BOOK
Achieving sustainable cultivation of apples
Dr K. Evans | Dr Gayle M. Volk | Dr Amit Dhingra | Sally A. Bound | Dr Dugald C. Close | Sally A. Bound | Dr Dugald C. Close | Prof. Peter M. Hirst | M. C. Goffinet | Emeritus Prof. A. N. Lakso | Dr G. Fazio | C. Peace | Dr K. Evans | Duane Greene | Prof. Stefano Musacchi | K. Hannam | T. Forge | D. Neilsen | Dr G. H. Neilsen | L. R. Khot | M. Karkee | Dr Qin Zhang | Dr Wayne M. Jurick II | Dr W. J. Janisiewicz | Prof. Chris Watkins | Kerik D. Cox | Dr Wayne M. Jurick II | Dr Kenneth C. Eastwell | Dr John Norelli | Dr Elizabeth H. Beers | Dr Markus Kellerhals | Hildegard Garming | Dr R. Karina Gallardo | Dr Desmond ORourke | G. Peck | Prof. D. Granatstein | Markus Kelderer | Ms Jutta Kienzle
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Originating in Central Asia, apples are one of the most important fruits globally and are grown in over 100 countries. Apple cultivation faces a number of challenges. Increasing global competition has put the focus on lowering costs whilst further improving sensory quality and shelf-life. There is a need to reduce inputs such as water, fertiliser and labour, both to save costs and reduce environmentally-damaging emissions and pollution. There is a continual battle with fungal, viral and bacterial diseases as well as insect pests. In the long term there is a need for new varieties able to withstand disease or more extreme conditions associated with climate change. This means preserving genetic variety and exploiting new molecular breeding techniques opened up by the sequencing of the apple genome in 2010.
Drawing on an international range of expertise, this collection focuses on ways of improving the cultivation of apples as a food crop at each step in the value chain, from breeding through to post-harvest storage. The book first reviews research in apple physiology and breeding. The following sections focus on cultivation techniques through to post-harvest storage, followed by a discussion of diseases and pests and their management. Concluding chapters address wider issues such as economics, consumer trends and sustainability.
Achieving sustainable cultivation of apples will be a standard reference for fruit and horticultural scientists in universities, government and other research centres and companies producing apples.
Sample content
Not sure what you're getting if you buy this book? Click on the cover image below to open a PDF and preview pages from the book. Alternatively, watch our informative video introduction."No other publication has this international range of expertise. In linking physiology, breeding, husbandry, plant health, nutrition and sustainability, it promises to be a benchmark reference for crop and food scientists, practitioners and students. A signal achievement by any measure." Emeritus Professor Silviero Sansavini, University of Bologna, Italy
Originating in Central Asia, apples are one of the most important fruits globally and are grown in over 100 countries. Apple cultivation faces a number of challenges. Increasing global competition has put the focus on lowering costs whilst further improving sensory quality and shelf-life. There is a need to reduce inputs such as water, fertiliser and labour, both to save costs and reduce environmentally-damaging emissions and pollution. There is a continual battle with fungal, viral and bacterial diseases as well as insect pests. In the long term there is a need for new varieties able to withstand disease or more extreme conditions associated with climate change. This means preserving genetic variety and exploiting new molecular breeding techniques opened up by the sequencing of the apple genome in 2010.
