BOOK
Sustainable Solvents
James H Clark | Andrew Hunt | Corrado Topi | Giulia Paggiola | James Sherwood
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Solvents are ubiquitous throughout the chemical industry and are found in many consumer products. As a result, interest in solvents and their environmental impact has been steadily increasing. However, in order to achieve maximum integration of new green solvents into the relevant chemical sectors, clarification of the social, economic, and environmental implications of solvent substitution are needed. This book explores the solvent life cycle, highlighting the challenges faced at various points, from production, through the supply-chain and downstream use to end-of-life treatment. It also discusses the potential benefits that a green chemistry and bio-based economy approach could bring. The current state-of-the-art of green solvents is evaluated along these lines, in addition to reviewing their applications with an appreciation of sustainability criteria. Providing a critical assessment on emerging solvents and featuring case studies and perspectives from different sectors, this is an important reference for academics and industrialists working with solvents, as well as policy-makers involved in bio-based initiatives.
James H Clark is Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, The University of York, UK. He has led the green chemistry movement in Europe for the last 15 years and was the first scientific editor of the journal Green Chemistry and is Editor-in-chief of the RSC Green Chemistry book series.
Andrew J. Hunt is the Scientific Leader of the alternative solvent technology platform at the Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, the University of York, UK. His research interests include elemental sustainability, solvents, supercritical fluids, waste utilisation and biorefineries.
James Sherwood is a Research Associate at the University of York, UK, where he works at the Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence. In addition to his work on solvent effects in organic synthesis, he is now conducting research on sustainability assessments for bio-based products.
Corrado Topi is a Senior Research Fellow at the Stockholm Environment Institute Research Centre at the University of York, UK, where he focuses on sustainability, resilience and change in a context of integrated social, economic and environmental systems.
Giulia Paggiola is a Scientist within the Green Chemistry team at GlaxoSmithKline, UK. Prior to this, she was investigating the applicability of green solvents in biocatalysed processes and studied the potential for their uptake in the pharmaceutical industry.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Sustainable Solvents: Perspectives from Research, Business and International Policy | i | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Contents | ix | ||
| Chapter 1 - Introduction to Solvents and Sustainable Chemistry | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Sustainable Solutions | 1 | ||
| 1.2 Solvents | 2 | ||
| 1.2.1 Definition | 2 | ||
| 1.2.2 Types of Solvent and Their Origins | 3 | ||
| 1.2.3 Solvent Markets | 5 | ||
| 1.3 The Concept of Sustainability | 14 | ||
| 1.3.1 Overarching Definitions | 14 | ||
| 1.3.2 Sustainable Chemistry | 20 | ||
| 1.3.3 Relevance of Sustainability to Solvents | 26 | ||
| References | 28 | ||
| Chapter 2 - Modern Trends in Solvent Use | 35 | ||
| 2.1 Policies, Regulation and Opportunities Influencing Solvent Use | 35 | ||
| 2.1.1 Push: Regulation | 35 | ||
| 2.1.2 Pull: Green Solvents | 39 | ||
