BOOK
Lewis's Medical-Surgical Nursing
Diane Brown | Helen Edwards | Lesley Seaton | Thomas Buckley
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Perfect for:
- • Undergraduate Nursing Students
- • Postgraduate Specialist Nursing Pathways (Advanced Medical Surgical Nursing)
- • TAFE Bachelor of Nursing Program
Lewis’s Medical–Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems, 4th Edition is the most comprehensive go-to reference for essential information about all aspects of professional nursing care of patients.
Using the nursing process as a framework for practice, the fourth edition has been extensively revised to reflect the rapid changing nature of nursing practice and the increasing focus on key nursing care priorities.
Building on the strengths of the third Australian and New Zealand edition and incorporating relevant global nursing research and practice from the prominent US title Medical–Surgical Nursing, 9Th Edition, Lewis’s Medical–Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition is an essential resource for students seeking to understand the role of the professional nurse in the contemporary health environment.
- 49 expert contributors from Australia and New Zealand
- Current research data and Australian and New Zealand statistics
- Focus on evidence-based practice
- Review questions and clinical reasoning exercises
- Evolve Resources for instructor and student, including quick quiz’s, test banks, review questions, image gallery and videos.
• Chapter on current national patient safety and clinical reasoning • Over 80 new and revised case studies • Chapter on rural and remote area nursing • Fully revised chapter on chronic illness and complex care • Chapter on patient safety and clinical reasoning • Greater emphasis on contemporary health issues, such as obesity and emergency and disaster nursing • Australia and New Zealand sociocultural focus
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover\r | Cover | ||
| Lewis‘s Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems | v | ||
| Copyright Page | vi | ||
| Table of Contents | vii | ||
| Navigate the text by colour | xviii | ||
| Text structure | xix | ||
| Preface | xxi | ||
| Acknowledgements | xxiii | ||
| Contributors | xxiv | ||
| Reviewers | xxvii | ||
| Section 1: Concepts in nursing practice | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1. The importance of nursing | 2 | ||
| The evolution of nursing as an essential service in Australia and New Zealand | 3 | ||
| Definitions of nursing | 4 | ||
| Key aspects of nursing practice | 4 | ||
| Multidisciplinary teamwork | 9 | ||
| Influences on professional nursing practice | 9 | ||
| Patient-centred care | 11 | ||
| Informatics and technology | 14 | ||
| Evidence-based practice | 15 | ||
| Coordinating care between healthcare team members | 17 | ||
| Conclusion | 18 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 18 | ||
| REFERENCES | 19 | ||
| RESOURCES | 20 | ||
| Chapter 2. Patient safety and clinical reasoning: Thinking like a nurse | 21 | ||
| Patient safety | 21 | ||
| Clinical reasoning | 22 | ||
| What role can nurses play in improving practice? | 25 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 29 | ||
| REFERENCES | 30 | ||
| RESOURCES | 31 | ||
| Chapter 3. Health disparities and cultural care | 32 | ||
| Social determinants of health | 32 | ||
| HEALTH DISPARITIES AND HEALTH EQUITY | 33 | ||
| WHAT IS CULTURE, AND WHY DOES IT MATTER IN HEALTHCARE? | 36 | ||
| Cultural care and health services | 37 | ||
| Cultural diversity in the healthcare workplace | 38 | ||
| Cultural–social factors that may affect health and healthcare | 39 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 45 | ||
| REFERENCES | 46 | ||
| RESOURCES | 47 | ||
| Chapter 4. Pain management | 48 | ||
| Magnitude of the pain problem | 48 | ||
| Definitions and dimensions of pain | 49 | ||
| Classification of pain | 54 | ||
| Pain assessment | 55 | ||
| Pain treatment | 60 | ||
| Institutionalising pain education and management | 74 | ||
| Ethical issues in pain management | 76 | ||
| Managing pain in special populations | 77 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 78 | ||
| REFERENCES | 79 | ||
| RESOURCES | 80 | ||
| Chapter 5. Palliative care | 81 | ||
| Introduction | 81 | ||
| A brief history | 81 | ||
| Palliative care definitions | 82 | ||
| Palliative care and nursing | 83 | ||
| Palliative care contexts | 83 | ||
| Identifying transitions of care | 83 | ||
| Physical symptoms at the end of life | 84 | ||
| Psychosocial symptoms at the end of life | 85 | ||
| Culturally competent palliative care | 86 | ||
| Spiritually appropriate palliative care | 87 | ||
| Legal issues influential in palliative care | 87 | ||
| Standards and guidelines for palliative care practice | 89 | ||
| Special needs of carers in palliative care | 94 | ||
| REFERENCES | 95 | ||
| RESOURCES | 96 | ||
| Chapter 6. Substance use and dependency | 97 | ||
| Overview of addictive behaviours | 98 | ||
| COMMON DRUGS OF ABUSE: STIMULANTS | 101 | ||
| Nicotine | 101 | ||
| Cocaine | 104 | ||
| Amphetamines | 106 | ||
| Caffeine | 106 | ||
| COMMON DRUGS OF ABUSE: DEPRESSANTS | 107 | ||
| Alcohol | 107 | ||
| Sedatives | 109 | ||
| Opioids | 110 | ||
| Cannabis | 111 | ||
| Hallucinogens | 112 | ||
| Inhalants (solvents) | 112 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 122 | ||
| REFERENCES | 122 | ||
| RESOURCES | 124 | ||
| Chapter 7. Rural and remote area nursing | 125 | ||
| Introduction | 125 | ||
| Definitions of rural and remote areas | 126 | ||
