Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The new edition of this classic book continues to support a new generation of dental students in their understanding of the essential aspects of oral pathology and oral medicine as they relate to the day-to-day practice of dentistry. Fully updated throughout with the latest diagnostic tests, treatment protocols and international guidelines, the book now comes with Pageburst – an exciting product which provides readers with an eBook – giving them the printed book, plus access to the complete book content electronically. Histology slides within the e-book can be magnified by the reader simulating the use of the microscope and aiding learning by the addition of overlays.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Front Cover | cover | ||
Cawson's Essentials of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine | i | ||
Copyright Page | iv | ||
Table Of Contents | v | ||
Preface | xv | ||
References | xvii | ||
1 Principles of investigation, diagnosis and treatment | 1 | ||
Taking a history | 1 | ||
Demographic details | 2 | ||
History of the present complaint | 2 | ||
Medical history | 2 | ||
The dental history | 5 | ||
The family and social history | 5 | ||
Consent | 5 | ||
Clinical examination | 6 | ||
Extraoral | 6 | ||
Oral examination | 6 | ||
Soft tissues | 6 | ||
Teeth | 7 | ||
Medical examination | 8 | ||
Clinical differential diagnosis | 8 | ||
Investigations | 9 | ||
Screening and diagnostic tests | 9 | ||
Imaging | 9 | ||
Histopathology | 10 | ||
Value and limitations | 10 | ||
Biopsy | 11 | ||
Selecting the biopsy site | 11 | ||
Surgical biopsy methods | 11 | ||
Frozen sections | 13 | ||
Fine needle aspiration biopsy | 13 | ||
Brush biopsy and exfoliative cytology | 13 | ||
Laboratory procedures | 14 | ||
Fixation | 14 | ||
Tissue processing | 14 | ||
Some common stains used for microscopy | 14 | ||
Decalcified and ground (undecalcified) sections | 14 | ||
Immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical staining | 14 | ||
Molecular biological tests | 15 | ||
Polymerase chain reaction and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis | 17 | ||
In situ hybridisation and fluorescent in situ hybridisation analysis | 17 | ||
Haematology, clinical chemistry and serology | 18 | ||
Microbiology | 18 | ||
Other clinical tests | 20 | ||
Interpreting investigations and making a diagnosis and treatment plan | 20 | ||
1 Hard tissue pathology | 23 | ||
2 Disorders of tooth development | 23 | ||
Abnormalities in the number of teeth | 23 | ||
Anodontia | 23 | ||
Isolated oligodontia | 23 | ||
Oligodontia or anodontia with systemic defects | 23 | ||
Anhidrotic (hereditary) ectodermal dysplasia | 23 | ||
Other conditions associated with oligodontia | 24 | ||
Additional teeth: hyperdontia | 24 | ||
Effects and treatment | 25 | ||
Syndromes associated with hyperdontia | 25 | ||
Defective enamel formation | 25 | ||
Defects of deciduous teeth | 25 | ||
Defects of permanent teeth | 25 | ||
Amelogenesis imperfecta ➔ Summary chart 2.1 p. 26 | 25 | ||
Hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta | 27 | ||
Hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta | 27 | ||
Hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta | 28 | ||
Chronological hypoplasia ➔ Summary chart 2.1 p. 26 | 29 | ||
Molar-incisor hypomineralisation ➔ Summary chart 2.1 p. 26 | 30 | ||
Defective dentine formation ➔ Summary chart 2.1 p. 26 | 30 | ||
Osteogenesis imperfecta with opalescent teeth ➔ Summary chart 2.1 p. 26 | 31 | ||
Dentinogenesis imperfecta ➔ Summary chart 2.1 p. 26 | 31 | ||
Clinical features | 31 | ||
Tooth structure | 32 | ||
Dentinal dysplasia (‘rootless’ teeth) ➔ Summary chart 2.1 p. 26 | 32 | ||
Dentinal dysplasia (previously type 1 but now the only type) | 32 | ||
Dentinal dysplasia ‘type 2’ | 33 | ||
Defects of enamel and dentine ➔ Summary chart 2.1 p. 26 | 33 | ||
