 | ||
| Herpesviruses | 849 | ||
| Human Papillomavirus | 852 | ||
| Molluscum Contagiosum | 852 | ||
| References | 853 | ||
| Chapter 212: Parasitic Diseases of the Skin | 853 | ||
| Diseases Caused by Protozoa | 853 | ||
| Diseases Caused by Helminths | 854 | ||
| Diseases Caused by Arthropoda | 856 | ||
| References | 859 | ||
| Chapter 213: Cutaneous Fungal Infections | 859 | ||
| Cutaneous Dermatophyte Infections | 859 | ||
| Nondermatophyte Cutaneous Infections | 859 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 859 | ||
| Diagnosis | 860 | ||
| Therapy | 860 | ||
| References | 861 | ||
| Chapter 214: Diseases of the Mouth | 861 | ||
| Disseminated Odontogenic Infection | 861 | ||
| Suspicion of Oral Cancer | 862 | ||
| Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis | 862 | ||
| Oral Candidiasis | 863 | ||
| Xerostomia | 864 | ||
| Aphthous Stomatitis | 864 | ||
| Orofacial Herpes Simplex Infection | 865 | ||
| Erythema Multiforme | 865 | ||
| Erosive Lichen Planus and Similar Autoimmune Ulcerative Conditions of the Oral Mucosa | 865 | ||
| Corticosteroid Treatment of Immune-Mediated Oral Ulcers | 866 | ||
| References | 867 | ||
| Chapter 215: Venous Ulcers | 867 | ||
| Epidemiology | 867 | ||
| Evaluation and Diagnosis | 868 | ||
| Complications | 868 | ||
| Treatment | 868 | ||
| References | 869 | ||
| Chapter 216: Pressure Ulcers | 869 | ||
| References | 871 | ||
| Chapter 217: Atopic Dermatitis | 871 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 871 | ||
| Diagnosis and Clinical Assessment | 871 | ||
| Management of Atopic Dermatitis and Associated Conditions | 872 | ||
| Investigational Treatments for Atopic Dermatitis | 874 | ||
| References | 874 | ||
| Chapter 218: Erythema Multiforme, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis | 875 | ||
| Erythema Multiforme | 875 | ||
| Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis | 876 | ||
| References | 877 | ||
| Chapter 219: Bullous Diseases | 877 | ||
| Bullous Pemphigoid | 877 | ||
| Cicatricial Pemphigoid | 879 | ||
| Pemphigus Vulgaris | 880 | ||
| Pemphigus Foliaceus | 880 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 880 | ||
| References | 880 | ||
| Chapter 220: Contact Dermatitis | 881 | ||
| Diagnosis | 881 | ||
| Treatment | 881 | ||
| Conclusions | 882 | ||
| References | 882 | ||
| Chapter 221: Anogenital Pruritus | 882 | ||
| Evaluation and Diagnosis | 882 | ||
| Management | 882 | ||
| References | 883 | ||
| Chapter 222: Urticaria and Angioedema | 884 | ||
| Classification | 884 | ||
| Diagnosis | 884 | ||
| Treatment | 885 | ||
| References | 885 | ||
| Chapter 223: Pigmentary Disorders | 885 | ||
| Hyperpigmentation Disorders | 886 | ||
| Hypopigmentation Disorders | 888 | ||
| References | 889 | ||
| Chapter 224: Sunburn | 889 | ||
| Prevention | 889 | ||
| Treatment | 890 | ||
| Section 14: The Nervous System | 891 | ||
| Chapter 225: Alzheimer's Disease | 891 | ||
| Neuropathology | 891 | ||
| Epidemiology | 891 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 891 | ||
| Diagnosis | 892 | ||
| Treatment | 892 | ||
| Community Support Services | 894 | ||
| References | 895 | ||
| Chapter 226: Sleep Disorders | 895 | ||
| Symptoms of Sleep Disorders | 895 | ||
| Insomnia | 895 | ||
| Circadian Rhythm Disorders | 896 | ||
| Excessive Daytime Sleepiness | 896 | ||
| Narcolepsy | 896 | ||
| Hypersomnolence Disorders | 897 | ||
| Sleep-Disordered Breathing | 897 | ||
| Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movements | 897 | ||
| Parasomnias | 897 | ||
| Summary | 898 | ||
| References | 898 | ||
| Chapter 227: Intracerebral Hemorrhage | 898 | ||