| Remote area and rural nursing | 127 | ||
| History of remote area healthcare services in Australia | 127 | ||
| Māori health in New Zealand | 130 | ||
| Health definitions and determinants | 130 | ||
| Primary Health Care approach | 132 | ||
| Characteristics of remote area and rural nursing | 132 | ||
| Advanced practice | 135 | ||
| Collaborative practice | 136 | ||
| Professional support for rural and remote area nurses | 137 | ||
| Remote area nurse model of consultation | 137 | ||
| Rewards of working in rural and remote area nursing | 138 | ||
| Education pathways for remote and rural nurses | 138 | ||
| Future of remote area and rural nursing | 138 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 140 | ||
| REFERENCES | 140 | ||
| RESOURCES | 142 | ||
| Section 2: Pathophysiological mechanisms of disease | 143 | ||
| CHAPTER 8. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Inflammation and wound healing | 144 | ||
| Inflammatory response | 144 | ||
| Healing process | 149 | ||
| Pressure injuries | 157 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 162 | ||
| REFERENCES | 163 | ||
| RESOURCES | 163 | ||
| Chapter 9. Genetics and genomics | 164 | ||
| Genetics and genomics | 164 | ||
| Genetic disorders | 167 | ||
| Genetic testing | 169 | ||
| Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics | 172 | ||
| Gene therapy | 173 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 174 | ||
| REFERENCES | 175 | ||
| RESOURCES | 175 | ||
| Chapter 10. Altered immune responses and transplantation | 176 | ||
| Normal immune response | 176 | ||
| Altered immune response | 182 | ||
| Allergic disorders | 186 | ||
| Autoimmunity | 190 | ||
| Immunodeficiency disorders | 192 | ||
| Human leucocyte antigen system | 192 | ||
| Organ transplantation | 193 | ||
| Stem cell therapy | 197 | ||
| Graft-versus-host disease | 198 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 198 | ||
| REFERENCES | 199 | ||
| RESOURCES | 199 | ||
| Chapter 11. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Infection and human immunodeficiency virus infection | 200 | ||
| INFECTIONS | 200 | ||
| Types of pathogens | 200 | ||
| Infection prevention and control | 205 | ||
| HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION | 205 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 220 | ||
| REFERENCES | 221 | ||
| RESOURCES | 222 | ||
| Chapter 12. Cancer | 223 | ||
| Biology of cancer | 224 | ||
| Classification of cancer | 229 | ||
| Prevention and early detection of cancer | 231 | ||
| Diagnosis of cancer | 232 | ||
| MULTIDISCIPLINARY CARE | 233 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 234 | ||
| Prevention | 234 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 235 | ||
| Radiation therapy | 238 | ||
| Haematopoietic growth factors | 250 | ||
| Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation | 251 | ||
| Gene therapy | 253 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS RESULTING FROM CANCER | 253 | ||
| Cancer pain | 255 | ||
| Psychological support | 256 | ||
| Cancer survivorship | 258 | ||
| Culturally competent care | 258 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 259 | ||
| REFERENCES | 260 | ||
| Section 3: Perioperative care | 293 | ||
| Chapter 14. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Preoperative care | 294 | ||
| Surgical settings | 294 | ||
| Patient interview | 295 | ||
| Nursing assessment of the preoperative patient | 295 | ||
| Culturally competent care | 309 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 309 | ||
| REFERENCES | 310 | ||
| RESOURCES | 311 | ||
| Chapter 15. NURSING MANAGEMENT:\rIntraoperative care | 312 | ||
| Infection control and physical environment of the operating suite | 312 | ||
| Surgical team | 314 | ||
| Anaesthesia | 320 | ||
| Catastrophic events in the operating room | 326 | ||
| Future considerations | 326 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 327 | ||
| REFERENCES | 328 | ||
| RESOURCES | 329 | ||
| Chapter 16. NURSING MANAGEMENT:\rPostoperative care | 330 | ||
| IMMEDIATE POSTOPERATIVE CARE OF THE SURGICAL PATIENT | 330 | ||
| Staffing the PARU | 330 | ||
| Fast-tracking | 331 | ||
| Postanaesthesia recovery unit admission | 331 | ||
| Potential alterations in respiratory function | 333 | ||
| Potential alterations in cardiovascular function | 336 | ||
| Potential alterations in neurological function | 337 | ||
| Pain and discomfort | 337 | ||
| Potential alterations in thermoregulation | 338 | ||
| Alterations in gastrointestinal function: Nausea and vomiting | 339 | ||
| Surgical-specific care of the patient in the PARU | 340 | ||
| Discharge from the PARU | 340 | ||
| CARE OF THE POSTOPERATIVE PATIENT IN THE CLINICAL UNIT/INPATIENT WARD | 341 | ||
| Potential alterations in respiratory function | 341 | ||
| Potential alterations in cardiovascular function | 343 | ||
| Potential alterations in urinary function | 344 | ||
| Potential alterations in gastrointestinal function | 345 | ||
| Potential alterations of the integument | 346 | ||
| Pain and discomfort | 347 | ||
| Potential alterations in temperature | 348 | ||
| Potential alterations in neurological and psychological function | 349 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 351 | ||
| REFERENCES | 352 | ||
| RESOURCES | 353 | ||
| Section 4: Problems related to altered sensory input | 355 | ||
| Chapter 17. NURSING ASSESSMENT: Visual and auditory systems | 356 | ||
| VISUAL SYSTEM | 356 | ||
| Assessment of the visual system | 360 | ||
| Diagnostic studies of the visual system | 366 | ||