Drawing on an international range of expertise, this collection focuses on ways of improving the cultivation of apples as a food crop at each step in the value chain, from breeding through to post-harvest storage. The book first reviews research in apple physiology and breeding. The following sections focus on cultivation techniques through to post-harvest storage, followed by a discussion of diseases and pests and their management. Concluding chapters address wider issues such as economics, consumer trends and sustainability
Achieving sustainable cultivation of apples will be a standard reference for fruit and horticultural scientists in universities, government and other research centres and companies producing apples.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents\r | v | ||
| Series list\r | xii | ||
| Acknowledgements\r | xvi | ||
| Introduction\r | xvii | ||
| Part 1 Plant physiology and breeding\r | xviii | ||
| Part 2 Cultivation techniques\r | xxi | ||
| Part 3 Diseases and pests\r | xxii | ||
| Part 4 Sustainability\r | xxiii | ||
| Part 1 Plant physiology and breeding | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1 Ensuring the genetic diversity of apples\r | 3 | ||
| 1 Introduction: the importance of apples\r | 3 | ||
| 2 Threats to production and the need for new varieties\r | 4 | ||
| 3 Sources of genetic diversity\r | 4 | ||
| 4 Understanding Malus diversity\r | 9 | ||
| 5 Capturing, maintaining and accessing genetic diversity | 10 | ||
| 6 Future trends: new technologies to facilitate enhanced and sustainable crop production | 13 | ||
| 7 Where to look for further information\r | 14 | ||
| 8 References\r | 15 | ||
| Chapter 2 The apple genome – harbinger of innovation for sustainable apple production\r | 23 | ||
| 1 Introduction\r | 23 | ||
| 2 Brief overview of genome sequencing technology development | 24 | ||
| 3 Sequencing of the apple genome and lessons learned\r | 25 | ||
| 4 Harvesting the genome for improvement of apple\r | 27 | ||
| 5 Utility of the apple genome in resolving issues in the apple industry | 29 | ||
| 6 The future of genomics research in apple\r | 30 | ||
| 7 Conclusion\r | 30 | ||
| 8 Where to look for further information\r | 30 | ||
| 9 References\r | 31 | ||
| Chapter 3 Advances in understanding apple tree growth: rootstocks and planting systems\r | 35 | ||
| 1 Introduction | 36 | ||
| 2 Tree growth and the development and propagation of apple | 36 | ||
| 3 Dwarfing rootstocks: history of selection and key morphological effects | 37 | ||
| 4 Dwarfing rootstocks: mechanisms and example application | 41 | ||
| 5 An introduction to manipulating tree growth and development | 44 | ||
| 6 Planting systems\r | 46 | ||
| 7 Summary\r | 47 | ||
| 8 Future trends in research\r | 48 | ||
| 9 Where to look for further information\r | 48 | ||
| 10 Acknowledgements\r | 49 | ||
| 11 References\r | 49 | ||
| Chapter 4 Advances in understanding apple tree growth: the manipulation of tree growth and development\r | 53 | ||
| 1 Introduction | 54 | ||
| 2 Canopy development\r | 54 | ||
| 3 Dormancy release and bud break\r | 56 | ||
| 4 Managing vegetative growth\r | 59 | ||
| 5 Training and pruning\r | 63 | ||
| 6 Case study 1: intensive growing systems in Tasmania, Australia | 70 | ||
| 7 Case study 2: comparison of artificial spur extinction and chemical thinning for crop load control | 73 | ||
| 8 Summary\r | 76 | ||
| 9 Future trends in research\r | 77 | ||
| 10 Where to look for further information\r | 78 | ||
| 11 Acknowledgements\r | 79 | ||
| 12 References\r | 79 | ||
| Chapter 5 Advances in understanding flowering and pollination in apple trees\r | 85 | ||