Regional odontodysplasia (ghost teeth) ➔ Summary chart 2.2 p. 27 | 33 | ||
Segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia | 34 | ||
Other systemic diseases affecting teeth | 35 | ||
Other metabolic disturbances | 35 | ||
Ehlers–Danlos syndromes | 36 | ||
Gardner’s syndrome (familial adenomatous polyposis) | 36 | ||
Epidermolysis bullosa | 36 | ||
Congenital syphilis ➔ Summary chart 2.1 p. 26 | 36 | ||
Vitamin D-resistant rickets | 37 | ||
Extrinsic agents affecting teeth ➔ Summary chart 2.1 p. 26 | 37 | ||
Drugs | 37 | ||
Tetracycline pigmentation | 37 | ||
Cytotoxic chemotherapy | 38 | ||
Fluorosis ➔ Summary chart 2.1 p. 26 | 38 | ||
Clinical features | 38 | ||
Pathology | 39 | ||
Other acquired developmental anomalies | 40 | ||
Dilaceration | 40 | ||
Fetal alcohol syndrome | 40 | ||
Rhesus incompatibility | 40 | ||
Odontomes | 41 | ||
Disorders of eruption | 42 | ||
Normal eruption | 42 | ||
Natal teeth | 43 | ||
Delayed eruption | 43 | ||
Changes affecting buried teeth | 43 | ||
3 Disorders of development | 45 | ||
Clefts of lip or palate | 45 | ||
Cleft lip and cleft palate | 45 | ||
Management | 47 | ||
Dental defects | 48 | ||
Isolated cleft palate | 48 | ||
Submucous cleft palate | 48 | ||
Management | 48 | ||
Syndromic cleft lip and palate | 48 | ||
Other facial clefts | 48 | ||
Stafne’s idiopathic bone cavity | 49 | ||
Hereditary prognathism | 49 | ||
Ankyloglossia | 49 | ||
Cowden’s syndrome | 50 | ||
Other craniofacial malformations | 50 | ||
4 Dental caries | 53 | ||
Aetiology | 53 | ||
Bacterial plaque | 53 | ||
Stages of formation of bacterial plaque | 54 | ||
Microbiology | 54 | ||
The ecological plaque hypothesis | 55 | ||
Bacterial polysaccharides | 55 | ||
Acid production in plaque | 56 | ||
Plaque minerals | 57 | ||
Sucrose | 57 | ||
Epidemiological studies | 57 | ||
Experimental studies on humans | 58 | ||
Susceptibility of teeth to caries | 59 | ||
Effects of fluorides | 60 | ||
Saliva and dental caries | 60 | ||
Buffering power | 60 | ||
Inorganic components and enamel maturation | 60 | ||
Antibacterial activities | 60 | ||
Immunological defences | 60 | ||
Pathology of enamel caries | 61 | ||
The early caries lesion | 61 | ||
Cavitation: cavity formation | 64 | ||
Pathology of dentine caries | 65 | ||
Protective reactions of dentine and pulp under caries | 67 | ||
Clinical aspects of caries pathology | 68 | ||
Arrested caries and remineralisation | 68 | ||
Caries in deciduous teeth | 69 | ||
Hidden caries | 70 | ||
Root surface caries | 70 | ||
Clinical aspects of reactions to caries | 70 | ||
5 Pulpitis and apical periodontitis | 73 | ||
Pulpitis ➔ Summary charts 5.1 and 5.2, pp. 79, 80 | 73 | ||
Clinical features | 73 | ||
Pathology | 74 | ||
Management | 76 | ||
Pulp calcifications | 77 | ||
Periapical periodontitis, abscess and granuloma ➔ Summary chart 5.2, p. 80 | 77 | ||
Acute apical periodontitis ➔ Summary chart 5.1, p. 79 | 78 | ||
Clinical features | 78 | ||
Pathology and sequelae | 78 | ||
Acute apical (dentoalveolar) abscess | 79 | ||
Chronic apical periodontitis and periapical granuloma ➔ Summary chart 5.1, p. 79 | 81 | ||
Clinical features | 81 | ||
Pathology | 81 | ||
Treatment and sequelae | 81 | ||
6 Tooth wear, resorption, hypercementosis and osseointegration | 85 | ||
Tooth wear | 85 | ||
Attrition | 85 | ||
Abrasion | 85 | ||
Erosion | 86 | ||
Abfraction | 87 | ||
Bruxism | 87 | ||
Management | 87 | ||
Resorption of teeth | 88 | ||
Resorption of deciduous teeth | 88 | ||
Resorption of permanent teeth | 88 | ||
Idiopathic resorption | 89 | ||
Hypercementosis | 91 | ||
Pathology of osseointegration | 91 | ||
Implant failure and peri-implantitis | 93 | ||
7 Gingival and periodontal diseases | 95 | ||
The normal periodontal tissues | 95 | ||
Gingival and periodontal fibres | 96 | ||
Gingival crevicular fluid (exudate) | 96 | ||
Classification of periodontal diseases | 96 | ||
Chronic gingivitis | 96 | ||
Clinical features | 97 | ||