| 2.2 Pharmaceuticals | 40 | ||
| 2.2.1 Reaction Overview and Solvent Use in the Pharmaceutical Sector | 41 | ||
| 2.2.2 Acylation of Alcohols and Amines | 43 | ||
| 2.2.3 Heteroatom Alkylation | 48 | ||
| 2.2.4 Cross-Coupling Reactions | 49 | ||
| 2.2.5 Heterocycle Synthesis | 50 | ||
| 2.2.6 Peptide Synthesis | 55 | ||
| 2.2.7 Purity of Solvents and Products | 56 | ||
| 2.3 Process Research and Development for Fine Chemicals | 57 | ||
| 2.4 Polymers | 57 | ||
| 2.5 Paints and Coatings | 68 | ||
| 2.6 Construction Materials | 69 | ||
| 2.7 Materials for Energy Applications | 69 | ||
| 2.7.1 Lithium Ion Batteries | 70 | ||
| 2.7.2 Solar Cells and Organic Electronic Devices | 70 | ||
| 2.8 Graphene | 71 | ||
| 2.9 Biomass, Natural Products and Biotechnology | 72 | ||
| 2.10 Leather | 73 | ||
| 2.11 Dry-Cleaning | 74 | ||
| References | 75 | ||
| Chapter 3 - Sustainability Applied to Solvents | 87 | ||
| 3.1 Sustainability Assessment Methods and Approaches | 87 | ||
| 3.1.1 Life Cycle Assessment | 88 | ||
| 3.1.2 Alternative Tools for Environmental Sustainability Assessments | 92 | ||
| 3.1.3 Solvent Assessment Models | 95 | ||
| 3.1.3.1 Cumulative Energy Demand of Petrochemical Solvent Production | 95 | ||
| 3.1.3.2 Sustainability Indices | 100 | ||
| 3.2 Sustainability Standards and Certification | 101 | ||
| 3.2.1 Product Certification: RSB | 101 | ||
| 3.2.2 Product Certification: ISCC PLUS | 103 | ||
| 3.2.3 Product Standardisation: Sustainability Criteria for Bio-Based Products | 106 | ||
| 3.2.4 Biomass Certification: Palm Oil | 107 | ||
| 3.2.5 Biomass Certification: Sustainable Forestry Products | 113 | ||
| 3.2.6 Biomass Certification: Sugar | 114 | ||
| 3.3 Published Examples of Sustainable Solvents | 115 | ||
| 3.3.1 Colloquial Statements of Solvent Sustainability | 116 | ||
| 3.3.2 Solvent Assessment Case Studies | 119 | ||
| 3.3.3 Biorefinery Case Studies | 124 | ||
| References | 127 | ||
| Chapter 4 - Alternative Solvents | 136 | ||
| 4.1 Types of Bio-Based Solvent | 136 | ||
| 4.1.1 Carbohydrate-Derived Solvents Produced Using Biotechnology | 137 | ||
| 4.1.2 Carbohydrate-Derived Solvents Produced Using Thermochemical Processes | 138 | ||
| 4.1.2.1 Cyrene (Circa Group) | 140 | ||
| 4.1.3 Lignin-Derived Solvents | 148 | ||
| 4.1.4 Triglyceride-Derived Solvents | 148 | ||
| 4.1.5 Terpene-Derived Solvents | 149 | ||
| 4.1.6 Amino Acid-Derived Solvents | 150 | ||
| 4.1.7 Summary of Commercially Available Bio-Based Solvents | 151 | ||
| 4.2 Promotion of Bio-Based Solvents by Standards and Certification | 153 | ||
| 4.2.1 European Standard EN 16766 | 153 | ||
| 4.2.2 Certification and Labelling | 158 | ||
| 4.2.2.1 DIN CERTCO | 159 | ||
| 4.2.2.2 VINÇOTTE | 160 | ||
| 4.2.2.3 USDA | 160 | ||
| 4.2.2.4 NEN | 160 | ||
| 4.3 Speciality Petrochemical Solvents | 161 | ||
| 4.3.1 Case Studies | 162 | ||
| 4.3.1.1 TamiSolve NxG (Eastman) | 162 | ||
| 4.3.1.2 Omnia: Butyl 3-Hydroxybutyrate (Eastman) | 165 | ||
| 4.3.1.3 RhodiaSolv PolarClean: Methyl 5-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-oxopentanoate (Solvay) | 165 | ||
| 4.3.1.4 Academic Developments | 166 | ||
| 4.4 Water and Aqueous Solutions | 166 | ||
| 4.5 Supercritical Fluids and Their Use in Tuneable Solvents and Switchable Solvents | 169 | ||
| 4.6 Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents | 171 | ||
| References | 175 | ||
| Chapter 5 - Green Chemistry Concepts and Metrics for Solvent Selection | 188 | ||
| 5.1 Solvents and the Green Chemistry Philosophy | 188 | ||
| 5.2 Principles of Green Solvents | 192 | ||
| 5.2.1 Production | 195 | ||