| Epidemiology and Etiology | 898 | ||
| Diagnosis | 899 | ||
| Treatment | 899 | ||
| References | 900 | ||
| Chapter 228: Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease | 901 | ||
| Prevention | 901 | ||
| Management of Carotid Stenosis | 901 | ||
| Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke | 901 | ||
| References | 902 | ||
| Chapter 229: Rehabilitation of the Stroke Patient | 903 | ||
| Hemiparesis | 903 | ||
| Dysphagia | 904 | ||
| Hemiplegic Shoulder Pain | 904 | ||
| Spasticity | 904 | ||
| Cognitive Dysfunction | 904 | ||
| Depression and Neuropharmacology | 904 | ||
| Bladder Dysfunction | 905 | ||
| Mobility and Use of Adaptive Equipment | 905 | ||
| Falls | 905 | ||
| Visual Impairment | 906 | ||
| Conclusions | 906 | ||
| References | 906 | ||
| Chapter 230: Seizures and Epilepsy in Adolescents and Adults | 907 | ||
| Seizures and Epilepsy Defined | 907 | ||
| Diagnosis of Seizure Type and Epilepsy Syndrome | 907 | ||
| The Differential Diagnosis of Paroxysmal Spells | 908 | ||
| Clinical Approach to the Patient with Seizures | 908 | ||
| Epilepsy Therapies | 910 | ||
| Conclusion | 914 | ||
| References | 914 | ||
| Chapter 231: Epilepsy in Infants and Children | 915 | ||
| Classification | 915 | ||
| Epilepsy Syndromes | 916 | ||
| Assessment | 918 | ||
| Treatment | 919 | ||
| References | 923 | ||
| Chapter 232: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | 924 | ||
| Diagnosis | 924 | ||
| Treatment | 924 | ||
| References | 927 | ||
| Chapter 233: Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome | 927 | ||
| Clinical Course | 927 | ||
| Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis | 928 | ||
| Treatment | 928 | ||
| Summary | 929 | ||
| References | 930 | ||
| Chapter 234: Headache | 930 | ||
| Evaluation and Diagnosis | 930 | ||
| Treatment | 932 | ||
| References | 935 | ||
| Chapter 235: Viral Meningitis and Encephalitis | 935 | ||
| Clinical Features | 935 | ||
| Etiology | 935 | ||
| Diagnosis | 935 | ||
| Treatment | 938 | ||
| References | 940 | ||
| Chapter 236: Multiple Sclerosis | 940 | ||
| Symptoms and Classification | 940 | ||
| Diagnosis | 941 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 943 | ||
| Treatment | 943 | ||
| Special Clinical Circumstances | 946 | ||
| References | 947 | ||
| Chapter 237: Myasthenia Gravis and Related Disorders | 948 | ||
| Clinical Features | 948 | ||
| Diagnosis | 948 | ||
| Prognosis | 950 | ||
| Treatment | 950 | ||
| Other Issues | 954 | ||
| References | 954 | ||
| Chapter 238: Trigeminal Neuralgia | 955 | ||
| Diagnosis | 955 | ||
| Physical Examination | 955 | ||
| Treatment | 956 | ||
| References | 956 | ||
| Chapter 239: Acute Peripheral Facial Paralysis (Bell's Palsy) | 957 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 957 | ||
| Evaluation | 958 | ||
| Clinical Course | 958 | ||
| Treatment | 958 | ||
| References | 959 | ||
| Chapter 240: Parkinsonism | 960 | ||
| Clinical Features | 960 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 960 | ||
| Treatment | 961 | ||
| References | 965 | ||
| Chapter 241: Peripheral Neuropathies | 965 | ||
| Anatomy | 965 | ||
| Five-Step Approach to Neuropathies | 965 | ||
| Investigations | 968 | ||
| Treatment | 968 | ||
| Neuropathic Pain | 971 | ||
| References | 972 | ||
| Chapter 242: Management of Head Injuries | 972 | ||
| Pathology | 972 | ||
| Treatment of Elevated Intracranial Pressure | 973 | ||
| Management of Severe Closed Head Injury | 974 | ||
| Treatment of Mild and Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury | 975 | ||
| Early and Delayed Neurologic Changes | 975 | ||