Pathology | 97 | ||
Microbiology | 97 | ||
Management | 98 | ||
Systemic predisposing factors | 99 | ||
Pregnancy | 99 | ||
Other conditions | 99 | ||
Chronic periodontitis | 99 | ||
Clinical features | 99 | ||
Radiography | 99 | ||
Aetiology | 99 | ||
Microbiology | 100 | ||
Microbial virulence factors | 101 | ||
Pathology | 101 | ||
Systemic predisposing factors | 103 | ||
Smoking | 103 | ||
Diabetes mellitus | 104 | ||
Osteoporosis | 105 | ||
General principles of management of chronic periodontitis | 105 | ||
Treatment of periodontal pockets | 105 | ||
Role of antibiotics | 106 | ||
Treatment of advanced periodontal disease | 106 | ||
Prognosis in periodontal disease | 106 | ||
Complications of chronic periodontitis | 106 | ||
Gingival recession | 107 | ||
Treatment of gingival recession | 108 | ||
Aggressive periodontitis | 108 | ||
Localised aggressive periodontitis | 108 | ||
Generalised aggressive periodontitis | 108 | ||
Treatment of aggressive periodontitis | 108 | ||
‘Prepubertal’ periodontitis | 109 | ||
Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease | 109 | ||
Down’s syndrome | 109 | ||
Papillon–lefèvre syndrome | 110 | ||
Periodontal (lateral) abscess | 110 | ||
Clinical features | 110 | ||
Pathology | 110 | ||
Treatment | 110 | ||
Acute pericoronitis | 110 | ||
Clinical features | 111 | ||
Management | 111 | ||
Acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis | 112 | ||
Clinical features | 112 | ||
Aetiology | 112 | ||
Treatment | 113 | ||
HIV-associated periodontitis | 113 | ||
Management | 113 | ||
Gingival enlargement | 113 | ||
Hereditary gingival fibromatosis | 113 | ||
Drug-induced gingival overgrowth | 114 | ||
Localised juvenile spongiotic gingivitis | 115 | ||
Plasminogen deficiency gingivitis | 115 | ||
Other inflammatory gingival swellings | 115 | ||
8 Infections of the jaws | 117 | ||
Normal healing of an extraction socket | 117 | ||
Alveolar osteitis | 117 | ||
Aetiology | 117 | ||
Clinical features | 119 | ||
Pathology | 119 | ||
Prevention | 119 | ||
Treatment | 120 | ||
Osteomyelitis of the jaws | 120 | ||
Acute osteomyelitis ➔ Summary charts 5.1 and 13.1 pp. 79, 222 | 120 | ||
Clinical features | 120 | ||
Pathology | 121 | ||
Management | 121 | ||
Complications and resolution | 122 | ||
Chronic osteomyelitis ➔ Summary charts 5.1 and 13.1 pp. 79, 222 | 122 | ||
Clinical features | 122 | ||
Pathology | 123 | ||
Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis | 123 | ||
Chronic low-grade focal osteomyelitis and sclerosing osteitis ➔ Summary charts 5.1, 13.1 and 12.2 pp. 79, 222, 203 | 124 | ||
Osteoradionecrosis | 124 | ||
Proliferative periostitis | 125 | ||
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (MRONJ) | 125 | ||
Management | 126 | ||
Traumatic sequestrum | 127 | ||
Sclerotic bone islands | 128 | ||
9 Major infections of the mouth and face | 129 | ||
Periapical (dentoalveolar) abscess | 129 | ||
Collateral oedema | 129 | ||
‘Fascial’ or tissue space infections | 129 | ||
Facial cellulitis ➔ Summary charts 5.1 and 34.1 pp. 79, 461 | 130 | ||
Pathology | 131 | ||
Ludwig’s angina | 131 | ||
Management | 132 | ||
Facial abscess | 132 | ||
Antibiotic abscess | 133 | ||
Necrotising fasciitis ➔ Summary chart 5.1 p. 79 | 133 | ||
Cavernous sinus thrombosis ➔ Summary chart 5.1 p. 79 | 133 | ||
Noma (cancrum oris, necrotising stomatitis) | 134 | ||
Management | 134 | ||
Actinomycosis | 135 | ||
Pathology | 135 | ||
Management | 136 | ||
Other ‘actinomycoses’ | 136 | ||
The systemic mycoses | 136 | ||
Mucormycosis | 137 | ||
Systemic infections by oral bacteria | 137 | ||
Infective endocarditis | 138 | ||
Lung and brain abscesses | 138 | ||
10 Cysts in and around the jaws | 139 | ||
Classification of cysts | 139 | ||
Common features of jaw cysts | 140 | ||
Treatment of jaw cysts | 141 | ||
Treatment of soft tissue cysts | 142 | ||
Odontogenic cysts | 142 | ||
Radicular cyst ➔ Summary chart 10.1 p. 163 | 142 | ||
