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Free Trade

Free Trade

Graham Dunkley

(2008)

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Book Details

Abstract

In this book Australian economist, Graham Dunkley, explains and critiques the crucial concept of free trade. A policy of free trade is central to today's world-dominating globalization project. The more euphoric globalists uncritically assume that it has universal and unequivocal benefits for all people and countries. And the perpetual negotiations of the World Trade Organization are wholly based on this presumption. Graham Dunkley shows, however, that leading economists have always been more sceptical about free trade doctrine than the dogmatic globalizers realize. There are more holes in free trade theory than its advocates grasp. And the benefits of free trade in practice are more limited and contingent than they acknowledge. He also argues that the World Bank's long-time push for export-led development is misguided. A more democratic world trading order is necessary and possible. And more interventionist, self-reliant trade policies are feasible, especially if a more holistic view of economic development goals is adopted.
Dr Graham Dunkley is an economist at the Victoria University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia. He has been a Visiting Fellow at the University of Warwick in the UK. His wide-ranging interests and activities include policy development work with various environmental organisations and also, over many years, with the Australian Labor Party as well as trade unions and the Labour Resource Centre. He has travelled extensively in Europe and Asia, has had experience in project work with Community Aid (Oxfam Australia), and writes for the Australian media.
'An incisive and informative analysis of why free trade derails development, this book serves as an indispensable road map for those seeking to hack their way out of the neoliberal thicket.' Walden Bello 'This thought-provoking book is a valuable contribution to one of the greatest debates of our time, namely, trade and development. Some of its theses may be highly debatable, but all of them demand close attention.' Ha-Joon Chang

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
cover cover
Contents v
List of Tables viii
Abbreviations\r ix
Preface xiii
1: Introduction 1
Trade: The Making of an Obsession 3
In-Your-Face Globalisation 4
Globalism: Three Myths 5
Free Trade: Five Myths 8
Challenging TINA – There are Alternatives! 11
Different Goals for Different Trade and Development 16
Note 17
2: Debating Free Trade Doctrine Forever 18
The Smith–Ricardo Revolution 19
Free Trade Doctrine 22
Comparative Advantage 24
Gains from Trade 26
Assumptions, Assumptions! 34
Here Come the Corollaries 40
The Rise of Not-Quite-Free Trade 43
Conclusion 46
3: Two Centuries of Free Trade Dissent\r 48
Heresy before Orthodoxy 49
The Keynesian Bombshell 54
History versus Equilibrium 56
Heretics in the Temple 59
Conclusion 62
Notes 62
4: Trading and Free Trade in History and Reality 63
A Clash of Propensities 64
Trade and Markets Embedded 66
Trade’s Loss of Innocence 70
The Myth of Free Trade Beneficence 75
Free Trade, War and Peace 80
The Legend of the Thirties 83
Trade and Manifest Destiny 86
Conclusion 95
Notes 95
5: Development, Myths and Alternatives 97
Inventing Development 98
There Are Alternatives! 100
Trading Development 103
Of Ladders, Lock-in and Scale Economies 105
The Terms-of-Trade Problem 106
Globalisation, Poverty and Inequality 108
Belaboured Playing Fields 112
Human Development and the r-Curve 114
Greening Trade or Trading the Green? 117
Development, Globalisation and Women 119
The Neglect of Agriculture 121
Small Farms Are Beautiful 123
The Organic Agriculture Revolution 124
Culture, Community, Values and Tradition 125
Conclusion 134
Notes 134
6: Import-Substitution versus Export-Orientation\r 136
An Elite Consensus 137
Models, Numbers and Export Cults 139
Welfare Methods 142
Modelling Methods 143
Case Study Methods 149
Industry Policy Does Work! 155
Conclusion 158
Notes 159
7: The Self-Reliance Option 161
A Respectable Lineage 162
Defining Self-Reliance 163
The Case for Self-Reliance 165
The Feasibility of Self-Reliance 167
Ten Reasons Why Self-Reliance Is More Feasible than Globalisers Admit 172
Alternative Development and Self-Reliance 183
Conclusion 185
Notes 186
8: Free Trade: \rThe WTO, Global Myths and Alternatives 188
Foundation Assumptions 189
The WTO in Principle 191
The WTO in Practice 194
Alternatives 213
A More Participatory, Cooperative World Order 215
Conclusion 219
Notes 220
9: Conclusion 221
References 230
Index 247