| Concussions and Sports-Related Injuries: Return to Play Guidelines | 975 | ||
| Restorative Therapies | 976 | ||
| Future Considerations | 976 | ||
| References | 976 | ||
| Chapter 243: Traumatic Brain Injury in Children | 976 | ||
| Types and Severity of Head Injury | 976 | ||
| Management of Traumatic Brain Injury in Children | 977 | ||
| Other Techniques to Lower Intracranial Pressure | 977 | ||
| References | 978 | ||
| Chapter 244: Brain Tumors | 978 | ||
| Gliomas | 978 | ||
| Meningiomas | 980 | ||
| Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma | 981 | ||
| Metastatic Disease | 981 | ||
| Leptomeningeal Disease | 981 | ||
| References | 982 | ||
| Section 15: The Locomotor System | 983 | ||
| Chapter 245: Rheumatoid Arthritis | 983 | ||
| Diagnosis | 983 | ||
| Treatment | 983 | ||
| Conclusions | 986 | ||
| References | 987 | ||
| Chapter 246: Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis | 987 | ||
| JIA Subtypes | 987 | ||
| JIA Evaluation | 988 | ||
| JIA Prognosis | 988 | ||
| JIA Therapy | 988 | ||
| References | 989 | ||
| Chapter 247: Ankylosing Spondylitis | 990 | ||
| Diagnosis | 990 | ||
| Treatment | 991 | ||
| Prognosis and Long-Term Outcomes | 991 | ||
| References | 991 | ||
| Chapter 248: Temporomandibular Disorders and Orofacial Pain | 992 | ||
| Epidemiology | 992 | ||
| Clinical Features and Diagnosis | 992 | ||
| Treatment | 995 | ||
| References | 997 | ||
| Chapter 249: Bursitis, Tendinitis, Myofascial Pain, and Fibromyalgia | 997 | ||
| Bursitis and Tendinitis: Tendinopathy | 997 | ||
| Myofascial Pain Syndrome | 1000 | ||
| Fibromyalgia | 1002 | ||
| References | 1003 | ||
| Chapter 250: Osteoarthritis | 1003 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1004 | ||
| Treatment | 1004 | ||
| References | 1007 | ||
| Chapter 251: Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis | 1007 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1008 | ||
| Treatment | 1008 | ||
| References | 1009 | ||
| Chapter 252: Osteomyelitis | 1009 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1010 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1010 | ||
| Etiology | 1010 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1011 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1011 | ||
| Treatment | 1012 | ||
| References | 1013 | ||
| Chapter 253: Common Sports Injuries | 1013 | ||
| Ankle Injuries | 1013 | ||
| Knee Injuries | 1013 | ||
| Hand Injuries | 1014 | ||
| Finger Injuries | 1015 | ||
| Overuse Syndromes | 1015 | ||
| References | 1016 | ||
| Section 16: Obstetrics and Gynecology | 1017 | ||
| Chapter 254: Antepartum Care | 1017 | ||
| Antepartum Care | 1017 | ||
| Timeline of Routine Antepartum Care | 1017 | ||
| Common Concerns of the Antenatal Period | 1019 | ||
| Tests of Fetal Well-Being | 1022 | ||
| Antepartum Hospitalization | 1023 | ||
| References | 1023 | ||
| Chapter 255: Ectopic Pregnancy | 1023 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1023 | ||
| Treatment | 1025 | ||
| References | 1025 | ||
| Chapter 256: Vaginal Bleeding in Late Pregnancy | 1025 | ||
| Placenta Previa | 1026 | ||
| Placental Abruption | 1026 | ||
| Vasa Previa | 1027 | ||
| Uterine Rupture | 1027 | ||
| Chapter 257: Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy | 1027 | ||
| Clinical Characteristics and Diagnosis | 1028 | ||
| Prevention and Treatment | 1028 | ||
| Summary | 1030 | ||
| References | 1030 | ||
| Chapter 258: Postpartum Care | 1030 | ||
| Postpartum Hemorrhage | 1031 | ||
| Breast-Feeding | 1031 | ||
| Nutrition and Activity | 1031 | ||
| Puerperal Infections | 1031 | ||
| Contraception | 1031 | ||
