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Myles Textbook for Midwives 3E African Edition E-Book

Myles Textbook for Midwives 3E African Edition E-Book

Jayne E. Marshall | Maureen D. Raynor | Anna Nolte

(2016)

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Abstract

Myles Textbook for Midwives 3E African Edition E-Book

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
Myles Textbook for Midwives iii
Copyright Page iv
Table of Contents v
Contributors vii
Contributors: UK vii
Contributors: RSA x
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Section 1: The midwife in context 1
Chapter 1. The midwife 3
MIDWIVES, WOMEN AND THEIR BIRTH PARTNERS 3
DEFINITION AND CAPABILITIES OF\rTHE MIDWIFE 4
THE INDEPENDENT FUNCTION OF\rTHE MIDWIFE IN SOUTH AFRICA 4
AUTONOMOUS MIDWIFERY\rPRACTICE 6
THE PERINATAL SERVICES IN SA:\rWHERE THE MIDWIFE PRACTISES 7
REFERENCES 10
Section 2: Human anatomy and reproduction 13
Chapter 2.\rThe female pelvis and the reproductive organs 15
FEMALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA\rORGANS 15
THE PERINEUM 16
THE PELVIC FLOOR 21
THE PUDENDAL NERVE 22
THE PELVIS 22
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE\rSYSTEM 30
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 37
FURTHER READING 40
Chapter 3.\rThe female urinary tract 41
THE KIDNEYS 41
URINE 44
THE URETERS 46
THE BLADDER 47
THE URETHRA 48
MICTURITION 49
CHANGES TO THE URINARY TRACT\rIN PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH 49
CONCLUSION 50
REFERENCES 50
FURTHER READING 50
Chapter 4. Hormonal cycles: fertilization and early development 51
INTRODUCTION 51
THE OVARIAN CYCLE 52
THE MENSTRUAL OR\rENDOMETRIAL CYCLE 54
FERTILIZATION 55
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ZYGOTE 56
REFERENCES 59
FURTHER READING 60
Chapter 5. The placenta 61
EARLY DEVELOPMENT 61
THE PLACENTA AT TERM 63
CONCLUSION 69
REFERENCES 69
FURTHER READING 70
Chapter 6. The fetus 71
TIME SCALE OF DEVELOPMENT 71
FETAL GROWTH AND MATURATION 72
THE FETAL CIRCULATION 76
ADAPTATION TO EXTRAUTERINE LIFE 77
THE FETAL SKULL 78
CONCLUSION 82
REFERENCES 83
FURTHER READING 83
Section 3: Pregnancy 85
Chapter\r7. Antenatal education for birth and parenting 87
PARENT EDUCATION: THE RESEARCH\rAND POLICY BACKGROUND 87
ANTENATAL EDUCATION: THE\rEVIDENCE 88
LEADING ANTENATAL SESSIONS:\rAIMS AND SKILLS 88
CONTENT OF ANTENATAL\rEDUCATION IN GROUPS 92
MAXIMIZING ATTENDANCE AT\rANTENATAL SESSIONS 95
CONCLUSION 97
REFERENCES 97
FURTHER READING 98
Chapter\r8. Change and adaptation in pregnancy 99
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE\rREPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 100
CHANGES IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR\rSYSTEM 105
CHANGES IN THE RESPIRATORY\rSYSTEM 113
CHANGES IN THE CENTRAL\rNERVOUS SYSTEM 115
CHANGES IN THE URINARY SYSTEM 115
CHANGES IN THE\rGASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM 117
CHANGES IN METABOLISM 120
MATERNAL WEIGHT 121
MUSCULOSKELETAL CHANGES 122
SKIN CHANGES 123
CHANGES IN THE ENDOCRINE\rSYSTEM 124
DIAGNOSIS OF PREGNANCY 127
COMMON DISORDERS ARISING\rFROM ADAPTATIONS TO\rPREGNANCY 127
REFERENCES 129
Chapter 9. Antenatal care 133
THE AIM OF ANTENATAL CARE 134
THE INITIAL ASSESSMENT\r(BOOKING VISIT) 136
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 140
THE MIDWIFE’S EXAMINATION 143
ONGOING ANTENATAL CARE 152
REFERENCESALLISON R 2012 LANGUAGE MATTERS. THE PRACTISING 154
USEFUL WEBSITES 156
Chapter\r10. Antenatal screening of the mother and fetus 157
SCREENING PRINCIPLES 158