Clinical features | 142 | ||
Radiography | 143 | ||
Pathogenesis | 143 | ||
Histopathology | 143 | ||
Differential diagnosis | 144 | ||
Treatment | 144 | ||
Lateral radicular cyst ➔ Summary chart 10.1 p. 163 | 146 | ||
Residual radicular cyst ➔ Summary chart 10.1 p. 163 | 146 | ||
Inflammatory collateral cysts | 146 | ||
Dentigerous cysts ➔ Summary chart 10.1 p. 163 | 146 | ||
Clinical features | 147 | ||
Radiography | 147 | ||
Pathogenesis | 147 | ||
Histopathology | 147 | ||
Differential diagnosis | 148 | ||
Treatment | 148 | ||
Eruption cyst | 148 | ||
Odontogenic keratocyst ➔ Summary charts 10.1 and 10.2 pp. 163, 164 | 149 | ||
Clinical features | 149 | ||
Radiography | 149 | ||
Pathogenesis | 150 | ||
The possible neoplastic nature of odontogenic keratocysts | 150 | ||
Histopathology | 151 | ||
Differential diagnosis | 151 | ||
Treatment and recurrence | 151 | ||
Basal cell naevus syndrome | 153 | ||
Orthokeratinised odontogenic cyst | 154 | ||
Lateral periodontal cysts | 155 | ||
Botryoid odontogenic cysts | 155 | ||
Glandular odontogenic cyst | 156 | ||
Calcifying odontogenic cyst | 156 | ||
Carcinoma arising in odontogenic cysts | 157 | ||
Gingival cyst of the newborn | 157 | ||
Epstein’s pearls | 158 | ||
Gingival cyst of adults | 158 | ||
Non-odontogenic cysts | 158 | ||
Nasopalatine duct or incisive canal cyst | 158 | ||
Clinical features | 158 | ||
Pathogenesis and pathology | 159 | ||
Nasolabial cyst | 160 | ||
Sublingual dermoid cyst | 160 | ||
Thyroglossal duct cyst | 161 | ||
Branchial cyst | 161 | ||
Foregut cyst | 162 | ||
Other cysts in other chapters | 162 | ||
11 Odontogenic tumours and related jaw lesions | 165 | ||
Benign epithelial tumours | 165 | ||
Ameloblastomas ➔ Summary chart 10.2 p. 164 | 165 | ||
Solid/multicystic or ‘conventional’ ameloblastoma | 165 | ||
Pathology | 166 | ||
Behaviour and treatment | 168 | ||
Desmoplastic ameloblastoma | 168 | ||
Metastasising ameloblastoma | 169 | ||
Unicystic ameloblastoma ➔ Summary chart 10.1 p. 163 | 169 | ||
Squamous odontogenic tumour | 170 | ||
Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour ➔ Summary chart 11.1 p. 185 | 170 | ||
Pathology | 171 | ||
Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour ➔ Summary charts 10.1 and 11.1 pp. 163, 185 | 172 | ||
Pathology | 172 | ||
Benign epithelial and mesenchymal tumours | 172 | ||
Ameloblastic fibroma ➔ Summary chart 10.1 p. 163 | 172 | ||
Pathology | 173 | ||
Ameloblastic fibrodentinoma and fibro-odontome | 173 | ||
Primordial odontogenic tumour | 173 | ||
Odontomes (odontomas*) ➔ Summary charts 11.1 and 12.1 pp. 185, 202 | 173 | ||
Compound odontome | 174 | ||
Complex odontome | 174 | ||
Other types of odontome | 175 | ||
Calcifying odontogenic cyst ➔ Summary chart 11.1 p. 185 | 176 | ||
Dentinogenic ghost cell tumour ➔ Summary charts 11.1 and 13.1 pp. 185, 222 | 176 | ||
Benign mesenchymal tumours | 177 | ||
Odontogenic fibroma ➔ Summary chart 10.1 p. 163 | 177 | ||
2 Soft tissue disease | 235 | ||
15 Diseases of the oral mucosa | 235 | ||
Ulcers ➔ Summary charts 15.2, 16.2 and 16.3 pp. 253, 280, 281 | 235 | ||
Herpesvirus diseases | 235 | ||
Primary herpetic stomatitis ➔ Summary chart 15.2 p. 253 | 235 | ||
Clinical features | 235 | ||
Pathology | 236 | ||
Diagnosis | 236 | ||
Treatment | 237 | ||
Latency | 238 | ||
Herpes labialis ➔ Summary chart 15.2 p. 253 | 238 | ||
Treatment | 238 | ||
Herpetic whitlow | 239 | ||
Herpes zoster of the trigeminal nerve ➔ Summary chart 15.2 p. 253 | 239 | ||
Clinical features | 239 | ||
Pathology | 239 | ||
Management | 240 | ||
Complications | 240 | ||
Ramsay Hunt syndrome | 240 | ||
Cytomegalovirus ulcers | 240 | ||
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease ➔ Summary chart 15.2 p. 253 | 240 | ||
Clinical features | 240 | ||
Herpangina | 241 | ||
Measles | 241 | ||
Chicken pox | 241 | ||
Tuberculosis | 242 | ||
Pathology | 242 | ||
Management | 242 | ||