| 5.2.1.1 Cumulative Energy Demand of Bio-Based Solvent Production | 199 | ||
| 5.2.2 Availability | 201 | ||
| 5.2.3 Application | 203 | ||
| 5.2.4 Toxicity | 204 | ||
| 5.2.5 Safety | 205 | ||
| 5.2.6 End-of-Life | 206 | ||
| 5.2.6.1 A Solvent Waste Hierarchy | 209 | ||
| 5.3 Solvent Selection | 212 | ||
| 5.3.1 Performance Basis | 212 | ||
| 5.3.1.1 Solvent Selection Tables Based on Conditions and Results | 213 | ||
| 5.3.1.2 Linear Solvation Energy Relationships | 216 | ||
| 5.3.2 Green Characteristics | 220 | ||
| 5.3.2.1 CHEM21 Selection Guide of Classical-Solvents and Less Classical-Solvents | 220 | ||
| 5.4 Computational Solvent Design | 225 | ||
| References | 227 | ||
| Chapter 6 - An Appendix of Solvent Data Sheets | 235 | ||
| 6.1 Bio-Based Solvent Data Sheets | 235 | ||
| 6.1.1 Acetic acid | 244 | ||
| 6.1.2 Acetone | 246 | ||
| 6.1.3 1,4-Butanediol | 248 | ||
| 6.1.4 1-Butanol | 250 | ||
| 6.1.5 t-Butyl Ethyl Ether | 252 | ||
| 6.1.6 Carbon Dioxide | 254 | ||
| 6.1.7 p-Cymene | 255 | ||
| 6.1.8 Diethoxymethane | 257 | ||
| 6.1.9 Dihydrolevoglucosenone | 259 | ||
| 6.1.10 N,N-Dimethyl dec-9-enamide | 260 | ||
| 6.1.11 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl methanol | 262 | ||
| 6.1.12 Dimethyl Isosorbide | 264 | ||
| 6.1.13 N,N-Dimethyl Lactamide | 266 | ||
| 6.1.14 Dimethyl Sulphoxide | 267 | ||
| 6.1.15 1,6,10-Dodecatriene, 7,11-Dimethyl-3-methylene-, (6E)-, Hydrogenated | 269 | ||
| 6.1.16 Ethanol | 271 | ||
| 6.1.17 Ethyl Acetate | 273 | ||
| 6.1.18 Ethyl Lactate | 275 | ||
| 6.1.19 Ethyl Laurate | 277 | ||
| 6.1.20 Ethylene Glycol | 279 | ||
| 6.1.21 2-Ethylhexyl Lactate | 281 | ||
| 6.1.22 Glycerol | 283 | ||
| 6.1.23 Glycerol Formal | 285 | ||
| 6.1.24 Isoamyl Alcohol | 287 | ||
| 6.1.25 Isobutanol | 289 | ||
| 6.1.26 Lactic Acid | 291 | ||
| 6.1.27 d-Limonene | 293 | ||
| 6.1.28 Methanol | 294 | ||
| 6.1.29 Methyl Soyate | 296 | ||
| 6.1.30 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran | 298 | ||
| 6.1.31 2-Octanol | 300 | ||
| 6.1.32 1,2-Pentanediol | 302 | ||
| 6.1.33 1,2-Propanediol | 304 | ||
| 6.1.34 1,3-Propanediol | 306 | ||
| 6.1.35 Tetrahydrofuran | 308 | ||
| 6.1.36 Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol | 310 | ||
| 6.1.37 Triacetin | 312 | ||
| 6.1.38 Turpentine Oil | 314 | ||
| 6.1.39 γ-Valerolactone | 315 | ||
| 6.1.40 p-Xylene | 317 | ||
| 6.2 Speciality Petrochemical Solvent Data Sheets | 320 | ||
| 6.2.1 t-Amyl Methyl Ether | 320 | ||
| 6.2.2 Anisole | 321 | ||
| 6.2.3 Benzyl Benzoate | 322 | ||
| 6.2.4 Butyl 3-Hydroxybutyrate | 323 | ||
| 6.2.5 Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether | 324 | ||
| 6.2.6 Dibasic Isopropyl Esters (Adipate) | 325 | ||
| 6.2.7 Dibasic Methyl Esters (Adipate) | 326 | ||
| 6.2.8 Dibasic Methyl Esters (Glutarate) | 327 | ||
| 6.2.9 Dibasic Methyl Esters (Succinate) | 328 | ||
| 6.2.10 Dibutyl Ether | 329 | ||
| 6.2.11 Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether | 330 | ||
| 6.2.12 Dimethyl Carbonate | 331 | ||
| 6.2.13 N,N-Dimethyl Decanamide | 332 | ||
| 6.2.14 Dimethyl 2-Methylglutarate | 333 | ||
| 6.2.15 N,N-Dimethyl Octanamide | 334 | ||
| 6.2.16 1,3-Dioxolane | 335 | ||
| 6.2.17 Glycol Diacetate | 336 | ||
| 6.2.18 Hexamethyldisiloxane | 337 | ||
| 6.2.19 Isoamyl Acetate | 338 | ||
| 6.2.20 Isobutyl Acetate | 339 | ||
| 6.2.21 Methyl 5-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-5-oxopentanoate | 340 | ||
| 6.2.22 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane | 341 | ||
| 6.2.23 Polydimethylsiloxane | 342 | ||
| 6.2.24 Polyethylene Glycol | 343 | ||
| 6.2.25 Propylene Carbonate | 344 | ||
| References | 344 | ||
| Subject Index | 348 |