| 1 Introduction | 86 | ||
| 2 Flowering: introduction and biology\r | 86 | ||
| 3 Horticultural aspects of flowering\r | 89 | ||
| 4 Pollination: introduction and biology\r | 92 | ||
| 5 Horticultural aspects of pollination\r | 95 | ||
| 6 Conclusion\r | 97 | ||
| 7 Where to look for further information\r | 97 | ||
| 8 Acknowledgements\r | 98 | ||
| 9 Dedication\r | 98 | ||
| 10 References\r | 98 | ||
| Chapter 6 Advances in understanding apple fruit development\r | 103 | ||
| 1 Introduction\r | 103 | ||
| 2 Developmental sequence of apple growth\r | 104 | ||
| 3 Seasonal growth pattern of an apple\r | 108 | ||
| 4 Chemical composition and seasonal changes in apples\r | 109 | ||
| 5 Fruit abscission and growth rate\r | 110 | ||
| 6 Fruit ‘set’\r | 111 | ||
| 7 Role of hormones in fruit development and abscission\r | 112 | ||
| 8 Competition within the flower/fruit cluster\r | 113 | ||
| 9 Seasonal patterns of respiration and ripening\r | 115 | ||
| 10 Factors influencing fruit growth\r | 117 | ||
| 11 Regulation of cropping for sustainability\r | 124 | ||
| 12 Modelling to integrate factors in thinning\r | 126 | ||
| 13 Molecular biology and apple cultivation\r | 127 | ||
| 14 Future trends and conclusion\r | 129 | ||
| 15 Where to look for further information \r | 129 | ||
| 16 References\r | 130 | ||
| Chapter 7 Evaluating and improving rootstocks for apple cultivation\r | 135 | ||
| 1 Introduction\r | 135 | ||
| 2 Apple breeding methods\r | 137 | ||
| 3 Scion traits affected by rootstocks\r | 138 | ||
| 4 Disease and pest resistance\r | 147 | ||
| 5 Future trends and conclusions\r | 152 | ||
| 6 Where to look for further information\r | 153 | ||
| 7 References\r | 153 | ||
| Chapter 8 Advances in marker-assisted breeding of apples\r | 165 | ||
| 1 Introduction \r | 165 | ||
| 2 Advances in apple MAB\r | 167 | ||
| 3 History of apple MAB\r | 167 | ||
| 4 Current tools in MAB for apple\r | 171 | ||
| 5 Impacts of MAB on apple breeding | 173 | ||
| 6 Case study: MAB in the Washington State University apple breeding program | 176 | ||
| 7 Future trends and conclusion\r | 180 | ||
| 8 Where to look for further information \r | 182 | ||
| 9 Acknowledgements\r | 183 | ||
| 10 References\r | 183 | ||
| Part 2 Cultivation techniques | 193 | ||
| Chapter 9 Innovations in apple tree cultivation to manage crop load and ripening\r | 195 | ||
| 1 Introduction\r | 195 | ||
| 2 Training system\r | 197 | ||
| 3 Pruning techniques related to the cultivar habit\r | 205 | ||
| 4 Mechanical pruning and ‘Mur Fruitier’\r | 211 | ||
| 5 Crop load determination and effect on fruit quality\r | 212 | ||
| 6 Tree production in the nursery\r | 213 | ||
| 7 Control of vegetative growth using plant growth regulators (PGRs) | 219 | ||
| 8 The physiological basis of chemical thinning: current situation and new perspectives | 221 | ||
| 9 Improving fruit appearance\r | 228 | ||
| 10 Preharvest application of plant growth regulators\r | 229 | ||
| 11 Future trends in research\r | 232 | ||
| 12 Where to look for further information\r | 232 | ||
| 13 References\r | 233 | ||
| Chapter 10 Advances in soil and nutrient management in apple cultivation\r | 239 | ||
| 1 Introduction\r | 239 | ||
| 2 Emerging issues affecting soil and nutrient management | 240 | ||
| 3 Precision nutrient management: fertigation and targeted foliar application | 246 | ||
| 4 Precision nutrient management: improved fertilizer forms and sensing of nutrient limitations | 251 | ||
| 5 Precision water management\r | 254 | ||
| 6 Altered production systems and altered production areas | 259 | ||