Syphilis | 242 | ||
Congenital syphilis | 242 | ||
Primary syphilis | 243 | ||
Secondary syphilis | 243 | ||
Tertiary syphilis | 243 | ||
Management | 243 | ||
Candidosis | 244 | ||
Thrush ➔ Summary chart 15.1 and 19.1 pp. 252, 314 | 244 | ||
Clinical features | 244 | ||
Pathology | 245 | ||
Management | 245 | ||
Angular cheilitis ➔ Summary chart 15.1 p. 252 | 246 | ||
Management | 246 | ||
Erythematous candidosis ➔ Summary charts 15.1 and 19.3 pp. 252, 316 | 246 | ||
Acute antibiotic stomatitis ➔ Summary chart 15.1 p. 252 | 246 | ||
Median rhomboid glossitis ➔ Summary charts 15.3 and 19.3 pp. 252, 316 | 247 | ||
3 Systemic disease in dentistry | 391 | ||
27 Anaemias, leukaemias and lymphomas | 391 | ||
Anaemia | 391 | ||
Clinical features | 391 | ||
Mucosal disease | 391 | ||
Glossitis | 391 | ||
Recurrent aphthae | 392 | ||
Candidosis and angular stomatitis | 392 | ||
Dangers of general anaesthesia | 392 | ||
Lowered resistance to infection | 392 | ||
Sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait | 392 | ||
Sickle cell disease | 392 | ||
Dental aspects | 392 | ||
The thalassaemias | 393 | ||
Leukaemia | 393 | ||
Acute leukaemia ➔ Summary chart 24.2 p. 373 | 393 | ||
Management | 393 | ||
Chronic leukaemia | 394 | ||
Management | 394 | ||
Lymphomas | 394 | ||
Hodgkin’s lymphoma | 395 | ||
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas | 395 | ||
Burkitt’s lymphoma | 395 | ||
MALT lymphoma | 396 | ||
Management | 396 | ||
Nasopharyngeal extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma | 396 | ||
Other types of lymphoma | 397 | ||
Leucopenia and agranulocytosis | 397 | ||
Aplastic anaemia | 398 | ||
Agranulocytosis | 398 | ||
Cyclic neutropenia | 398 | ||
28 Haemorrhagic disorders | 399 | ||
Preoperative investigation | 399 | ||
Laboratory investigations | 399 | ||
Management of prolonged dental bleeding | 399 | ||
Blood vessel abnormalities | 399 | ||
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia | 399 | ||
Angina bullosa haemorrhagica | 400 | ||
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome | 401 | ||
Purpura and platelet disorders | 401 | ||
General features of purpura | 401 | ||
Management | 401 | ||
Causes of purpura | 401 | ||
Clotting disorders | 402 | ||
Haemophilia A | 402 | ||
Clinical features | 402 | ||
Principles of management | 402 | ||
Christmas disease (haemophilia B) | 403 | ||
Acquired clotting defects | 403 | ||
Coumarin anticoagulant treatment | 403 | ||
Novel anticoagulants | 404 | ||
Heparin | 404 | ||
Liver disease | 404 | ||
Vitamin Kdeficiency | 404 | ||
Combined bleeding disorders | 404 | ||
Von Willebrand’s disease | 404 | ||
Disseminated intravascular coagulation | 404 | ||
Plasminogen deficiency | 404 | ||
29 Immunodeficiency | 407 | ||
Oral manifestations of immunodeficiency | 407 | ||
Selective iga deficiency | 407 | ||
C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency | 408 | ||
Leukopenia and agranulocytosis | 408 | ||
Immunosuppressive treatment | 408 | ||
Bone marrow transplantation | 408 | ||
Graft-versus-host disease | 408 | ||
Other organ transplants | 408 | ||
HIV infection and AIDS | 408 | ||
Aetiology | 409 | ||
Life cycle | 409 | ||
Diagnosis of HIV infection | 409 | ||
HIV staging and diagnosis of AIDS | 410 | ||
Clinical course | 410 | ||
Treatment | 411 | ||
Oral lesions in HIV infection | 411 | ||
Candidosis | 412 | ||
Viral mucosal infections | 413 | ||
Bacterial infections | 413 | ||
Systemic mycoses | 413 | ||
Malignant neoplasms | 413 | ||
Kaposi’s sarcoma ➔ Summary chart 26.1 p. 390 | 413 | ||
Lymphomas | 414 | ||
Lymphadenopathy | 414 | ||
Autoimmune disease | 414 | ||
Gingivitis and periodontitis | 414 | ||
Salivary gland disease | 414 | ||
HIV-associated salivary gland disease ➔ Summary chart 22.2 p. 354 | 414 | ||
Miscellaneous oral lesions | 415 | ||
Mucosal ulcers | 415 | ||
Oral hyperpigmentation ➔ Summary chart 26.1 p. 390 | 416 | ||