| AUDITORY SYSTEM | 367 | ||
| Assessment of the auditory system | 369 | ||
| Diagnostic studies of the auditory system | 372 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 373 | ||
| REFERENCES | 374 | ||
| RESOURCES | 374 | ||
| Chapter 18. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Visual and auditory problems | 375 | ||
| VISUAL PROBLEMS | 375 | ||
| Correctable refractive errors | 375 | ||
| Uncorrectable visual impairment | 379 | ||
| Eye trauma | 381 | ||
| EXTRAOCULAR DISORDERS | 381 | ||
| Inflammation and infection | 381 | ||
| Dry eye disorders | 384 | ||
| Strabismus | 384 | ||
| Corneal disorders | 384 | ||
| INTRAOCULAR DISORDERS | 385 | ||
| Cataract | 385 | ||
| Retinopathy | 388 | ||
| Retinal detachment | 388 | ||
| Age-related macular degeneration | 390 | ||
| Glaucoma | 391 | ||
| Intraocular inflammation and infection | 395 | ||
| Ocular tumours | 395 | ||
| Enucleation, eviseration and exenteration | 395 | ||
| Ocular symptoms of systemic diseases | 396 | ||
| AUDITORY PROBLEMS | 396 | ||
| EXTERNAL EAR AND CANAL | 396 | ||
| Trauma | 396 | ||
| Otitis externa | 397 | ||
| Cerumen and foreign bodies in the external ear canal | 398 | ||
| Malignancy of the external ear | 398 | ||
| MIDDLE EAR AND MASTOID | 398 | ||
| Otitis media | 398 | ||
| Otosclerosis | 400 | ||
| INNER EAR PROBLEMS | 401 | ||
| Ménière’s disease | 401 | ||
| Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo | 402 | ||
| Acoustic neuroma | 402 | ||
| Hearing loss and deafness | 402 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 408 | ||
| REFERENCES | 409 | ||
| RESOURCES | 410 | ||
| Chapter 19. NURSING ASSESSMENT: Integumentary system | 411 | ||
| Structures and functions of theskin and appendages | 411 | ||
| Assessment of the integumentary system | 414 | ||
| Diagnostic studies of the integumentary system | 422 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 423 | ||
| REFERENCES | 424 | ||
| RESOURCES | 424 | ||
| Chapter 20. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Integumentary problems | 425 | ||
| Health promotion | 425 | ||
| MALIGNANT SKIN NEOPLASMS | 428 | ||
| Risk factors | 429 | ||
| Non-melanoma skin cancers | 429 | ||
| Malignant melanoma | 431 | ||
| Skin infections and infestations | 432 | ||
| Allergic dermatological problems | 436 | ||
| Benign dermatological problems | 436 | ||
| Diseases with dermatological symptoms | 439 | ||
| Multidisciplinary care of dermatological problems | 439 | ||
| Cosmetic procedures | 444 | ||
| Skin grafts | 446 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 447 | ||
| REFERENCES | 448 | ||
| RESOURCES | 448 | ||
| Chapter 21. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Burns | 449 | ||
| Types of burn injury | 450 | ||
| Classification of burn injury | 452 | ||
| PHASES OF BURN MANAGEMENT | 453 | ||
| Prehospital care | 453 | ||
| Emergent phase | 454 | ||
| Acute phase | 463 | ||
| Rehabilitation phase | 468 | ||
| Emotional/psychological needs of patients and carers | 469 | ||
| Special needs of nurses | 470 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 471 | ||
| REFERENCES | 472 | ||
| RESOURCES | 473 | ||
| Section 5: Problems of oxygenation: Ventilation | 475 | ||
| Chapter 22. NURSING ASSESSMENT: Respiratory system | 476 | ||
| Structures and functions of therespiratory system | 476 | ||
| Assessment of the respiratory system | 483 | ||
| Diagnostic studies of the respiratory system | 492 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 498 | ||
| REFERENCES | 499 | ||
| RESOURCES | 499 | ||
| Chapter 23. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Upper respiratory problems | 500 | ||
| PROBLEMS OF THE NOSE AND PARANASAL SINUSES | 500 | ||
| Deviated septum | 500 | ||
| Nasal fracture | 500 | ||
| Rhinoplasty | 502 | ||
| Epistaxis | 502 | ||
| Allergic rhinitis | 503 | ||
| Acute viral rhinitis | 504 | ||
| Influenza | 505 | ||
| Sinusitis | 507 | ||
| OBSTRUCTION OF THE NOSE AND SINUSES | 508 | ||
| Nasal polyps | 508 | ||
| Foreign bodies | 508 | ||
| PROBLEMS OF THE PHARYNX | 509 | ||
| Acute pharyngitis | 509 | ||
| Peritonsillar abscess | 509 | ||
| PROBLEMS OF THE TRACHEA AND LARYNX | 509 | ||
| Airway obstruction | 509 | ||
| Tracheostomy | 509 | ||
| Laryngeal polyps | 515 | ||
| Head and neck cancer | 515 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 522 | ||
| REFERENCES | 522 | ||
| RESOURCES | 523 | ||
| Chapter 24. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Lower respiratory problems | 524 | ||
| LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS | 524 | ||
| Acute bronchitis | 524 | ||
| Pertussis | 525 | ||
| Pneumonia | 525 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 531 | ||
| Atypical mycobacteria | 536 | ||
| Pulmonary fungal infections | 537 | ||
| Lung abscess | 537 | ||
| Environmental lung diseases | 538 | ||
| LUNG CANCER | 538 | ||
| Other types of lung tumours | 544 | ||
| CHEST TRAUMA AND THORACIC INJURIES | 544 | ||
| Pneumothorax | 544 | ||
| Fractured ribs | 547 | ||
| Flail chest | 547 | ||
| Chest tubes and pleural drainage | 547 | ||
| Chest surgery | 551 | ||
| RESTRICTIVE RESPIRATORY DISORDERS | 552 | ||
| Bronchiectasis | 553 | ||
| Pleural effusion | 553 | ||
| Pleurisy | 554 | ||
| Atelectasis | 554 | ||
| INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES | 554 | ||
| Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | 554 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 554 | ||
| VASCULAR LUNG DISORDERS | 554 | ||
| Pulmonary oedema | 554 | ||