| 7 Conclusions\r | 269 | ||
| 8 Where to look for further information\r | 269 | ||
| 9 References\r | 270 | ||
| Chapter 11 Mechanization and automation for apple production\r | 279 | ||
| 1 Introduction\r | 279 | ||
| 2 Levels of mechanization\r | 280 | ||
| 3 Training and pruning\r | 281 | ||
| 4 Thinning\r | 286 | ||
| 5 Pest and disease control\r | 289 | ||
| 6 Technologically-assisted apple harvesting\r | 293 | ||
| 7 Robotic apple harvesting\r | 298 | ||
| 8 Future trends and conclusion\r | 301 | ||
| 9 Where to look for further information\r | 303 | ||
| 10 References\r | 303 | ||
| Chapter 12 Sustainable approaches to control postharvest diseases of apples\r | 307 | ||
| 1 Introduction\r | 307 | ||
| 2 Natural plant-derived products\r | 309 | ||
| 3 GRAS substances and sanitizers | 312 | ||
| 4 Heat treatment \r | 315 | ||
| 5 Controlled atmosphere\r | 317 | ||
| 6 Irradiation with UV-C \r | 318 | ||
| 7 Natural sources of resistance\r | 319 | ||
| 8 Biological control\r | 321 | ||
| 9 Integrated control\r | 324 | ||
| 10 Future trends and conclusions\r | 325 | ||
| 11 Where to look for further information\r | 325 | ||
| 12 References\r | 326 | ||
| Chapter 13 Advances in postharvest handling and storage of apples\r | 337 | ||
| 1 Introduction\r | 337 | ||
| 2 Fruit quality assessment\r | 339 | ||
| 3 Harvest maturity and harvest indices\r | 340 | ||
| 4 Plant growth regulators\r | 342 | ||
| 5 Harvest, handling and grading operations\r | 343 | ||
| 6 Postharvest storage technologies\r | 345 | ||
| 7 Comparing and assessing storage technologies\r | 349 | ||
| 8 Postharvest treatments\r | 351 | ||
| 9 Physiological disorders\r | 353 | ||
| 10 Summary\r | 356 | ||
| 11 Where to look for further information\r | 357 | ||
| 12 References\r | 357 | ||
| Part 3 Diseases and pests | 369 | ||
| Chapter 14 Pre- and postharvest fungal apple diseases\r | 371 | ||
| 1 Introduction: apple cultivation, production and storage and the impact of fungal apple diseases | 371 | ||
| 2 Pre- and postharvest apple diseases\r | 374 | ||
| 3 Chemical, biological and cultural forms of disease management during apple production and storage | 376 | ||
| 4 Emerging pathogens affecting apple production \nin the United States | 378 | ||
| 5 Conclusion\r | 379 | ||
| 6 Where to look for further information\r | 380 | ||
| 7 References\r | 380 | ||
| Chapter 15 Management of viruses and virus-like agents affecting apple production\r | 383 | ||
| 1 Introduction\r | 383 | ||
| 2 Reducing the economic impact of virus-like agents\r | 384 | ||
| 3 Viruses and virus-like agents of apple\r | 386 | ||
| 4 Advancing diagnostic technology\r | 392 | ||
| 5 Remaining challenges\r | 394 | ||
| 6 Where to look for further information\r | 397 | ||
| 7 References\r | 398 | ||
| Chapter 16 Bacterial diseases affecting apples\r | 403 | ||
| 1 Introduction\r | 403 | ||
| 2 Bacterial diseases: the example of fire blight\r | 404 | ||
| 3 Development of fire blight tolerant apple scion cultivars | 410 | ||
| 4 Other diseases caused by bacteria\r | 413 | ||
| 5 Diseases caused by phytoplasmas\r | 415 | ||
| 6 Outlook and summary\r | 416 | ||
| 7 Future research trends\r | 417 | ||
| 8 Where to look for further information\r | 418 | ||
| 9 References\r | 420 | ||
| Chapter 17 Sustainable arthropod management for apples\r | 425 | ||
| 1 Introduction | 426 | ||
| 2 Key arthropod pests\r | 426 | ||
| 3 Other key arthropod pests\r | 430 | ||
| 4 Secondary arthropod pests: introduction, leaf and bud damage | 433 | ||
| 5 Secondary arthropod pests: shoot, branch, trunk, root and fruit damage | 436 | ||