Oral adverse effects of HAART | 416 | ||
Risks of transmission of HIV infection to healthcare workers | 416 | ||
General aspects of dental management | 416 | ||
Post-exposure prophylaxis and sharps injury | 416 | ||
Risks of transmission of HIV to patients | 417 | ||
30 Allergy, autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease | 419 | ||
Allergic or hypersensitivity reactions | 419 | ||
Atopy | 419 | ||
Contact dermatitis | 419 | ||
Latex allergy | 420 | ||
Allergy to local anaesthetic | 421 | ||
Asthma | 422 | ||
Other type 1 reactions | 422 | ||
Mucosal allergic responses | 422 | ||
Oral allergy ‘syndrome’ | 422 | ||
Allergy to metals | 422 | ||
Nickel and chromium | 422 | ||
Mercury | 422 | ||
Angio-oedema ➔ Summary chart 34.1 p. 459 | 423 | ||
Allergic angio-oedema | 423 | ||
Hereditary angio-oedema | 423 | ||
Autoimmune diseases | 423 | ||
The connective tissue diseases | 424 | ||
Rheumatoid arthritis | 424 | ||
Sjögren’s syndrome | 424 | ||
Systemic lupus erythematosus | 424 | ||
Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) | 425 | ||
Autoinflammatory diseases | 425 | ||
Sarcoidosis ➔ Summary charts 22.2, 24.2 and 34.1 pp. 354, 373, 459 | 425 | ||
Pathology | 425 | ||
Lung and lymph node involvement | 425 | ||
Oral involvement | 426 | ||
Salivary gland involvement | 426 | ||
Diagnosis and management | 426 | ||
31 Cervical lymphadenopathy | 429 | ||
Investigation | 429 | ||
Tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy | 430 | ||
Pathology | 430 | ||
Atypical mycobacterial infection | 431 | ||
Sarcoidosis | 431 | ||
Syphilis | 432 | ||
Cat-scratch disease | 432 | ||
Pathology | 432 | ||
Lyme disease | 432 | ||
Infectious mononucleosis | 432 | ||
Management | 433 | ||
The acquired immune deficiency syndrome | 433 | ||
Toxoplasmosis | 433 | ||
Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki’s disease) | 433 | ||
Langerhans cell histiocytosis | 434 | ||
Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy | 434 | ||
Castleman’s disease | 434 | ||
Unicentric Castleman’s disease | 434 | ||
Multicentric Castleman’s disease | 434 | ||
Pathology | 435 | ||
Drug-associated lymphadenopathy | 435 | ||
Virchow’s node | 435 | ||
Delphian node | 436 | ||
32 Cardiovascular disease | 437 | ||
General aspects of management | 437 | ||
Local analgesia | 437 | ||
Infective endocarditis | 438 | ||
Clinical features | 439 | ||
Prevention of endocarditis | 439 | ||
Principles of antibiotic prophylaxis | 439 | ||
Current guidance on antibiotic prophylaxis | 439 | ||
Prevention | 440 | ||
Implanted cardiac devices | 441 | ||
33 Respiratory tract disease | 443 | ||
Acute sinusitis ➔ Summary chart 38.1, p. 486 | 443 | ||
Clinical features | 443 | ||
Diagnosis and management | 443 | ||
Chronic sinusitis ➔ Summary chart 38.1, p. 486 | 443 | ||
Management | 443 | ||
Odontogenic sinusitis | 444 | ||
Fungal sinusitis | 444 | ||
Allergic fungal sinusitis | 444 | ||
Invasive fungal sinusitis | 445 | ||
Surgical damage to the maxillary antrum | 445 | ||
Displacement of a root or tooth into the maxillary antrum | 445 | ||
Management | 445 | ||
Oroantral communication | 445 | ||
Aspiration of a tooth, root or instrument | 446 | ||
Tuberculosis | 446 | ||
Chronic obstructive airways disease | 447 | ||
Asthma | 447 | ||
Midfacial destructive lesions | 447 | ||
Wegener’s granulomatosis ➔ Summary chart 24.2, p. 373 | 447 | ||
Oral and nasal lesions | 448 | ||
Management | 448 | ||
Carcinoma of the antrum | 448 | ||
Cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis) | 449 | ||
Sleep apnoea syndrome | 449 | ||
Management | 449 | ||
Bronchogenic carcinoma | 449 | ||
Dental aspects | 450 | ||
34 Gastrointestinal and liver disease | 451 | ||
Gastro-oesophageal reflux and gastric regurgitation | 451 | ||
Coeliac disease | 451 | ||
Dental aspects | 451 | ||
Crohn’s disease ➔ Summary chart 34.1 and 24.2, p. 459, 373 | 451 | ||
Oral effects | 451 | ||