THE MIDWIFE’S ROLE AND\rRESPONSIBILITIES 159
CONSIDERATIONS IN INDIVIDUAL\rSCREENING TESTS 161
FETAL SCREENING TESTS 161
SCREENING FOR MATERNAL\rCONDITIONS 166
CONCLUSION 169
REFERENCES 169
FURTHER READING 170
USEFUL WEBSITES 171
Chapter\r11. Common problems associated with early and advanced pregnancy 173
THE MIDWIFE’S ROLE 174
ABDOMINAL PAIN IN PREGNANCY 174
BLEEDING BEFORE THE 24TH WEEK\rOF PREGNANCY 174
OTHER PROBLEMS IN EARLY\rPREGNANCY 178
BLEEDING AFTER THE 24TH WEEK OF\rPREGNANCY 181
HEPATIC DISORDERS AND JAUNDICE 188
SKIN DISORDERS 189
ABNORMALITIES OF THE AMNIOTIC\rFLUID 189
CONCLUSION 193
REFERENCES 193
FURTHER READING 194
USEFUL WEBSITES 195
Chapter 12. Medical disorders 197
HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS 198
METABOLIC DISORDERS 212
ENDOCRINE DISORDERS 215
CARDIAC DISEASE 223
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS 227
THROMBOEMBOLIC DISEASE 228
HAEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS 231
NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS 236
INFECTION/SEPSIS 238
REFERENCES 238
Chapter\r13. Sexually transmissible and reproductive tract infections in pregnancy 243
INTRODUCTION 243
THE NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR\rSEXUAL HEALTH AND HIV 244
PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF STIs 245
TYPES OF GENITAL INFECTIONS 246
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS 247
VIRAL INFECTIONS 251
CONCLUSION 261
REFERENCES 261
FURTHER READING 264
SOUTH AFRICAN CONTACT 264
Chapter\r14. Multiple pregnancy 265
INCIDENCE 266
TWIN PREGNANCY 266
THE PREGNANCY 268
LABOUR AND THE BIRTH 270
COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH\rMULTIPLE PREGNANCY 272
POSTNATAL PERIOD 275
TRIPLETS AND HIGHER ORDER BIRTHS 278
DISABILITY AND BEREAVEMENT 278
MULTIFETAL PREGNANCY\rREDUCTION (MFPR) 279
SELECTIVE FETICIDE 279
REFERENCES 279
FURTHER READING 280
USEFUL WEBSITES AND CONTACT DETAILS 280
Section 4: Labour 281
Chapter\r15. The first stage of labour: physiology and care 283
DEFINING LABOUR 284
THE ONSET OF SPONTANEOUS\rPHYSIOLOGICAL LABOUR 284
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FIRST STAGE\rOF LABOUR 287
RECOGNITION OF THE FIRST STAGE\rOF LABOUR 291
INITIAL MEETING WITH THE\rMIDWIFE 291
SUBSEQUENT CARE IN THE FIRST\rSTAGE OF LABOUR 297
ASSESSING THE WELLBEING OF THE\rWOMAN 301
ASSESSING THE WELLBEING OF THE\rFETUS 302
WOMEN’S CONTROL OF PAIN\rDURING LABOUR 314
PRELABOUR RUPTURE OF FETAL\rMEMBRANES AT TERM (PROM) 322
SUMMARY 323
REFERENCES 323
FURTHER READING 326
USEFUL WEBSITES 326
Chapter\r16. Transition and the second stage of labour: physiology and the role of the midwife 327
THE NATURE OF THE TRANSITION\rAND SECOND STAGE PHASES OF\rLABOUR 328
RECOGNITION OF THE START OF THE\rSECOND STAGE OF LABOUR 329
PHASES AND DURATION 330
MATERNAL RESPONSE TO\rTRANSITION AND THE SECOND\rSTAGE 330
THE MECHANISM OF NORMAL\rLABOUR (CEPHALIC PRESENTATION) 333
MIDWIFERY CARE 336
REFERENCES 341
FURTHER READING 343
Chapter\r17. Physiology and care during the third stage of labour 345
PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES 346
CARING FOR A WOMAN IN THE\rTHIRD STAGE OF LABOUR 348
COMPLETION OF THE THIRD STAGE 355
COMPLICATIONS OF THE THIRD\rSTAGE OF LABOUR 357
REFERENCES 364
Chapter\r18. Care of the perineum, repair and female genital mutilation 367
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH\rREDUCED INCIDENCE OF\rPERINEAL TRAUMA 368
DEFINITION OF PERINEAL TRAUMA 368
EPISIOTOMY 368
DIAGNOSIS OF PERINEAL TRAUMA 370
REPAIR OF PERINEAL TRAUMA 372