| Pulmonary embolism | 555 | ||
| PULMONARY HYPERTENSION | 557 | ||
| Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension | 557 | ||
| Secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension | 559 | ||
| Cor pulmonale | 559 | ||
| LUNG TRANSPLANTATION | 559 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 561 | ||
| REFERENCES | 562 | ||
| RESOURCES | 563 | ||
| Chapter 25. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Obstructive pulmonary diseases | 564 | ||
| Asthma | 564 | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 584 | ||
| Cystic fibrosis | 605 | ||
| Bronchiectasis | 609 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 611 | ||
| REFERENCES | 611 | ||
| RESOURCES | 613 | ||
| Section 6: Problems of oxygenation: Transport | 615 | ||
| Chapter 26. NURSING ASSESSMENT: Haematological system | 616 | ||
| Structures and functions of the haematological system | 616 | ||
| Assessment of the haematological system | 622 | ||
| Diagnostic studies of the haematological system | 630 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 635 | ||
| REFERENCES | 635 | ||
| RESOURCES | 636 | ||
| Chapter 27. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Haematological problems | 637 | ||
| ANAEMIA | 637 | ||
| ANAEMIA CAUSED BY DECREASED ERYTHROCYTE PRODUCTION | 640 | ||
| Iron-deficiency anaemia | 640 | ||
| Thalassaemia | 643 | ||
| Megaloblastic anaemias | 644 | ||
| Anaemia of chronic disease | 645 | ||
| Aplastic anaemia | 645 | ||
| ANAEMIA CAUSED BY BLOOD LOSS | 646 | ||
| Acute blood loss | 646 | ||
| Chronic blood loss | 647 | ||
| ANAEMIA CAUSED BY INCREASED ERYTHROCYTE DESTRUCTION | 647 | ||
| Sickle cell disease | 648 | ||
| Diagnostic studies | 650 | ||
| Acquired haemolytic anaemia | 651 | ||
| OTHER RED BLOOD CELL DISORDERS | 651 | ||
| Haemochromatosis | 651 | ||
| Polycythaemia | 652 | ||
| Secondary polycythaemia | 653 | ||
| PROBLEMS OF HAEMOSTASIS | 654 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia | 654 | ||
| Haemophilia and von Willebrand disease | 659 | ||
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation | 662 | ||
| Neutropenia | 665 | ||
| Myelodysplastic syndrome | 667 | ||
| Leukaemia | 668 | ||
| LYMPHOMAS | 674 | ||
| Hodgkin’s lymphoma | 674 | ||
| Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | 676 | ||
| Disorders of the spleen | 680 | ||
| Selected blood cell component therapy | 681 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 686 | ||
| REFERENCES | 687 | ||
| RESOURCES | 688 | ||
| Section 7: Problems of oxygenation: Perfusion | 691 | ||
| Chapter 28. NURSING ASSESSMENT: Cardiovascular system | 692 | ||
| Structures and functions of the cardiovascular system | 692 | ||
| Assessment of the cardiovascular system | 698 | ||
| Diagnostic studies of the cardiovascular system | 704 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 714 | ||
| REFERENCES | 715 | ||
| RESOURCES | 715 | ||
| Chapter 29. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Hypertension | 716 | ||
| Normal regulation of blood pressure | 717 | ||
| Hypertension | 718 | ||
| Hypertensive crisis | 733 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 735 | ||
| REFERENCES | 735 | ||
| RESOURCES | 736 | ||
| Chapter 30. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Coronary artery disease andacute coronary syndrome | 737 | ||
| CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE | 738 | ||
| Risk factors for coronary artery disease | 739 | ||
| ANGINA | 750 | ||
| ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME | 757 | ||
| SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH | 771 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 773 | ||
| REFERENCES | 773 | ||
| RESOURCES | 774 | ||
| Chapter 31. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Heart failure | 775 | ||
| Heart failure | 775 | ||
| Cardiac transplantation | 792 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 794 | ||
| REFERENCES | 794 | ||
| RESOURCES | 795 | ||
| Chapter 32. NURSING MANAGEMENT: ECG monitoring and arrhythmias | 796 | ||
| Rhythm identification andtreatment | 796 | ||
| ECG changes associated with acute coronary syndrome | 816 | ||
| Syncope | 818 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 819 | ||
| REFERENCES | 819 | ||
| RESOURCES | 819 | ||
| Chapter 33. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Inflammatory and structural heart disorders | 820 | ||
| INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF THE HEART | 820 | ||
| Infective endocarditis | 820 | ||
| Acute pericarditis | 824 | ||
| Chronic constrictive pericarditis | 827 | ||
| Myocarditis | 827 | ||
| Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease | 828 | ||
| VALVULAR HEART DISEASE | 830 | ||
| Mitral valve stenosis | 831 | ||
| Mitral valve regurgitation | 831 | ||
| Mitral valve prolapse | 832 | ||
| Aortic valve stenosis | 833 | ||
| Aortic valve regurgitation | 833 | ||
| Tricuspid and pulmonic valve disease | 833 | ||
| CARDIOMYOPATHY | 837 | ||
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 838 | ||
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | 839 | ||
| Restrictive cardiomyopathy | 840 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 841 | ||
| REFERENCES | 841 | ||
| RESOURCES | 842 | ||
| Chapter 34. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Vascular disorders | 843 | ||
| PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE | 843 | ||
| Peripheral artery disease of the lower extremities | 844 | ||
| Acute arterial ischaemic disorders | 850 | ||