Orofacial granulomatosis ➔ Summary chart 34.1 and 24.2, p. 459, 373 | 453 | ||
Malabsorption syndromes | 453 | ||
Ulcerative colitis | 453 | ||
Oral aspects | 454 | ||
Intestinal polyposis syndromes | 454 | ||
Antibiotic-associated colitis | 454 | ||
Liver disease | 454 | ||
Impaired drug metabolism | 454 | ||
Viral hepatitis | 455 | ||
Hepatitis A | 455 | ||
Hepatitis E | 455 | ||
Hepatitis B | 455 | ||
Clinical aspects | 455 | ||
Serological markers of hepatitis B | 455 | ||
The carrier state and complications | 455 | ||
Risks to dental staff | 456 | ||
Transmission of hepatitis B | 456 | ||
Prevention and management of hepatitis B | 457 | ||
Hepatitis D: the delta agent | 457 | ||
Hepatitis C | 457 | ||
Management | 458 | ||
Control of transmission of viral hepatitis | 458 | ||
35 Nutritional deficiencies | 461 | ||
Vitamin deficiencies | 461 | ||
Vitamin A deficiency | 461 | ||
Riboflavin (B2) deficiency | 461 | ||
Nicotinamide deficiency (pellagra) | 461 | ||
Vitamin B12 deficiency | 461 | ||
Folic acid deficiency | 461 | ||
Vitamin C deficiency | 461 | ||
Vitamin D deficiency | 462 | ||
36 Endocrine disorders and pregnancy | 463 | ||
Pituitary gigantism and acromegaly | 463 | ||
Dental considerations | 463 | ||
Thyroid disease | 464 | ||
Hyperthyroidism | 464 | ||
Dental considerations | 464 | ||
Hypothyroidism | 464 | ||
Cretinism | 464 | ||
Adult hypothyroidism | 464 | ||
Lingual thyroid | 464 | ||
Parathyroid disease ➔ Summary chart 12.2 p. 203 | 465 | ||
Hyperparathyroidism | 465 | ||
Hypoparathyroidism | 466 | ||
Tetany | 466 | ||
Pseudohypoparathyroidism | 466 | ||
Adrenocortical diseases | 466 | ||
Adrenocortical hypofunction or Addison’s disease | 466 | ||
Adrenocortical hyperfunction | 467 | ||
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes | 467 | ||
Diseases of the adrenal medulla | 467 | ||
Phaeochromocytoma | 467 | ||
Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes | 468 | ||
Diabetes mellitus | 468 | ||
Dental aspects | 469 | ||
Pregnancy | 469 | ||
Fetal considerations | 469 | ||
Maternal considerations | 470 | ||
37 Renal disease | 471 | ||
Chronic renal failure and dialysis | 471 | ||
Renal transplantation | 471 | ||
38 Pain and neurological disorders | 473 | ||
Dental and periodontal pain | 473 | ||
Pulpitis | 473 | ||
Apical periodontitis ➔ Summary chart 38.1 p. 486 | 473 | ||
Periodontal abscess and pericoronitis | 474 | ||
Cracked teeth | 474 | ||
Acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis | 474 | ||
Pain in edentulous patients | 474 | ||
Painful mucosal lesions | 475 | ||
Pain in the jaws | 475 | ||
Postsurgical pain and nerve damage | 475 | ||
Iatrogenic nerve injury | 475 | ||
Pain induced by mastication | 475 | ||
Non-dental causes | 476 | ||
Pain from salivary glands | 476 | ||
Neuralgia and neuropathy | 476 | ||
Trigeminal neuralgia ➔ Summary chart 38.1 p. 486 | 476 | ||
Diagnosis | 477 | ||
Treatment | 477 | ||
Trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis | 477 | ||
Trigeminal neuropathy | 477 | ||
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia | 477 | ||
Postherpetic neuralgia ➔ Summary chart 38.1 p. 486 | 478 | ||
Bell’s palsy | 478 | ||
Burning mouth ‘syndrome’ | 478 | ||
Atypical facial pain (persistent idiopathic facial pain) | 479 | ||
Atypical odontalgia | 479 | ||
Paraesthesia and anaesthesia of the lower lip | 479 | ||
Facial palsy | 480 | ||
Upper and lower motor neuron lesions | 480 | ||
Bell’s palsy | 480 | ||
Dental aspects | 481 | ||
Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome ➔ Summary chart 34.1 p. 459 | 481 | ||
Other causes of facial palsy | 482 | ||
Headache | 482 | ||
Migraine | 482 | ||
Migrainous neuralgia (cluster headache) ➔ Summary chart 38.1 p. 486 | 482 | ||
Management | 483 | ||
Intracranial tumours | 483 | ||
Disturbances of taste and smell | 483 | ||
Loss of smell | 483 | ||
Loss of taste | 483 | ||
Epilepsy | 484 | ||
Management | 484 | ||
Dental aspects | 484 | ||