OBSTETRIC ANAL SPHINCTER\rINJURIES (OASIS) 374
POST OPERATIVE CARE AFTER OASIS 374
FOLLOW-UP 374
MEDICOLEGAL CONSIDERATIONS 375
FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION/\rGENITAL CUTTING/FEMALE\rCIRCUMCISION 375
REFERENCES 379
FURTHER READING 380
USEFUL WEBSITES 380
Chapter\r19. Prolonged pregnancy and disorders of uterine action 381
PROLONGED PREGNANCY 382
INCIDENCE 382
PLAN OF CARE FOR PROLONGED\rPREGNANCY 383
INDUCTION OF LABOUR (IOL) 384
FAILURE TO PROGRESS AND\rPROLONGED LABOUR 388
OBSTRUCTED LABOUR 391
PRECIPITATE LABOUR 392
REFERENCES 392
FURTHER READING 394
USEFUL WEBSITES 394
Chapter\r20. Malpositions of the occiput and malpresentations 395
OCCIPITOPOSTERIOR POSITIONS 396
FACE PRESENTATION 403
FIRST STAGE OF LABOUR: VAGINAL\rBREECH AT TERM 408
SECOND STAGE OF LABOUR:\rVAGINAL BREECH AT TERM 411
BROW PRESENTATION 417
SHOULDER PRESENTATION 419
UNSTABLE LIE 421
COMPOUND PRESENTATION 422
SUMMARY 422
REFERENCES 422
FURTHER READING 424
Chapter 21. Operative births 425
ASSISTING A VAGINAL BIRTH 426
INDICATIONS FOR VENTOUSE\rOR FORCEPS 426
CONTRAINDICATIONS TO AN\rINSTRUMENTAL VAGINAL BIRTH 426
PREREQUISITES FOR ANY OPERATIVE\rVAGINAL BIRTH 427
BIRTH BY VENTOUSE 427
BIRTH BY FORCEPS 429
CAESAREAN SECTION 433
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 441
REFERENCES 441
FURTHER READING 442
USEFUL WEBSITES 442
Chapter\r22. Midwifery and obstetric emergencies 443
VASA PRAEVIA 444
PRESENTATION AND PROLAPSE OF\rTHE UMBILICAL CORD 444
SHOULDER DYSTOCIA 446
RUPTURE OF THE UTERUS 451
AMNIOTIC FLUID EMBOLISM 452
ACUTE INVERSION OF THE UTERUS 453
BASIC LIFE-SUPPORT MEASURES 454
SHOCK 456
DRUG TOXICITY/OVERDOSE 459
SUMMARY 459
REFERENCES 459
FURTHER READING 461
USEFUL WEBSITES 462
Section 5: Puerperium 463
Chapter\r23. Physiology and care during the puerperium 465
THE POSTNATAL PERIOD 465
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES AND\rOBSERVATIONS 465
REFERENCES 471
FURTHER READING 472
USEFUL WEBSITES 473
Chapter\r24. Physical health problems and complications in the puerperium 475
THE NEED FOR WOMEN-FOCUSED\rAND FAMILY CENTRED POSTPARTUM\rCARE 476
POTENTIALLY LIFE THREATENING\rCONDITIONS AND MORBIDITY AFTER\rTHE BIRTH 476
IMMEDIATE UNTOWARD EVENTS\rFOR THE MOTHER FOLLOWING THE\rBIRTH OF THE BABY 476
POSTPARTUM COMPLICATIONS AND\rIDENTIFYING DEVIATIONS FROM THE\rNORMAL 476
PRACTICAL SKILLS FOR\rPOSTPARTUM MIDWIFERY CARE\rAFTER AN OPERATIVE BIRTH 484
EMOTIONAL WELLBEING:\rPSYCHOLOGICAL DEVIATION FROM\rNORMAL 485
SELF-CARE AND RECOVERY 486
BODY IMAGE AND MOTHERHOOD:\rTALKING AND LISTENING AFTER\rCHILDBIRTH 486
REFERENCES 486
FURTHER READING 489
USEFUL WEBSITES 489
Chapter\r25. Perinatal mental health 491
STRESS/ANXIETY 492
FEAR OF GIVING BIRTH\r(TOCOPHOBIA) 492
TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD 493
NORMATIVE EMOTIONAL CHANGES\rDURING PREGNANCY, LABOUR AND\rTHE PUERPERIUM 495
POSTNATAL ‘BLUES' 498
DISTRESS OR DEPRESSION? 498
EMOTIONAL DISTRESS ASSOCIATED\rWITH TRAUMATIC BIRTH EVENTS 499
CONCLUSION 499
TYPES OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER 500
PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER IN\rPREGNANCY 500
PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER AFTER\rBIRTH 501
TREATMENT OF PERINATAL\rPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS 506
PREVENTION AND PROPHYLAXIS 509
CONCLUSION 510
REFERENCES 510
FURTHER READING 512
USEFUL WEBSITES 512
Chapter\r26. Bereavement and loss in maternity care 513
INTRODUCTION 513
GRIEF AND LOSS 514
FORMS OF LOSS 515
LOSS IN HEALTHY CHILDBEARING 517
CARE 518
