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Book Details
Abstract
'We used to talk about development with a human face. We should be talking about development with a body'
Arit Oku-Egbas, African Regional Sexuality Resource Centre, Nigeria
Sex and sexuality have always had a place at the heart of the development agenda - from concerns regarding population and environment, to practices in education and efforts for protecting reproductive health and rights. Yet this agenda has largely focused on negative dimensions of sexuality - disease, risk, violation - rather than positive aspects, including rights to sexual fulfillment, wellbeing and pleasure. The shift towards a rights-based approach to development has brought the human rights dimensions of sexuality into clearer view, and consequently the need to address discriminatory laws and violations of the human rights of those whose sexual identity and practices diverge from dominant sexual orders/norms.
This book offers compelling insights into contemporary challenges and transformative possibilities of the struggle for sexual rights. It combines the conceptual with the political, and offering inspiring examples of practical interventions and campaigns that emphasize the positive dimensions of sexuality. It brings together reflections and experiences of researchers, activists and practitioners from Brazil, India, Nigeria, Peru, Serbia, South Africa, Turkey, the UK and Zambia. From political discourse on sex and masculinity to sex work and trafficking, from HIV and sexuality to struggles for legal reform and citizenship, the authors explore the gains of creating stronger linkages between sexuality, human rights and development.
'This anthology is a must read for all development practitioners frustrated by strategies that are grossly out of touch with the realities of the masses; it is for those that wish to "be real" and relevant to those they are supposed to work for. Its wide range and depth of analysis is guaranteed to jumpstart a stimulating debate even among the most conservative development thinkers.'
Sylvia Tamale, Makerere University, Uganda
Andrea Cornwall is a Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex.
Sonia Corrêa is Research associate at ABIA - Brazilian Interdisciplinary Association for AIDS, DAWN Coordinator for Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights research and analysis and Co-chair of Sexuality Policy Watch.
Susie Jolly is Gender Communications Officer at BRIDGE, at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abbreviations | vii | ||
| Acknowledgements | x | ||
| Foreword | xi | ||
| 1 Development with a body: making the connections between sexuality, human rights and development | 1 | ||
| Contexts and histories | 2 | ||
| Sexuality and development: making the connections | 5 | ||
| Reframing the linkages | 6 | ||
| Sexual rights are human rights | 7 | ||
| Gender and sex orders | 11 | ||
| Changing mindsets | 15 | ||
| Conclusions | 18 | ||
| Notes and References\r | 19 | ||
| 2 Development’s encounter with sexuality:essentialism and beyond | 22 | ||
| Conceptualizing ‘sex’: essentialism and constructivism | 22 | ||
| Development’s encounters with sexuality | 24 | ||
| Figure 2.1 | 29 | ||
| Contextualizing sexual rights frames | 33 | ||
| Reflections and recommendations | 38 | ||
| Notes and References\r | 40 | ||
| 3 Sexual rights are human rights | 45 | ||
| Timing and contexts | 46 | ||
| So what are the obstacles to progress? | 47 | ||
| The challenges to and of maintaining the status quo | 48 | ||
| The opportunities we must seize | 50 | ||
| Notes | 51 | ||
| References | 53 | ||
| 4 Sex work, trafficking and HIV: how development is compromising sex workers’ human rights | 54 | ||
| The conflation of trafficking and sex work | 55 | ||
| Victimhood, consent and gender in the United Nations Palermo Protocol | 57 | ||
| The shift from anti-trafficking to anti-prostitution in development funding | 59 | ||
| Shifting farther away from sex workers’ rights | 61 | ||
| Putting ideology first: who’s selling out? | 63 | ||
| Notes and References | 65 | ||
| 5 The language of rights | 67 | ||
| Queer thoughts on the rights language | 68 | ||
| Conclusion | 74 | ||
| Box 5.1 Activism Against Violence Against Women | 70 | ||
| Box 5.2 Prayas | 71 | ||
| Box 5.3 Antakshiri | 72 | ||
| Box 5.4 Sovereignty and Citizenship | 73 | ||
| Notes and References\r | 76 | ||
| 6 Children’s sexual rights in an era \rof HIV/AIDS | 77 | ||
| Race, class, gender in South African AIDS | 78 | ||
| Constructing sexual rights in the context of HIV/AIDS | 80 | ||
| Conclusion | 83 | ||
| References | 84 | ||
| 7 The rights of man | 86 | ||
| Male responsibilities? | 86 | ||
| The sexual oppression of (some) men | 87 | ||