| Thromboangiitis obliterans | 850 | ||
| Raynaud’s phenomenon | 851 | ||
| AORTIC ANEURYSMS | 851 | ||
| Aortic dissection | 855 | ||
| VENOUS DISORDERS | 857 | ||
| Phlebitis | 857 | ||
| Venous thrombosis | 857 | ||
| Varicose veins | 866 | ||
| Chronic venous insufficiency and venous leg ulcers | 867 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 870 | ||
| REFERENCES | 871 | ||
| RESOURCES | 873 | ||
| Section 8: Problems of ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination | 875 | ||
| Chapter 35. NURSING ASSESSMENT: Gastrointestinal system | 876 | ||
| Assessment of the gastrointestinal system | 882 | ||
| Diagnostic studies of the gastrointestinal system | 891 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 897 | ||
| REFERENCES | 899 | ||
| RESOURCES | 899 | ||
| Chapter 36. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Nutritional problems | 900 | ||
| Nutritional problems | 900 | ||
| Normal nutrition | 900 | ||
| Special diet: Vegetarian diet | 904 | ||
| Culturally competent care | 904 | ||
| Malnutrition | 904 | ||
| Types of specialised nutritional support | 912 | ||
| Eating disorders | 918 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 919 | ||
| REFERENCES | 919 | ||
| RESOURCES | 920 | ||
| Chapter 37. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Obesity | 921 | ||
| Obesity | 921 | ||
| Health risks associated with obesity | 926 | ||
| Multidisciplinary care | 929 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 932 | ||
| Metabolic syndrome | 937 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 938 | ||
| REFERENCES | 939 | ||
| RESOURCES | 940 | ||
| Chapter 38. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Upper gastrointestinal problems | 941 | ||
| Nausea and vomiting | 941 | ||
| Oral inflammation andinfections | 944 | ||
| Oral cancer | 945 | ||
| OESOPHAGEAL DISORDERSG | 948 | ||
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease | 948 | ||
| Hiatus hernia | 951 | ||
| Oesophageal cancer | 953 | ||
| Other oesophageal disorders | 955 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE STOMACH AND UPPER SMALL INTESTINE | 957 | ||
| Gastritis | 957 | ||
| Peptic ulcer disease | 958 | ||
| Stomach cancer | 968 | ||
| Upper gastrointestinal bleeding | 971 | ||
| Food-borne illness | 974 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 976 | ||
| REFERENCES | 977 | ||
| RESOURCES | 977 | ||
| Chapter 39. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Lower gastrointestinal problems | 978 | ||
| Diarrhoea | 978 | ||
| Faecal incontinence | 981 | ||
| Constipation | 983 | ||
| Acute abdominal pain | 986 | ||
| CHRONIC ABDOMINAL PAIN | 989 | ||
| Irritable bowel syndrome | 989 | ||
| Abdominal trauma | 989 | ||
| INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS | 990 | ||
| Appendicitis | 990 | ||
| Peritonitis | 991 | ||
| Gastroenteritis | 992 | ||
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 992 | ||
| Intestinal obstruction | 1000 | ||
| Polyps of the large intestine | 1002 | ||
| Colorectal cancer | 1003 | ||
| Ostomy surgery | 1008 | ||
| Diverticulosis and diverticulitis | 1012 | ||
| Hernias | 1013 | ||
| MALABSORPTION SYNDROME | 1014 | ||
| Coeliac disease | 1015 | ||
| Lactase deficiency | 1017 | ||
| Short bowel syndrome | 1017 | ||
| Gastrointestinal stromal tumours | 1017 | ||
| ANORECTAL PROBLEMS | 1018 | ||
| Haemorrhoids | 1018 | ||
| Anal fissure | 1019 | ||
| Anorectal abscess | 1019 | ||
| Anal fistula | 1020 | ||
| Anal cancer | 1020 | ||
| Pilonidal sinus | 1020 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1021 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1022 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1023 | ||
| Chapter 40. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Liver, pancreas and biliary tract problems | 1024 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE LIVER | 1024 | ||
| Hepatitis | 1024 | ||
| Drug- and chemical-induced liverdiseases | 1034 | ||
| Autoimmune, genetic and metabolic diseases | 1034 | ||
| Cirrhosis | 1035 | ||
| Acute liver failure | 1045 | ||
| Liver cancer (hepatocellular cancer) | 1046 | ||
| Liver transplantation | 1047 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE PANCREAS | 1048 | ||
| Acute pancreatitis | 1048 | ||
| Chronic pancreatitis | 1052 | ||
| Pancreatic cancer | 1053 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE BILIARY TRACT | 1054 | ||
| Gall-bladder cancer | 1059 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1060 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1061 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1062 | ||
| Section 9. Problems of urinary function | 1065 | ||
| Chapter 41. NURSING ASSESSMENT: Urinary system | 1066 | ||
| Structures and functions of the urinary system | 1066 | ||
| Assessment of the urinary system | 1072 | ||
| Diagnostic studies of the urinary system | 1077 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1084 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1085 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1085 | ||
| Chapter 42. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Renal and urological problems | 1086 | ||
| INFECTIOUS AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM | 1086 | ||
| Urinary tract infection | 1086 | ||
| Acute pyelonephritis | 1091 | ||
| Chronic pyelonephritis | 1093 | ||
| Urethritis | 1093 | ||
| Urethral diverticula | 1093 | ||
| Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome | 1093 | ||
| IMMUNOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF THE KIDNEY | 1095 | ||
