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Book Details
Abstract
Magnetic nanomaterials have undergone a significant evolution during the past decade, with supramolecular nanoparticle organization reaching unprecedented levels of complexity and the materials providing new approaches to treating cancer. Magnetic Nanomaterials will provide a comprehensive overview of the latest research in the area of magnetic nanoparticles and their broad applications in synthesis, catalysis and theranostics.
The book starts with an introduction to magnetism in nanomaterials and magnetic nanoparticle design followed by individual chapters which focus on specific uses. Applications covered include drug delivery, theranostic agents for cancer treatment as well as catalysis, biomass conversion and catalytic enhancement of NMR sensitivity.
The reader will have the opportunity to learn about the frontier of magnetic nanotechnology from scientists that have shaped this unique and highly collaborative field of research. Written and edited by experts working within the field across the world, this book will appeal to students and researched interested in nanotechnology, engineering and physical sciences.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Magnetic Nanomaterials: Applications in Catalysis and Life Sciences | i | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Contents | ix | ||
| Chapter 1 - Magnetism in Nanomaterials: Heat and Force from Colloidal Magnetic Particles | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1.2 Magnetism in Nanoparticles | 2 | ||
| 1.3 Impact of Static and Dynamic Magnetic Fields on Biological Systems | 5 | ||
| 1.4 Heating of Magnetic Particles Under the Influence of an External AC Field | 7 | ||
| 1.5 Mechanical Rotation of Magnetic Particles in Colloidal Solutions Due to External Rotating Magnetic Fields | 10 | ||
| 1.6 Pulsed Electromagnets to Produce Homogeneous Rotating Magnetic Fields | 12 | ||
| 1.7 Sound from Magnetic Particles | 15 | ||
| 1.7.1 Potential Applications of Ultrasound from Colloidal Magnetic Particles | 19 | ||
| References | 21 | ||
| Chapter 2 - Magnetic Nanoparticle Design and Application in Magnetic Hyperthermia | 25 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 25 | ||
| 2.2 Design and Synthesis of MNPs for Magnetic Hyperthermia | 27 | ||
| 2.2.1 Heating Mechanisms | 27 | ||
| 2.2.2 Design of MNPs for Magnetic Hyperthermia | 28 | ||
| 2.3 Synthesis Strategies | 29 | ||
| 2.3.1 Mechanism for the Formation of Monodisperse Nanoparticles | 29 | ||
| 2.3.2 Co-Precipitation | 30 | ||
| 2.3.3 Microemulsions | 30 | ||
| 2.3.4 Hydrothermal Synthesis | 32 | ||
| 2.3.5 Thermal Decomposition | 32 | ||
| 2.4 Functionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles | 39 | ||
| 2.4.1 Functionalization Strategies of MNPs for Hyperthermia | 39 | ||
| 2.4.2 Desired Properties of MNPs for Bio-Applications | 41 | ||
| 2.4.3 Methods and Mechanisms for MNP-Functionalization | 41 | ||
| 2.4.4 Benefits and Materials Used for the Functionalization of MNPs | 43 | ||
| 2.4.4.1 Organic Materials | 43 | ||
| 2.4.4.2 Organic Materials Used for Hyperthermia | 44 | ||
| 2.4.4.3 Inorganic Materials | 45 | ||
| 2.4.4.4 Inorganic Materials Used for Hyperthermia | 46 | ||
| 2.4.5 Bioconjugation Strategies | 46 | ||
| 2.5 Magnetic Hyperthermia | 47 | ||
| 2.6 Conclusion | 51 | ||
| References | 52 | ||
| Chapter 3 - Magnetic Nanoparticles in Catalysis | 59 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 59 | ||
| 3.2 Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Catalysis | 60 | ||
| 3.2.1 Transition Metal Loading onto the Surface of Nano-Magnetite-Supported Catalysts | 60 | ||
| 3.2.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Direct Catalysis | 70 | ||
| 3.2.3 Nano-Magnetite Supported Metal- and Organocatalysts | 77 | ||
| 3.3 Conclusion | 96 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 96 | ||
| References | 96 | ||
| Chapter 4 - Sustainable Magnetic Nanocatalysts in Heterogeneous Catalysis | 99 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 99 | ||
| 4.1.1 What Are Sustainable Catalysts | 99 | ||
| 4.1.2 The Role of Magnetic Nanomaterials in Sustainable Heterogeneous Catalysis | 100 | ||
| 4.2 Major Applications of Magnetic Nanomaterials | 101 | ||
| 4.2.1 Heterogeneous Catalysis | 101 | ||
| 4.2.2 Heterogeneous-Catalyst Supports | 105 | ||
| 4.3 Sustainable Features of Magnetic Nanomaterials | 109 | ||
| 4.3.1 Recovery and Recyclability | 109 | ||
| 4.3.2 Environmentally-Benign Synthesis and Low Toxicity | 112 | ||
| 4.3.3 Energy and Cost-Efficiency | 114 | ||
| 4.4 Summary | 116 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 117 | ||
| References | 117 | ||
| Chapter 5 - Recyclable Magnetic Materials for Biomass Conversion | 120 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 120 | ||
| 5.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles | 122 | ||
| 5.2.1 Synthesis Methods | 122 | ||
| 5.2.2 Functionalization of Silica Coated Nanoparticles | 124 | ||
