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Feminisms in Development

Feminisms in Development

Andrea Cornwall | Elizabeth Harrison | Ann Whitehead

(2008)

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Abstract

This collection of essays by leading feminist thinkers from North and South constitutes a major new attempt to reposition feminism within development studies. Feminism’s emphasis on social transformation makes it fundamental to development studies. Yet the relationship between the two disciplines has frequently been a troubled one. At present, the way in which many development institutions function often undermines feminist intent through bureaucratic structures and unequal power quotients. Moreover, the seeming intractability of inequalities and injustice in developing countries have presented feminists with some enormous challenges. Here, emphasizing the importance of a plurality of approaches, the authors argue for the importance of what ‘feminisms’ have to say to development. Confronting the enormous challenges for feminisms in development studies, this book provides real hope for dialogue and exchange between feminisms and development.
Andrea Cornwall is Fellow of the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex. She is co-editor of Dislocating Masculinity: Comparative Ethnographies (1994), Realizing Rights: Transforming Sexual and Reproductive Wellbeing (Zed 2002) and editor of Readings in Gender in Africa (2004). Ann Whitehead is Professor of Anthropology at the University of Sussex. A contributor to foundational debates on feminist engagement with development and on theorising gender, she has had a wide engagement with national and international feminist politics. Elizabeth Harrison is a Senior Lecturer in Anthropology at the University of Sussex. She is the co-author of Whose Development? An Ethnography of Aid (Zed 1998).
'It is honest, level-headed, yet deeply committed to core feminist values and principles. Its editors and authors must be commended for their courage and their persistence with the difficult questions.' Gita Sen 'A lively and self-critical set of essays on the perils and potentials of feminist engagements with the structures of power in the development field, by those who have been there.' Naila Kabeer 'Using an international perspective, it provides indispensable insights for everyone working on development, activists and women's movements around the world.' Pinar Ilkkaracan 'Highly recommended to researchers, teachers, and activists in all fields of development study and practice.' Population and Development Review 'Their work is significant for GAD (Gender and Development) practitioners and should be a mandatory read.' Wendy Miller, Lilith 'The book is exemplar in the field of feminist writing ... pioneering in its insights on the trajectory of gender and development debates and policy choices that have resulted from feminist engagement. The conceptual breadth of this work is impressive as it seamlessly covers multiple topics that are central to gender and development debates ... A compelling read.' Feminist Economics

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover\r Cover
Contents v
Acknowledgements viii
1 | Introduction: feminisms in development: contradictions, contestations and challenges 1
The struggle for interpretive power 4
Working within development institutions 9
International feminism in troubling times 12
2 | Gender myths that instrumentalize women: a view from the Indian front line 21
Gender myth complex I 21
Gender myth complex II 26
Conclusion 31
3 | Dangerous equations? How female-headed households became the poorest of the poor 35
How women-headed households became the ‘poorest of the poor’ 36
Challenges to the construction of women-headed households as the ‘poorest of the poor’ 37
Implications of competing constructions of female household headship and the links with poverty 40
Female-headed households as the ‘poorest of the poor’ 41
Conclusion 44
4 | Back to women? Translations, resignifications and myths of gender in policy and practice in Brazil 48
From ‘women’ to ‘gender’ in feminist theory 49
Translations and (mis)uses of gender in Brazil 53
Gender in development policy and planning in Brazil 56
Back to women? 59
5 | Battles over booklets: gender myths in the British aid programme 65
The policy context 66
The history of the booklets 67
Themes, myths and fables 71
Conclusion 75
6 | Not very poor, powerless or pregnant: the African woman forgotten by development 79
HIV/AIDS: the new lens 79
Silencing of the middle-class woman 82
The dual identity 83
The personal is no longer political 84
Conclusion: creating new images and using new approaches 84
7 | ‘Streetwalkers show the way’: reframingthe debate on trafficking from sex workers’perspective 86
First the stories … 87
Challenging the associations between poverty and trafficking and other myths 90
The question of agency 92
Durbar’s position on trafficking and its interventions against it 93
What is to be done? 94
Restoring control to trafficked women 95
Changing the frame 97
8 | Gender, myth and fable: the perils ofmainstreaming in sector bureaucracies 101
The scene 102
What is going on? 103
Bureaucracies – drivers or followers of change? 103
Naïve notions – policy as a route to transformation 106
Concluding reflections 109
9 | Making sense of gender in shifting institutional contexts: some reflections on gender mainstreaming 112
Placing gender mainstreaming in context 115
Final thoughts … 119
10 | Gender mainstreaming: what is it (about) and should we continue doing it? 122
Gender mainstreaming and development policy 124
Swedish approaches to gender equality policy 127
Doing ‘gender’ in Swedish international development work 128
Repositioning ‘gender’ in development policy and practice 131
11 | Mainstreaming gender or ‘streaming’ gender away: feminists marooned in the development business 135
Gender mainstreaming: the bold new strategy 136
From incorporation to rights 137
Gender mainstreaming means getting rid of the focus on women 139
Whose responsibility? 140
Gender mainstreaming = more women in organizations 141
Gender equality in the absence of an institutional mandate for promoting equality 142
Conclusion: fighting back 143
12 | Critical connections: feminist studies in African contexts 150
Women’s studies, gender studies, feminist studies 152
Conclusions 157
13 | SWApping gender: from cross-cutting obscurity to sectoral security? 161
The logic of marginality 164
Bureaucratic logic 166
Re-positioning gender equality 167
Building power-houses for women’s rights 169
14 | The NGO-ization of Arab women’s movements 177
Arab women’s organizations in historical context 178
Development and feminism: echoes of the colonial encounter 182
The NGO-ization of Arab women’s movements 184
Conclusion 188
15 | Political fiction meets gender myth: post-conflict reconstruction, ‘democratization’ and women’s rights 191
Parallel universes? Gender mainstreaming and the ‘real world’of politics 193
16 | Reassessing paid work and women’s empowerment: lessons from the global economy 201
The ‘Engelian myth’ meets the informal economy 202
Women remain ‘cheap’ workers 205
Women’s paid work and intra-household gender relations 206
Micro-credit and women’s empowerment? 207
Women, work and money: contradictory implications 209
17 | Announcing a new dawn prematurely? Human rights feminists and the rights-based approaches to development 214
The case for the RBAs 215
Critiquing the RBAs: what the sceptics are saying 216
What challenges are posed for feminists by the RBAs? 223
18 | The chimera of success: gender ennui and the changed international policy environment 227
Notes on contributors 241
Index 247