| Glomerulonephritis | 1095 | ||
| Nephrotic syndrome | 1097 | ||
| OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHIES | 1098 | ||
| Urinary tract calculi | 1099 | ||
| Strictures | 1103 | ||
| RENAL TRAUMA | 1104 | ||
| RENAL VASCULAR PROBLEMS | 1104 | ||
| Nephrosclerosis | 1104 | ||
| Renal artery stenosis | 1104 | ||
| Renal vein thrombosis | 1104 | ||
| HEREDITARY KIDNEY DISEASES | 1105 | ||
| Polycystic kidney disease | 1105 | ||
| Medullary cystic disease | 1106 | ||
| Alport’s syndrome | 1106 | ||
| URINARY TRACT TUMOURS | 1106 | ||
| Kidney cancer | 1106 | ||
| Bladder cancer | 1107 | ||
| BLADDER DYSFUNCTION | 1109 | ||
| Urinary incontinence | 1109 | ||
| Urinary retention | 1114 | ||
| CATHETERISATION | 1114 | ||
| Indications for and complications of catheterisation | 1114 | ||
| Catheter construction | 1115 | ||
| Types of catheters | 1115 | ||
| SURGERY OF THE URINARY TRACT | 1117 | ||
| Renal and ureteral surgery | 1117 | ||
| Urinary diversion | 1117 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1121 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1122 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1122 | ||
| Chapter 43. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease | 1124 | ||
| Acute kidney injury | 1124 | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | 1130 | ||
| DIALYSIS | 1141 | ||
| General principles of dialysis | 1141 | ||
| Peritoneal dialysis | 1142 | ||
| Haemodialysis | 1144 | ||
| Continuous renal replacement therapy | 1148 | ||
| Kidney transplantation | 1149 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1155 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1156 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1157 | ||
| Section 10: Problems related to regulatory and reproductive mechanisms | 1159 | ||
| Chapter 44. NURSING ASSESSMENT: Endocrine system | 1160 | ||
| Structures and functions of the endocrine system | 1160 | ||
| Assessment of the endocrine system | 1168 | ||
| Diagnostic studies of the endocrine system | 1175 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1180 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1180 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1180 | ||
| Chapter 45. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Diabetes mellitus | 1181 | ||
| DIABETES MELLITUS | 1181 | ||
| Normal insulin metabolism | 1182 | ||
| Type 1 diabetes mellitus | 1183 | ||
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 1184 | ||
| Prediabetes | 1185 | ||
| Gestational diabetes | 1185 | ||
| Secondary diabetes | 1185 | ||
| Glucose-lowering agents | 1187 | ||
| ACUTE COMPLICATIONS OFDIABETES MELLITUS | 1207 | ||
| Diabetic ketoacidosis | 1207 | ||
| Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic syndrome | 1209 | ||
| Hypoglycaemia | 1210 | ||
| CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS | 1212 | ||
| Angiopathy | 1212 | ||
| Nephropathy | 1214 | ||
| Neuropathy | 1214 | ||
| Complications of feet and lower extremities | 1215 | ||
| Integumentary complications | 1216 | ||
| Infection | 1217 | ||
| Psychological considerations | 1217 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1218 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1219 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1220 | ||
| Chapter 46. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Endocrine problems | 1221 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND | 1221 | ||
| Acromegaly | 1221 | ||
| Excesses of other trophic hormones | 1223 | ||
| Hypofunction of pituitary gland | 1223 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND | 1224 | ||
| Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone | 1224 | ||
| Diabetes insipidus | 1225 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE THYROID GLAND | 1226 | ||
| Goitre | 1227 | ||
| Thyroiditis | 1227 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 1228 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 1233 | ||
| Thyroid nodules and cancer | 1236 | ||
| Multiple endocrine neoplasia | 1236 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS | 1237 | ||
| Hyperparathyroidism | 1237 | ||
| Hypoparathyroidism | 1238 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX | 1239 | ||
| Cushing’s syndrome | 1239 | ||
| Adrenocortical insufficiency | 1243 | ||
| Corticosteroid therapy | 1245 | ||
| Hyperaldosteronism | 1246 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA | 1247 | ||
| Phaeochromocytoma | 1247 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1248 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1248 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1249 | ||
| Chapter 47 URSING ASSESSMENT: Reproductive system | 1250 | ||
| Structures and functions of the male and female reproductive systems | 1250 | ||
| Assessment of male and female reproductive systems | 1258 | ||
| Diagnostic studies of reproductive systems | 1266 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1271 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1271 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1271 | ||
| Chapter 48. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Breast disorders | 1272 | ||
| Assessment of breast disorders | 1272 | ||
| BENIGN BREAST DISORDERS | 1274 | ||
| Mastalgia | 1274 | ||
| Breast infections | 1274 | ||
| Fibrocystic changes | 1275 | ||
| Fibroadenoma | 1275 | ||
| Nipple discharge | 1276 | ||
| Gynaecomastia in men | 1276 | ||
| BREAST CANCER | 1276 | ||
| Culturally competent care | 1288 | ||