THE DEATH OF A MOTHER 522
CONCLUSION 522
REFERENCES 522
FURTHER READING 524
USEFUL WEBSITES 524
Chapter\r27. Contraception and sexual health in a global society 527
THE ROLE OF THE MIDWIFE 528
HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVE\rMETHODS 528
LONG-ACTING REVERSIBLE\rCONTRACEPTION (LARC) 533
BARRIER METHODS OF\rCONTRACEPTION (MALE AND\rFEMALE METHODS) 536
EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION 538
COITUS INTERRUPTUS 539
FERTILITY AWARENESS (NATURAL\rFAMILY PLANNING) 539
MALE AND FEMALE STERILIZATION 541
ONGOING DEVELOPMENTS 542
CONCLUSION 543
REFERENCES 543
FURTHER READING 544
USEFUL WEBSITES/CONTACTS 544
Section\r6: The neonate 545
Chapter\r28. The baby at birth 547
INTRODUCTION 547
ADAPTATION TO EXTRAUTERINE LIFE 548
FAILURE TO ESTABLISH RESPIRATION\rAT BIRTH 551
METHODS OF RESUSCITATION 552
IMMEDIATE CARE OF THE BABY AT\rBIRTH BY THE ATTENDING MIDWIFE 555
FIRST EXAMINATION BY MIDWIFE 557
EARLY PARENT–BABY\rRELATIONSHIPS 558
REFERENCES 559
FURTHER READING 561
Chapter\r29. Recognising the healthy baby at term through examination of the newborn screening 563
THE FIRST EXAMINATION\rAFTER BIRTH 564
THE DAILY EXAMINATION SCREEN 570
THE NEONATAL AND INFANT\rPHYSICAL EXAMINATION (NIPE) 574
SUMMARY 580
REFERENCES 580
FURTHER READING 581
USEFUL WEBSITES 581
Chapter 30. Infant feeding 583
THE BREAST AND BREASTMILK 584
MANAGEMENT OF BREASTFEEDING 589
FEEDING THE BABY: CHOOSING\rBREAST - OR FORMULA MILK 606
FEEDING WITH FORMULA MILK 607
THE BABY FRIENDLY HOSPITAL\rINITIATIVE 609
CONCLUSION 610
REFERENCES 611
FURTHER READING 615
USEFUL WEBSITES AND CONTACT DETAILS 616
Chapter\r31. The healthy low birth weight baby 617
CLASSIFICATION OF BABIES BY\rGESTATION AND WEIGHT 617
SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL\rAGE (SGA) 618
THE PRE-TERM BABY 621
CARE OF THE HEALTHY LBW BABY 622
OPTIMIZING THE CARE\rENVIRONMENT FOR THE\rHEALTHY LBW BABY 625
CONCLUSION 626
REFERENCES 627
FURTHER READING 628
USEFUL WEBSITES 628
Chapter\r32. Trauma during birth, haemorrhages and convulsions 629
TRAUMA DURING BIRTH 629
HAEMORRHAGES 633
CONVULSIONS 639
SUPPORT OF PARENTS 641
REFERENCES 641
FURTHER READING 643
USEFUL WEBSITES 643
Chapter\r33. Congenital malformations 645
COMMUNICATING THE NEWS 646
PALLIATIVE CARE 646
DEFINITION AND CAUSES 647
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES 649
GASTROINTESTINAL\rMALFORMATIONS 650
MALFORMATIONS RELATING\rTO RESPIRATION 654
CONGENITAL CARDIAC DEFECTS 656
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM\rMALFORMATIONS 659
MUSCULOSKELETAL DEFORMITIES 660
ABNORMALITIES OF THE SKIN 662
GENITOURINARY SYSTEM 663
DISORDERS OF SEX\rDEVELOPMENT (DSD) 664
TERATOGENIC CAUSES 665
SUPPORT FOR THE MIDWIFE 665
REFERENCES 665
FURTHER READING 666
USEFUL WEBSITES 666
Chapter\r34. Significant problems in the newborn baby 667
INITIAL EXAMINATION AND\rRECOGNITION OF PROBLEMS 668
RECOGNITION OF PROBLEMS AT THE\rTIME OF RESUSCITATION TO\rINCLUDE NEONATAL\rENCEPHALOPATHY 672
INFECTION IN THE NEWBORN 674
RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS 678
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE (CHD) 680
JAUNDICE 680
HAEMATOLOGICAL PROBLEMS 687
METABOLIC PROBLEMS 688
ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES IN\rTHE NEWBORN 690
INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM IN\rTHE NEWBORN 691
ENDOCRINE PROBLEMS 693
EFFECTS ON THE NEWBORN OF\rMATERNAL DRUG ABUSE/USE\rDURING PREGNANCY 694
CONCLUSION 696
REFERENCES 696
FURTHER READING 700
USEFUL WEBSITES 700
Glossary of terms and acronyms 701
Index 709