| Medical Complications | 1032 | ||
| Mood Disorders | 1032 | ||
| References | 1032 | ||
| Chapter 259: Resuscitation of the Newborn | 1033 | ||
| Transition from Fetal to Extrauterine Life | 1033 | ||
| Risk Factors for Newborn Resuscitation | 1033 | ||
| Reaction to Hypoxia and Asphyxia | 1034 | ||
| Sequence of Newborn Resuscitation | 1034 | ||
| Special Considerations | 1037 | ||
| References | 1038 | ||
| Chapter 260: Care of the High-Risk Neonate | 1038 | ||
| Principles of Neonatal Resuscitation | 1039 | ||
| Asphyxia | 1040 | ||
| Postnatal Care | 1040 | ||
| Conditions Associated with Abnormal Transition | 1043 | ||
| The Infant with Surgical Conditions | 1044 | ||
| The Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant | 1044 | ||
| Special Therapy | 1046 | ||
| References | 1046 | ||
| Chapter 261: Normal Infant Feeding | 1046 | ||
| Infant Feeding | 1047 | ||
| Nutritional Requirements | 1049 | ||
| Growth | 1049 | ||
| References | 1050 | ||
| Chapter 262: Diseases of the Breast | 1050 | ||
| Benign Diseases of the Breast | 1050 | ||
| Nonproliferative Lesions | 1050 | ||
| Proliferative Benign Breast Diseases | 1052 | ||
| Risk Factors for Breast Cancer | 1053 | ||
| Screening Techniques | 1053 | ||
| Workup of a Breast Mass | 1053 | ||
| In Situ Diseases | 1054 | ||
| Invasive Breast Cancer | 1055 | ||
| Breast Conservation Therapy | 1056 | ||
| Adjuvant Therapy | 1057 | ||
| Surveillance After a Diagnosis of Breast Cancer | 1058 | ||
| Special Topics in Breast Disease | 1058 | ||
| Chapter 263: Endometriosis | 1059 | ||
| Definition | 1059 | ||
| Genetics | 1059 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1059 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 1060 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1060 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1060 | ||
| Treatment | 1060 | ||
| References | 1063 | ||
| Chapter 264: Abnormal Uterine Bleeding | 1063 | ||
| Anovulatory Uterine Bleeding | 1063 | ||
| Ovulatory Uterine Bleeding | 1064 | ||
| Uterine Hemorrhage | 1064 | ||
| References | 1065 | ||
| Chapter 265: Infertility | 1065 | ||
| References | 1066 | ||
| Chapter 266: Amenorrhea | 1067 | ||
| Definition | 1067 | ||
| Menstrual Cycle | 1067 | ||
| Etiology | 1067 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1068 | ||
| References | 1069 | ||
| Chapter 267: Dysmenorrhea | 1070 | ||
| Primary Dysmenorrhea | 1070 | ||
| Secondary Dysmenorrhea | 1071 | ||
| References | 1071 | ||
| Chapter 268: Premenstrual Syndrome | 1071 | ||
| Symptoms | 1071 | ||
| Prevalence | 1072 | ||
| Morbidity | 1072 | ||
| Etiology | 1072 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1072 | ||
| Treatment | 1073 | ||
| References | 1074 | ||
| Chapter 269: Menopause | 1074 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1074 | ||
| Systemic Manifestations of Menopause | 1075 | ||
| Treatment | 1076 | ||
| References | 1078 | ||
| Chapter 270: Vulvovaginitis | 1078 | ||
| Bacterial Vaginosis | 1078 | ||
| Vulvovaginal Candidiasis | 1079 | ||
| Trichomonas Vaginitis | 1079 | ||
| References | 1080 | ||
| Chapter 271: Chlamydia trachomatis | 1080 | ||
| The Scope of the Problem | 1080 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1081 | ||
| Diagnosis and Screening | 1081 | ||
| Treatment | 1082 | ||
| References | 1084 | ||
| Chapter 272: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease | 1084 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1084 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1084 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1084 | ||
| Treatment | 1084 | ||
| Potential Complications | 1085 | ||