| 5.2.2.1 Amino-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles | 124 | ||
| 5.2.3 Magnetic Mesoporous Materials | 126 | ||
| 5.3 Biomass Derivation: Catalysis | 127 | ||
| 5.3.1 Biomass Pretreatment | 128 | ||
| 5.3.2 Biomass Fractionation Using Functionalized Nanoparticles | 130 | ||
| 5.3.3 Recyclability of Acid-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles | 133 | ||
| 5.3.4 Recyclable Enzymes for Biomass Hydrolysis | 135 | ||
| 5.4 Conclusions | 136 | ||
| References | 137 | ||
| Chapter 6 - Catalytic Enhancement of NMR Sensitivity for Advanced Spectroscopic and Imaging Studies in Catalysis and Life Sciences | 142 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 142 | ||
| 6.2 Parahydrogen vs. Nuclear Spin Isomers of Other Symmetric Molecules | 144 | ||
| 6.3 Producing Parahydrogen, and Orthohydrogen–Parahydrogen Interconversion | 146 | ||
| 6.4 Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization: Enhancing NMR Signals Using Parahydrogen | 153 | ||
| 6.5 Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization with Heterogeneous Catalysts | 158 | ||
| 6.6 Summary and Outlook | 165 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 166 | ||
| References | 166 | ||
| Chapter 7 - Development of Magnetic Theranostic Agents | 172 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 172 | ||
| 7.2 Theranostic Platforms Derived from Supramolecular Structures | 173 | ||
| 7.2.1 Nanomicelles | 174 | ||
| 7.2.1.1 Hybrid Nanomicelles for Cancer Theranostics | 174 | ||
| 7.2.2 Nanoemulsions | 175 | ||
| 7.2.3 Nanovesicles | 176 | ||
| 7.2.4 Nanocapsules | 178 | ||
| 7.2.5 Magnetoliposomes | 179 | ||
| 7.2.5.1 Ferri-Liposomes | 180 | ||
| 7.2.5.2 SPION-Containing Magnetoliposomes | 181 | ||
| 7.2.6 Polymer-Based Theranostic Agents | 181 | ||
| 7.2.7 Dendrimers | 183 | ||
| 7.3 Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles | 186 | ||
| 7.4 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles | 188 | ||
| 7.4.1 Composite Structures Utilizing Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles | 190 | ||
| 7.5 Conclusions | 191 | ||
| References | 192 | ||
| Chapter 8 - Image-Guided Cancer Thermal Therapies | 195 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 195 | ||
| 8.2 Biological Rationale for Thermal Therapy | 196 | ||
| 8.2.1 Review of Physiological Effects of Heating and Thermal Dosimetry | 196 | ||
| 8.2.2 Moderate Heating/Hyperthermia | 198 | ||
| 8.2.2.1 Mild Cytoxicity | 198 | ||
| 8.2.2.2 Increased Efficacy of Chemotherapy and/or Ionizing Radiation | 199 | ||
| 8.2.2.3 Stimulation of the Immune Response | 199 | ||
| 8.3 Tumor Ablation | 199 | ||
| 8.4 Thermally-Triggered Release of Therapeutic Agents | 201 | ||
| 8.5 Methods of Tissue Heating | 202 | ||
| 8.5.1 Microwave Heating | 202 | ||
| 8.5.1.1 Microwave Hyperthermia Systems | 203 | ||
| 8.5.1.2 Microwave Ablation Systems | 203 | ||
| 8.5.2 Radiofrequency Current | 204 | ||
| 8.5.3 Lasers | 205 | ||
| 8.5.4 Ultrasound | 207 | ||
| 8.6 Image Guidance and Monitoring for Thermal Therapies | 209 | ||
| 8.6.1 Significance of Image Guidance | 209 | ||
| 8.6.2 Techniques for Monitoring Treatment Progression | 210 | ||
| 8.6.2.1 MR Thermometry | 210 | ||
| 8.6.2.2 Ultrasound Thermometry | 211 | ||
| 8.6.2.3 CT Thermometry | 213 | ||
| 8.7 Feedback Control Techniques | 213 | ||
| 8.8 Post Treatment Verification | 215 | ||
| References | 217 | ||
| Chapter 9 - Magnetic Nanoformulations for Enhanced Drug Delivery and Retention | 221 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction | 221 | ||
| 9.2 Barriers Towards Drug Delivery | 222 | ||
| 9.2.1 External Barriers | 222 | ||
| 9.2.2 En-Route Barriers | 223 | ||
| 9.2.2.1 Renal and Hepatic Clearance | 223 | ||
| 9.2.2.2 Corona Formation | 224 | ||
| 9.2.2.3 Opsonization and Phagocytotic Uptake | 225 | ||
| 9.2.3 Cellular Barriers | 227 | ||
| 9.2.4 Drug Delivery Strategies | 227 | ||
| 9.3 Noninvasive Imaging Techniques in Nanomedicine | 229 | ||
| 9.3.1 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | 229 | ||
| 9.3.2 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) | 232 | ||
| 9.3.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | 232 | ||
| 9.4 Magnetically Enhanced Drug Delivery—Magnetic Targeting of Tumors | 234 | ||
| 9.5 Conclusions | 238 | ||
| References | 239 | ||
| Chapter 10 - Cell-Based Magnetic Nanomaterials for Tracking and Therapy | 244 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction | 244 | ||
| 10.2 Nanoparticles | 245 | ||
| 10.3 Disease Models | 246 | ||
| 10.3.1 Brain and Neurodiseases/Disorders | 246 | ||
| 10.3.2 Cardiac Disorders | 248 | ||
| 10.3.3 Cancer | 248 | ||
| 10.3.4 Other Diseases | 249 | ||
| 10.4 Considerations | 249 | ||
| 10.4.1 Uptake and Loading | 249 | ||
| 10.4.2 Viability and Proliferation | 252 | ||
| 10.4.3 Differentiation | 252 | ||
| 10.4.4 Homing and Migration | 253 | ||
| 10.5 Using Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cytotherapy | 255 | ||
| References | 256 | ||
| Subject Index | 261 |