| Mammoplasty | 1291 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1295 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1296 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1297 | ||
| Chapter 49. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Sexually transmitted infections | 1298 | ||
| Sexually transmitted infections | 1298 | ||
| BACTERIAL INFECTIONS | 1299 | ||
| Gonorrhoea | 1299 | ||
| Syphilis | 1301 | ||
| Chlamydial infections | 1303 | ||
| Genital warts | 1308 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1312 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1313 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1314 | ||
| Chapter 50. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Female reproductive problems | 1315 | ||
| Infertility | 1315 | ||
| Abortion | 1317 | ||
| PROBLEMS RELATED TO MENSTRUATION | 1318 | ||
| Premenstrual syndrome | 1318 | ||
| Dysmenorrhoea | 1319 | ||
| Abnormal vaginal bleeding | 1320 | ||
| Ectopic pregnancy | 1322 | ||
| Perimenopause and postmenopause | 1323 | ||
| Culturally competent care: Menopause | 1325 | ||
| CONDITIONS OF THE VULVA, VAGINA AND CERVIX | 1325 | ||
| Pelvic inflammatory disease | 1327 | ||
| Chronic pelvic pain | 1328 | ||
| Endometriosis | 1329 | ||
| BENIGN TUMOURS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM | 1330 | ||
| Section 11. Problems related to movement and coordination | 1375 | ||
| Chapter 52. NURSING ASSESSMENT: Nervous system | 1376 | ||
| Structures and functions of the nervous system | 1376 | ||
| Assessment of the nervous system | 1389 | ||
| Diagnostic studies of the nervous system | 1397 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1402 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1402 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1403 | ||
| Chapter 53. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Acute intracranial problems | 1404 | ||
| Intracranial pressure | 1404 | ||
| Increased intracranial pressure | 1406 | ||
| Head injury | 1416 | ||
| Brain tumours | 1423 | ||
| Cranial surgery | 1427 | ||
| INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS OF THE BRAIN | 1429 | ||
| Brain abscess | 1429 | ||
| Bacterial meningitis | 1430 | ||
| Viral meningitis | 1432 | ||
| Encephalitis | 1433 | ||
| Rabies | 1433 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1434 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1434 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1435 | ||
| Chapter 54. NURSING MANAGEMENT: The patient with a stroke | 1436 | ||
| Pathophysiology of stroke | 1437 | ||
| Risk factors for stroke | 1438 | ||
| Types of stroke | 1439 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1456 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1457 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1458 | ||
| Chapter 55. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Chronic neurological problems | 1459 | ||
| HEADACHES | 1459 | ||
| Tension-type headache | 1459 | ||
| Migraine headache | 1461 | ||
| Cluster headache | 1461 | ||
| Other types of headaches | 1462 | ||
| CHRONIC NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS | 1465 | ||
| Seizure disorders and epilepsy | 1465 | ||
| Restless legs syndrome (RLS) | 1473 | ||
| DEGENERATIVE NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS | 1474 | ||
| Multiple sclerosis | 1474 | ||
| Parkinson’s disease | 1480 | ||
| Myasthenia gravis | 1486 | ||
| Motor neuron disease | 1488 | ||
| Huntington’s disease | 1488 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1490 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1490 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1491 | ||
| Chapter 56. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Delirium, depression and dementia | 1492 | ||
| Delirium | 1492 | ||
| Depression | 1499 | ||
| Dementia | 1500 | ||
| Alzheimer’s disease (AD) | 1503 | ||
| Other neurodegenerative diseases | 1508 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1513 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1514 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1515 | ||
| Chapter 57. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Peripheral nerve and spinal cord problems | 1517 | ||
| CRANIAL NERVE DISORDERS | 1517 | ||
| Trigeminal neuralgia | 1517 | ||
| Bell’s palsy | 1519 | ||
| POLYNEUROPATHIES | 1520 | ||
| Guillain-Barré syndrome | 1520 | ||
| Botulism | 1522 | ||
| Tetanus | 1522 | ||
| Neurosyphilis | 1522 | ||
| SPINAL CORD PROBLEMS | 1522 | ||
| Spinal cord injury | 1522 | ||
| Spinal cord tumours | 1541 | ||
| Post-polio syndrome | 1542 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1543 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1544 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1545 | ||
| Chapter 58. NURSING ASSESSMENT: Musculoskeletal system | 1546 | ||
| Structures and functions of the musculoskeletal system | 1546 | ||
| Falls and ageing | 1550 | ||
| Assessment of the musculoskeletal system | 1551 | ||
| Diagnostic studies of the musculoskeletal system | 1560 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1564 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1565 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1565 | ||
| Chapter 59. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Musculoskeletal trauma and orthopaedic surgery | 1566 | ||
| SOFT TISSUE INJURIES | 1567 | ||
| Sprains and strains | 1567 | ||
| Dislocation and subluxation | 1569 | ||
| Repetitive strain injury | 1570 | ||
| Carpal tunnel syndrome | 1570 | ||