| Prevention | 1085 | ||
| References | 1085 | ||
| Chapter 273: Uterine Leiomyomas | 1086 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1086 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1086 | ||
| Symptoms and Signs | 1086 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1086 | ||
| Management | 1086 | ||
| References | 1087 | ||
| Chapter 274: Cancer of the Endometrium | 1087 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1087 | ||
| Etiology | 1087 | ||
| Presentation and Diagnosis | 1088 | ||
| Staging | 1088 | ||
| Treatment | 1089 | ||
| Future Directions | 1090 | ||
| References | 1090 | ||
| Chapter 275: Cancer of the Uterine Cervix | 1091 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1091 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 1091 | ||
| Staging | 1091 | ||
| Treatment | 1092 | ||
| Recurrence | 1093 | ||
| Special Categories | 1095 | ||
| Chemoprevention and Vaccination | 1095 | ||
| References | 1096 | ||
| Chapter 276: Neoplasms of the Vulva | 1096 | ||
| Benign Cystic Neoplasms | 1096 | ||
| Benign Solid Neoplasms | 1096 | ||
| Intraepithelial Neoplasms of the Vulva | 1097 | ||
| Invasive Vulvar Lesions | 1097 | ||
| References | 1099 | ||
| Chapter 277: Ovarian Cancer | 1099 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1099 | ||
| Screening | 1099 | ||
| Germ Cell Tumors | 1099 | ||
| Stromal Tumors | 1100 | ||
| Epithelial Ovarian Cancer | 1100 | ||
| Treatment | 1100 | ||
| End-of-Life Care | 1101 | ||
| References | 1101 | ||
| Section 17: Psychiatric Disorders | 1103 | ||
| Chapter 278: Alcoholism | 1103 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1103 | ||
| Economic and Medical Sequelae | 1103 | ||
| Screening | 1103 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1105 | ||
| Brief Intervention | 1105 | ||
| Treatment | 1106 | ||
| References | 1109 | ||
| Chapter 279: Treatment for Addiction | 1110 | ||
| Alcohol | 1110 | ||
| Cocaine | 1110 | ||
| Heroin | 1111 | ||
| Marijuana | 1111 | ||
| Methamphetamine | 1111 | ||
| Nicotine | 1112 | ||
| Summary | 1112 | ||
| Chapter 280: Anxiety Disorders | 1112 | ||
| Panic Disorder With or Without Agoraphobia | 1112 | ||
| Social Phobia | 1113 | ||
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 1114 | ||
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | 1114 | ||
| Specific Phobia | 1114 | ||
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | 1114 | ||
| Conclusions | 1115 | ||
| References | 1115 | ||
| Chapter 281: Bulimia Nervosa | 1115 | ||
| Etiology | 1115 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1116 | ||
| Treatment | 1116 | ||
| References | 1117 | ||
| Chapter 282: Delirium | 1117 | ||
| Prevalence and Subtypes | 1117 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Risk Factors | 1117 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1118 | ||
| Prevention | 1118 | ||
| Treatment | 1120 | ||
| Conclusions | 1121 | ||
| References | 1121 | ||
| Chapter 283: Mood Disorders | 1121 | ||
| Major Depression | 1121 | ||
| Bipolar Disorder | 1126 | ||
| Conclusions | 1128 | ||
| References | 1128 | ||
| Chapter 284: Schizophrenia | 1129 | ||
| Epidemiology and Risk Factors | 1129 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1129 | ||
| Treatment | 1129 | ||
| Comorbidity | 1131 | ||
| Conclusions | 1131 | ||
| References | 1132 | ||
| Chapter 285: Panic Disorder | 1132 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1132 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1133 | ||
| Treatment | 1133 | ||
| Course and Prognosis | 1135 | ||
| References | 1135 | ||
| Section 18: Physical and Chemical Injuries | 1137 | ||