| Men’s experience of sexual violence | 89 | ||
| Sexuality and masculinity | 90 | ||
| Conclusion | 91 | ||
| References | 92 | ||
| 8 Human rights interrupted: an illustration \rfrom India | 93 | ||
| Section 377 and sexuality | 94 | ||
| Human rights arguments, generic limitations | 95 | ||
| Human rights interrupted | 97 | ||
| Ways forward | 99 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 101 | ||
| Notes | 102 | ||
| References | 103 | ||
| 9 Discrimination against lesbians in \rthe workplace | 107 | ||
| Lesbians as women workers: the Latin American context | 108 | ||
| Sexual rights in Latin America: the legal context | 109 | ||
| Lesbians in Latin America: the struggle for visibility | 110 | ||
| Sexual orientation and gender expression: two dimensions of discrimination against lesbians in the workplace | 112 | ||
| Discrimination based on sexual preference/orientation | 113 | ||
| Discrimination based on gender expression | 115 | ||
| ‘Survival’ strategies | 115 | ||
| Successes | 116 | ||
| Conclusions | 117 | ||
| Notes | 119 | ||
| References | 120 | ||
| 10 Ruling masculinities in post-apartheid South Africa\r | 121 | ||
| Jacob Zuma and ‘a better life for all’ | 121 | ||
| ‘Wrong’ sex, the Bill of Rights and discursive political acts | 123 | ||
| The organization of sexual life and the role of ruling masculinity | 128 | ||
| Ruling heterosexual masculinity’s relation to ‘a better life’ in post-apartheid South Africa\r | 129 | ||
| National, social and cultural development: sexual war zones | 130 | ||
| Conclusion | 132 | ||
| Notes and References\r | 133 | ||
| 11Gender, identity and travesti rights in Peru | 136 | ||
| Colonial ordinances and assumptions | 136 | ||
| The pre-Hispanic gender continuum and colonial reaction | 137 | ||
| Controlling bodies | 138 | ||
| Figure 11.1 | 139 | ||
| The twenty-first-century travesti | 140 | ||
| Reflections | 143 | ||
| Notes and References\r | 144 | ||
| 12 Small powers, little choice: reproductive and sexual rights in slums in Bangladesh | 146 | ||
| Background | 146 | ||
| Love affairs and changing marriage practices | 147 | ||
| Instability of marriages | 149 | ||
| Sexuality and desires | 151 | ||
| Sexuality and power | 157 | ||
| Conclusion | 158 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 158 | ||
| Notes and References\r | 159 | ||
| 13 Social and political inclusion of sexworkers as a preventive measure against trafficking: Serbian experiences | 161 | ||
| The unacknowledged vulnerability of sex workers to trafficking | 161 | ||
| Combating trafficking in Serbia: narratives, policies and actors | 163 | ||
| Punishment rather than protection | 169 | ||
| State (police) violence is what prevails | 171 | ||
| Migration: a non-solution | 173 | ||
| Conclusion | 174 | ||
| Notes and References\r | 176 | ||
| 14 Confronting our prejudices: women’s movement experiences in Bangladesh | 181 | ||
| Putting sexual freedom on the agenda | 181 | ||
| Making alliances, becoming attiyo | 182 | ||
| Going public | 183 | ||
| Reframing sex work | 184 | ||
| Reflections | 185 | ||
| 15 Sexuality education as a human right: lessons from Nigeria | 187 | ||
| Learning about sexuality | 187 | ||
| Sexuality education, human rights and development | 187 | ||
| Prospects and challenges: lessons from Nigeria | 190 | ||
| Challenges | 195 | ||
| Conclusion | 195 | ||
| References | 197 | ||
| 16 Terms of contact and touching change: investigating pleasure in an HIV epidemic | 199 | ||
| Sexual contexts | 200 | ||
| Learning about pleasure | 201 | ||
| Sexual rights and pleasure | 204 | ||
| Transforming sexual behaviour – pleasure and safety | 206 | ||
| Building capacity for sexual health, safety and rights | 208 | ||
| Note and References | 209 | ||
| 17 A democracy of sexuality: linkages and strategies for sexual rights, participation and development | 210 | ||
| Sexuality, rights and development | 210 | ||
| Sexual rights and rights-based development | 211 | ||
| The integrality of rights | 213 | ||
| Perspectives on poverty | 216 | ||
| Participation as a strategy for sexual rights | 217 | ||
| Challenges of participation for sexual rights | 219 | ||
| Final reflections | 222 | ||
| Acknowledgements, Note and References | 223 | ||
| 18 Integrating sexuality into gender and human rights frameworks: a case study from Turkey | 225 | ||
| Sexuality as a crucial domain of women’s human rights | 226 | ||
| Integrating sexuality into human rights agendas in Turkey | 228 | ||
| Bringing sexual rights into the public discourse: the campaign for the reform of the Turkish Penal Code from a gender perspective (2002–04) | 236 | ||
| Conclusion | 240 | ||
| Notes and References | 241 | ||
| About the authors | 243 | ||
| Index | 249 |