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Private Security in Africa

Private Security in Africa

Doctor Paul Higate | Mats Utas

(2017)

Abstract

Across Africa, growing economic inequality, instability and urbanization have led to the rapid spread of private security providers. While these PSPs have already had a significant impact on African societies, their impact has so far received little in the way of comprehensive analysis.

Drawing on a wide range of disciplinary approaches, and encompassing anthropology, sociology and political science, Private Security in Africa offers unique insight into the lives and experiences of security providers and those affected by them, as well as into the fragile state context which has allowed them to thrive. Featuring original empirical research and case studies ranging from private policing in South Africa to the recruitment of Sierra Leoneans for private security work in Iraq, the book considers the full implications of PSPs for security and the state, not only for Africa but for the world as a whole.


‘An important addition to understanding the complex nexus between private and state security provision in fragile states. This is a useful and welcome book that adds new interpretations and insight into the increasingly important roles performed by multiple security actors.’
Kwesi Aning, Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Ghana

‘Offers a view of private security in Africa “from below”. Its chapters provide compelling accounts for readers interested in the everyday assemblages of African security.’
Anna Leander, editor of The Commercialization of Security in Europe

‘An essential contribution to the scholarship on security assemblages and private security in Africa. It should be compulsory reading for any academic and policy expert concerned with the state of African security today.’
Christopher Kinsey, author of Corporate Soldiers and International Security

‘Ranging from secret societies in Sierra Leone to private security companies in South Africa, this important book provides a major contribution to the theory and practical understanding of the everyday experience of private security across Africa.’
Paul Jackson, University of Birmingham

‘Bringing together some of the best scholars on private security in sub-Saharan Africa, this collection offers a detailed reminder that the local and global are invariably intertwined and that commercial efforts to achieve security may blend in surprising ways companies, development and human rights NGOs, local communities and state actors.’
Bruce Baker, Coventry University

‘Higate and Utas have produced a cohesive collection of insightful essays on the politics of private security in Africa (and beyond). Theoretically sophisticated and empirically informed, this impressive volume will be the baseline for future scholarship for years to come.’
Kevin Dunn, Hobart and William Smith Colleges

‘The global trend of privatising security has received little systematic attention. This highly recommended book starts to close this gap and raises important questions about what this means for the role of the state in this age of uncertainty.’
Morten Bøås, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs

‘Through the adoption of an ethnographic lens, this volume provides a compelling account of everyday private security practices and the kaleidoscopic configurations within which they blend and assemble.’
Daniel C.Bach, Sciences Po Bordeaux (Emeritus)

'The contributions in the book undoubtedly add a high level of high quality empirical evidence to understanding Africa's security.'
Oslo Review of Docs and Books

'A key strength of the book is its use of empirical findings for a new theorization of how we are to understand private security in the African continent … I would recommend this book to students, academics interested in security studies, including policy analysts in both public and private spaces.'
Africa at LSE

'The authors provide a snapshot into complex and compelling scenarios of security governance in spaces where plurality is the norm … an interesting and compelling read.'
African Studies Review


Paul Higate is a reader in gender and security at the University of Bristol.

Mats Utas is a senior lecturer in the Department of Cultural Anthropology and Ethnology at Uppsala University. He is the editor of African Conflicts and Informal Power (Zed 2012).

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover Cover
Title Page v
Copyright vi
Contents vii
Acknowledgements viii
Introduction 1
1: Golden Assemblages: Security and Development in Tanzania’s Gold Mines\r 15
Theorizing Global Security Assemblages 16
Widening Security, Expanding the Assemblage 20
Transformation, Contestation and Difference 25
Acknowledgement 28
Notes 29
Bibliography 29
2: Failed, Weak or Fake State? The Role of Private Security in Somalia\r 32
The Promise of the Conventional Approach 33
The Desert of the Real 34
Adjusting Expectations 37
‘Private’ Security Firms Amidst State Collapse\r 40
State Substitution 41
Alternative Indigenous Networks 44
Company Connections to the Broader Political Environment 44
Conclusion 47
Acknowledgement 48
Notes 48
Bibliography 49
3: Private Security Beyond the Private Sector: Community Policing and Secret Societies in Sierra Leone\r 52
Paramount and Lesser Chiefs in Sierra Leone 53
Chiefs and the Importance of Origin 54
Local Policing Partnership Boards: Co-Opting the Private\r 56
The Role of LPPBs in Order-Making\r 59
The Role of the Poro in Order-Making 61
The Poro Society and the Kondehs’ Loss of Land 61
Conclusion 65
Notes 66
Bibliography 66
4: The Underbelly of Global Security: Sierra Leonean Ex-Militias in Iraq\r 70
Global Security from Below: Between Recognition and Racialization 73
Registering for ‘Overseas Youth Employment’ 75
Waiting for Deployment: The Politics of Suspension\r 77
Pre-Deployment Training: Learning ‘White Man Culture’\r 79
Experiences of Misrecognition and Degradation in Iraq 81
Making Sense of Uneven Distributions: Vocabularies of Race and Slavery 83
Conclusion: Sierra Leonean Ex-Militias as Intrinsic to Global Security Provision\r 86
Notes 87
Bibliography 88
5: Who Do You Call? Private Security Policing in Durban, South Africa\r 90
Introduction 90
South Africa: The ‘Champion’ of the Industry 91
Twilight Policing 95
Concluding Remarks 103
Notes 104
Bibliography 105
6: Security Sector Reform as Trojan Horse? The New Security Assemblages of Privatized Military Training in Liberia\r 107
American Strategic Imperatives for Engagement in Liberia 109
Military Assistance as a Bundle of Practices 110
Building the Liberian Army 111
Cooperation and Competition 112
Contracting as Security Assemblage 113
Conclusions 115
Acknowledgement 116
Notes 116
List of Respondents 117
Bibliography 117
7: Political Becoming and Non-State Emergence in Kenya’s Security Sector: Mungiki as Security Operator\r 120
Global Security Assemblage and Ethnographies of Non-State Security 120
Framing Security Reform and the Disassembly of the Security Sector in Kenya 122
Securing the One-Party State 123
Democratization and Increased Security Fragmentation 124
Securitization of Africa 126
Mungiki as a Vehicle for Social and Political Becoming 128
The Emergence of Militarized Youth Groups 131
Mungiki’s Everyday Performances of Security, Development and Violence 132
Mungiki and the International Criminal Court (ICC) 134
Conclusion 137
Acknowledgements 139
Note 139
Bibliography 139
8: Parapluies Politiques: The Everyday Politics of Private Security in the Democratic Republic of Congo 142
The Congolese Private Security Sector at Large 143
The Trajectory and Topography of Congo’s Private Security Companies 145
The Emergence of Private Security in the DRC (1990–97): Securing International Business\r 146
Consolidation of the Private Security Sector (1998–2003): Securing the ‘International Community’ 147
The Two Logics of Everyday Public Security 149
Everyday Geographies of Complicity 151
Of Security Mimicry and Membership 153
Security as Mediated (Dis)connection 155
Conclusions 159
Notes 160
Bibliography 161
Epilogue: African Assemblages of Private Security 164
Other Dimensions of the African Security Assemblage 169
Notes 174
Bibliography 174
About the Editors and Contributors 177
Index 179