39 Physical and learning disability | 487 | ||
UK discrimination legislation | 488 | ||
Learning disability | 488 | ||
Down’s syndrome | 489 | ||
General features | 489 | ||
Management | 490 | ||
Fragile X syndrome | 490 | ||
Other chromosomal abnormalities | 490 | ||
Behavioural disorders | 491 | ||
Autism | 491 | ||
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | 491 | ||
Physical impairments | 491 | ||
Cerebral palsy | 491 | ||
Neuromuscular dysfunction | 492 | ||
Dental aspects | 492 | ||
Multiple sclerosis | 492 | ||
Dental aspects | 493 | ||
Hydrocephalus | 493 | ||
Spina bifida | 493 | ||
The muscular dystrophies | 493 | ||
Myasthenia gravis | 493 | ||
Dental aspects | 494 | ||
40 Mental health disorders | 495 | ||
Pain without medical cause | 495 | ||
Anxiety disorders | 496 | ||
Fear of dentistry | 496 | ||
Depression | 496 | ||
Dental aspects of depression | 496 | ||
Obsessive-compulsive disorder | 497 | ||
Factitious ulceration | 497 | ||
Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa | 497 | ||
Psychoses | 497 | ||
Schizophrenia | 497 | ||
Dental aspects | 498 | ||
41 Dentistry and elderly patients | 499 | ||
Dementia | 499 | ||
Other systemic diseases | 500 | ||
Parkinson’s disease | 500 | ||
Oral disease in the elderly | 501 | ||
Factors affecting dental care of the elderly | 501 | ||
The teeth | 501 | ||
The alveolar bone and dentures | 501 | ||
The temporomandibular joints | 502 | ||
Salivary function | 502 | ||
Mucosal diseases in the elderly | 502 | ||
Malignant neoplasms and irradiation | 502 | ||
Cardiovascular disease | 502 | ||
42 Complications of systemic drug treatment | 503 | ||
Local analgesics with vasoconstrictors | 505 | ||
Chemical dependence | 505 | ||
43 Medical emergencies | 507 | ||
Sudden loss of consciousness | 507 | ||
Common themes | 507 | ||
Fainting | 507 | ||
Prevention | 508 | ||
Acute hypoglycaemia | 508 | ||
Anaphylactic reactions | 508 | ||
Signs and symptoms | 508 | ||
Management | 509 | ||
Myocardial infarction | 509 | ||
Cardiac arrest | 509 | ||
Strokes | 510 | ||
Circulatory collapse in patients on corticosteroid treatment | 510 | ||
Chest pain | 511 | ||
Angina pectoris | 511 | ||
Myocardial infarction | 511 | ||
Respiratory difficulty | 512 | ||
Severe asthma and status asthmaticus | 512 | ||
Causes | 512 | ||
Left ventricular failure | 512 | ||
Convulsions | 512 | ||
Epilepsy | 512 | ||
Status epilepticus | 512 | ||
Other emergencies | 513 | ||
Haemorrhage | 513 | ||
Violence | 513 | ||
4 Learning guide and self-assessment questions | 515 | ||
44 Learning guide | 515 | ||
Self-assessment questions | 521 | ||
Chapter 1 | 521 | ||
Section 1 | 521 | ||
Chapter 2 | 521 | ||
Chapter 3 | 521 | ||
Chapter 4 | 521 | ||
Chapter 5 | 522 | ||
Chapter 6 | 522 | ||
Chapter 7 | 522 | ||
Chapter 8 | 522 | ||
Chapter 9 | 522 | ||
Chapter 10 | 523 | ||
Chapter 11 | 523 | ||
Chapter 12 | 523 | ||
Chapter 13 | 523 | ||
Chapter 14 | 523 | ||
Section 2 | 524 | ||
Chapter 15 | 524 | ||
Chapter 16 | 524 | ||
Chapter 17 | 524 | ||
Chapter 18 | 524 | ||
Chapter 19 | 524 | ||
Chapter 20 | 524 | ||
Chapter 21 | 525 | ||
Chapter 22 | 525 | ||
Chapter 23 | 525 | ||
Chapter 24 | 525 | ||
Chapter 25 | 525 | ||
Chapter 26 | 525 | ||
Section 3 | 525 | ||
Chapter 27 | 525 | ||
Chapter 28 | 525 | ||
Chapter 29 | 526 | ||
Chapter 30 | 526 | ||
Chapter 31 | 526 | ||
Chapter 32 | 526 | ||
Chapter 33 | 526 | ||
Chapter 34 | 526 | ||
Chapters 35, 36 and 37 | 526 | ||
Chapter 38 | 526 | ||
Chapter 39 | 526 | ||
Chapter 40 | 527 | ||
Chapter 41 | 527 | ||
Chapter 42 | 527 | ||
Chapter 43 | 527 | ||
Index | 529 | ||
A | 529 | ||
B | 530 | ||
C | 531 | ||
D | 532 | ||
E | 533 | ||
F | 534 | ||
G | 534 | ||
H | 535 | ||
I | 536 | ||
J | 537 | ||
K | 537 | ||
L | 537 | ||
M | 538 | ||
N | 539 | ||
O | 539 | ||
P | 540 | ||
Q | 541 | ||
R | 541 | ||
S | 542 | ||
T | 543 | ||
U | 544 | ||
V | 545 | ||
W | 545 | ||
X | 545 | ||
Z | 545 |