| Rotator cuff injury | 1571 | ||
| Meniscus injury | 1571 | ||
| Anterior cruciate ligament injury | 1572 | ||
| Bursitis | 1572 | ||
| FRACTURES | 1573 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF FRACTURES | 1584 | ||
| Infection | 1584 | ||
| Compartment syndrome | 1584 | ||
| Venous thromboembolism (VTE) | 1586 | ||
| Fat embolism syndrome | 1586 | ||
| TYPES OF FRACTURES | 1587 | ||
| Colles’ fracture | 1587 | ||
| Fracture of humerus | 1587 | ||
| Fracture of pelvis | 1587 | ||
| Fracture of hip | 1588 | ||
| Femoral shaft fracture | 1591 | ||
| Fracture of tibia | 1591 | ||
| Stable vertebral fracture | 1591 | ||
| Facial fracture | 1592 | ||
| Mandibular fracture | 1592 | ||
| Amputation | 1593 | ||
| COMMON JOINT SURGICAL PROCEDURES | 1597 | ||
| Indications for joint surgery | 1597 | ||
| Types of joint surgery | 1597 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1601 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1602 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1604 | ||
| Chapter 60. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Musculoskeletal problems | 1605 | ||
| Osteomyelitis | 1605 | ||
| BONE TUMOURS | 1608 | ||
| Benign bone tumours | 1608 | ||
| Malignant bone tumours | 1608 | ||
| Muscular dystrophy | 1611 | ||
| LOW BACK PAIN | 1612 | ||
| Acute low back pain | 1612 | ||
| Chronic low back pain | 1614 | ||
| Intervertebral disc disease | 1615 | ||
| NECK PAIN | 1618 | ||
| FOOT DISORDERS | 1619 | ||
| METABOLIC BONE DISEASES | 1621 | ||
| Osteomalacia | 1621 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 1622 | ||
| Paget’s disease | 1626 | ||
| Osteogenesis imperfecta | 1626 | ||
| Scheuermann’s disease | 1627 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1628 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1628 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1629 | ||
| Chapter 61. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Arthritis and connective tissue diseases | 1630 | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 1630 | ||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 1638 | ||
| Gout | 1646 | ||
| Tick-borne disease | 1649 | ||
| Septic arthritis | 1649 | ||
| SPONDYLOARTHROPATHIES | 1650 | ||
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 1650 | ||
| Psoriatic arthritis | 1651 | ||
| Reactive arthritis | 1651 | ||
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | 1652 | ||
| Scleroderma | 1657 | ||
| Polymyositis and dermatomyositis | 1659 | ||
| Mixed (overlapping) connective tissue disease | 1660 | ||
| Sjögren’s syndrome | 1660 | ||
| Myofascial pain syndrome | 1661 | ||
| Fibromyalgia | 1661 | ||
| Chronic fatigue syndrome | 1662 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1664 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1664 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1665 | ||
| Section 12. Nursing care inspecialised settings | 1669 | ||
| Chapter 62. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Critical care environment | 1670 | ||
| Critical care nursing | 1670 | ||
| Culturally competent care: Critical care patients | 1675 | ||
| Haemodynamic monitoring | 1676 | ||
| Circulatory assist devices | 1684 | ||
| Artificial airways | 1687 | ||
| Mechanical ventilation | 1692 | ||
| Other critical care content | 1702 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1703 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1703 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1705 | ||
| Chapter 63. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Shock, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome | 1706 | ||
| Shock | 1706 | ||
| Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome | 1725 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1728 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1729 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1729 | ||
| Chapter 64. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome | 1730 | ||
| Acute respiratory failure | 1730 | ||
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 1743 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1749 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1749 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1750 | ||
| Chapter 65. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Emergency care situations | 1751 | ||
| Assessment and management of the emergency patient | 1751 | ||
| ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES | 1760 | ||
| Heat-related emergencies | 1760 | ||
| Cold-related emergencies | 1762 | ||
| Submersion injuries | 1764 | ||
| Stings and bites | 1765 | ||
| Envenomation | 1767 | ||
| Poisonings/toxicology | 1771 | ||
| Major incident and disaster preparedness | 1774 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1778 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1778 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1779 | ||
| Chapter 66. Chronic illness and complex care | 1780 | ||
| Chronic illness | 1780 | ||
| Management of chronic illness | 1782 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 1792 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1792 | ||
| RESOURCES | 1793 | ||
| Appendix A: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and basic life support | 1795 | ||
| Introduction to basic life support | 1795 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1799 | ||
| Appendix B: Nursing diagnoses | 1801 | ||
| Appendix C: Answer key to review questions | 1803 | ||
| Appendix D: Image and text credits | 1805 | ||
| Index | 1817 |