| 6 Models, decision aids and monitoring\r | 440 | ||
| 7 Tools and tactics: pesticides, biological control, mating disruption and host plant resistance | 443 | ||
| 8 Challenges to the sustainability of integrated pest management (IPM) | 447 | ||
| 9 Where to look for further information\r | 451 | ||
| 10 Acknowledgements\r | 451 | ||
| 11 References\r | 452 | ||
| Chapter 18 Advances in pest- and disease-resistant apple varieties\r | 461 | ||
| 1 Introduction | 462 | ||
| 2 Resistance to apple scab, powdery mildew and fire blight | 462 | ||
| 3 Resistance to nectria canker, Marssonina apple blotch and other diseases | 467 | ||
| 4 Resistance to pests\r | 469 | ||
| 5 Selection techniques and resistance mechanisms\r | 470 | ||
| 6 Current disease-resistant apple varieties\r | 472 | ||
| 7 Summary\r | 475 | ||
| 8 Where to look for further information\r | 475 | ||
| 9 References\r | 475 | ||
| Part 4 Sustainability | 483 | ||
| Chapter 19 The economics of apple production\r | 485 | ||
| 1 Introduction\r | 485 | ||
| 1.1 Environmental sustainability\r | 485 | ||
| 1.2 Social sustainability\r | 486 | ||
| 1.3 Economic sustainability\r | 486 | ||
| 2 Cost analysis of apple production\r | 486 | ||
| 2.1 Classification of production costs\r | 487 | ||
| 2.2 Approaches used in production cost studies\r | 488 | ||
| 2.2.1 Analysis of financial statement and accounts\r | 489 | ||
| 2.2.2 Engineering approach\r | 489 | ||
| 2.3 Categories included in cost-of-production studies\r | 490 | ||
| 3 Apple production costs around the world\r | 492 | ||
| 3.1 Case study: Washington State\r | 492 | ||
| 3.2 International comparison by typical farm\r | 495 | ||
| 3.3 International comparison by variety\r | 499 | ||
| 4 Outlook and challenges for the global apple industry | 501 | ||
| 4.2 Structural change: consolidation of apple production | 504 | ||
| 4.3 Trends in production systems and technologies\r | 504 | ||
| 4.4 Labour use in apple production\r | 505 | ||
| 5 Conclusion\r | 507 | ||
| 6 Where to look for further information\r | 507 | ||
| 7 References\r | 508 | ||
| Chapter 20 Consumer trends in apple sales\r | 511 | ||
| 1 Introduction\r | 511 | ||
| 2 The influence of suppliers and retailers on apple sales\r | 512 | ||
| 3 Global forces affecting apple demand\r | 514 | ||
| 4 Recent trends in apple consumption\r | 516 | ||
| 5 Factors affecting consumer demand for apples\r | 518 | ||
| 6 Challenges in marketing apples\r | 520 | ||
| 7 Where to look for further information\r | 521 | ||
| 8 References\r | 521 | ||
| Chapter 21 Assessing the environmental impact and sustainability of apple cultivation\r | 523 | ||
| 1 Introduction\r | 523 | ||
| 2 Sustainability: definitions and trends\r | 524 | ||
| 3 Environmental impacts of apple production\r | 526 | ||
| 4 Studies of sustainable apple production\r | 529 | ||
| 5 Regulatory and marketing schemes for sustainable orchard systems | 537 | ||
| 6 Future trends and conclusion\r | 543 | ||
| 7 Where to look for further information\r | 544 | ||
| 8 References\r | 545 | ||
| Chapter 22 Growing organic apples in Europe\r | 551 | ||
| 1 Introduction\r | 551 | ||
| 2 Developing varieties and rootstocks suited to \norganic farming (OF) systems | 553 | ||
| 3 Improving soil fertility management\r | 557 | ||
| 4 Strategies for improving plant health care: pest \nand disease control, regulation of crop set and \ntree growth | 558 | ||
| 5 Strategies for improving ecosystem services\r | 565 | ||
| 6 Case studies\r | 567 | ||
| 7 Future trends in research\r | 569 | ||
| 8 Where to look for further information\r | 570 | ||
| 9 References\r | 571 | ||
| Index | 579 |