| Chapter 286: Burn Treatment Guidelines | 1137 | ||
| Partial-Thickness Burns on More Than 10% Total Body Surface Area | 1137 | ||
| Burns That Involve the Face, Hands, Feet, Genitalia, Perineum, or Major Joints | 1138 | ||
| Third-Degree Burns in Any Age Group | 1140 | ||
| Electric Burns, Including Lightning Injury | 1140 | ||
| Chemical Burns | 1140 | ||
| Inhalation Injury | 1141 | ||
| Burn Injury in Patients with Preexisting Medical Disorders That Could Complicate Management, Prolong Recovery, or Affect Morta. | 1141 | ||
| Any Patient With Burns and Concomitant Trauma (Such as Fractures) in Which the Burn Injury Poses the Greatest Risk of Morbidit. | 1141 | ||
| Burned Children in Hospitals Without Qualified Personnel or Equipment for the Care of Children | 1141 | ||
| Burn Injury in Patients Who Will Require Special Social, Emotional, and/or Long-Term Rehabilitative Intervention... | 1142 | ||
| References | 1142 | ||
| Chapter 287: High-Altitude Illness | 1142 | ||
| Normal Acclimatization | 1142 | ||
| Incidence and Risk Factors | 1142 | ||
| Prevention of Altitude Illnesses | 1142 | ||
| Acute Mountain Sickness and High-Altitude Cerebral Edema | 1143 | ||
| High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema | 1144 | ||
| Reascent After Altitude Illness | 1145 | ||
| References | 1145 | ||
| Chapter 288: Disturbances Due to Cold | 1145 | ||
| Accidental Hypothermia | 1145 | ||
| Peripheral Cold Injuries | 1148 | ||
| Therapeutic Hypothermia | 1149 | ||
| References | 1149 | ||
| Chapter 289: Disturbances Caused by Heat | 1150 | ||
| Exertional Heat Stroke | 1150 | ||
| Classic (Nonexertional) Heat Stroke | 1150 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1150 | ||
| Treatment | 1151 | ||
| References | 1152 | ||
| Chapter 290: Spider Bites and Scorpion Stings | 1152 | ||
| Spider Bites | 1152 | ||
| Scorpion Stings | 1153 | ||
| References | 1154 | ||
| Chapter 291: Venomous Snakebite | 1154 | ||
| Diagnostic and Management Overview | 1154 | ||
| Viperid Envenomations | 1155 | ||
| Elapid Envenomations | 1157 | ||
| Exotic Snakebite | 1158 | ||
| References | 1159 | ||
| Chapter 292: Marine Poisonings, Envenomations, and Trauma | 1159 | ||
| Ingestions | 1159 | ||
| Envenomations | 1161 | ||
| Trauma | 1162 | ||
| References | 1163 | ||
| Chapter 293: Medical Toxicology: Ingestions, Inhalations, and Dermal and Ocular Absorptions | 1164 | ||
| Introduction and Epidemiology | 1164 | ||
| Assessment and Maintenance of the Vital Functions | 1164 | ||
| Prevention of Absorption and Reduction of Local Damage | 1165 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Poisons on the Basis of Central Nervous System Manifestations | 1167 | ||
| Guidelines for In-Hospital Disposition | 1167 | ||
| Use of Antidotes | 1169 | ||
| Enhancement of Elimination | 1169 | ||
| Supportive Care, Observation, and Therapy for Complications | 1176 | ||
| Laboratory and Radiographic Studies | 1177 | ||
| Common Poisons | 1179 | ||
| Section 19: Appendices and Index | 1219 | ||
| Chapter 294: Reference Intervals for the Interpretation of Laboratory Tests | 1219 | ||
| Defining Normal Values | 1219 | ||
| International System of Units | 1219 | ||
| Tables of Reference Intervals | 1220 | ||
| References | 1220 | ||
| Chapter 295: Toxic Chemical Agents Reference Chart: Symptoms and Treatment | 1228 | ||
| Chapter 296: Biologic Agents Reference Chart-Symptoms, Tests, and Treatment | 1231 | ||
| Chapter 297: Popular Herbs and Nutritional Supplements | 1235 | ||
| References | 1244 | ||
| Chapter 298: New Drugs in 2008 and Agents Pending FDA Approval | 1244 | ||
| Index | 1257 |