Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The new edition of this classic book continues to support a new generation of dental students in their understanding of the essential aspects of oral pathology and oral medicine as they relate to the day-to-day practice of dentistry. Fully updated throughout with the latest diagnostic tests, treatment protocols and international guidelines, the book now comes with Pageburst – an exciting product which provides readers with an eBook – giving them the printed book, plus access to the complete book content electronically. Histology slides within the e-book can be magnified by the reader simulating the use of the microscope and aiding learning by the addition of overlays.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Cawson's Essentials of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Table Of Contents | v | ||
| Preface | xv | ||
| References | xvii | ||
| 1 Principles of investigation, diagnosis and treatment | 1 | ||
| Taking a history | 1 | ||
| Demographic details | 2 | ||
| History of the present complaint | 2 | ||
| Medical history | 2 | ||
| The dental history | 5 | ||
| The family and social history | 5 | ||
| Consent | 5 | ||
| Clinical examination | 6 | ||
| Extraoral | 6 | ||
| Oral examination | 6 | ||
| Soft tissues | 6 | ||
| Teeth | 7 | ||
| Medical examination | 8 | ||
| Clinical differential diagnosis | 8 | ||
| Investigations | 9 | ||
| Screening and diagnostic tests | 9 | ||
| Imaging | 9 | ||
| Histopathology | 10 | ||
| Value and limitations | 10 | ||
| Biopsy | 11 | ||
| Selecting the biopsy site | 11 | ||
| Surgical biopsy methods | 11 | ||
| Frozen sections | 13 | ||
| Fine needle aspiration biopsy | 13 | ||
| Brush biopsy and exfoliative cytology | 13 | ||
| Laboratory procedures | 14 | ||
| Fixation | 14 | ||
| Tissue processing | 14 | ||
| Some common stains used for microscopy | 14 | ||
| Decalcified and ground (undecalcified) sections | 14 | ||
| Immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical staining | 14 | ||
| Molecular biological tests | 15 | ||
| Polymerase chain reaction and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis | 17 | ||
| In situ hybridisation and fluorescent in situ hybridisation analysis | 17 | ||
| Haematology, clinical chemistry and serology | 18 | ||
| Microbiology | 18 | ||
| Other clinical tests | 20 | ||
| Interpreting investigations and making a diagnosis and treatment plan | 20 | ||
| 1 Hard tissue pathology | 23 | ||
| 2 Disorders of tooth development | 23 | ||
| Abnormalities in the number of teeth | 23 | ||
| Anodontia | 23 | ||
| Isolated oligodontia | 23 | ||
| Oligodontia or anodontia with systemic defects | 23 | ||
| Anhidrotic (hereditary) ectodermal dysplasia | 23 | ||
| Other conditions associated with oligodontia | 24 | ||
| Additional teeth: hyperdontia | 24 | ||
| Effects and treatment | 25 | ||
| Syndromes associated with hyperdontia | 25 | ||
| Defective enamel formation | 25 | ||
| Defects of deciduous teeth | 25 | ||
| Defects of permanent teeth | 25 | ||
| Amelogenesis imperfecta ➔ Summary chart 2.1 p. 26 | 25 | ||
| Hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta | 27 | ||
| Hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta | 27 | ||
| Hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta | 28 | ||
| Chronological hypoplasia ➔ Summary chart 2.1 p. 26 | 29 | ||
| Molar-incisor hypomineralisation ➔ Summary chart 2.1 p. 26 | 30 | ||
| Defective dentine formation ➔ Summary chart 2.1 p. 26 | 30 | ||
| Osteogenesis imperfecta with opalescent teeth ➔ Summary chart 2.1 p. 26 | 31 | ||
| Dentinogenesis imperfecta ➔ Summary chart 2.1 p. 26 | 31 | ||
| Clinical features | 31 | ||
| Tooth structure | 32 | ||
| Dentinal dysplasia (‘rootless’ teeth) ➔ Summary chart 2.1 p. 26 | 32 | ||
| Dentinal dysplasia (previously type 1 but now the only type) | 32 | ||
| Dentinal dysplasia ‘type 2’ | 33 | ||
| Defects of enamel and dentine ➔ Summary chart 2.1 p. 26 | 33 | ||
| Regional odontodysplasia (ghost teeth) ➔ Summary chart 2.2 p. 27 | 33 | ||
| Segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia | 34 | ||
| Other systemic diseases affecting teeth | 35 | ||
| Other metabolic disturbances | 35 | ||
| Ehlers–Danlos syndromes | 36 | ||
| Gardner’s syndrome (familial adenomatous polyposis) | 36 | ||
| Epidermolysis bullosa | 36 | ||
| Congenital syphilis ➔ Summary chart 2.1 p. 26 | 36 | ||
| Vitamin D-resistant rickets | 37 | ||
| Extrinsic agents affecting teeth ➔ Summary chart 2.1 p. 26 | 37 | ||
| Drugs | 37 | ||
| Tetracycline pigmentation | 37 | ||
| Cytotoxic chemotherapy | 38 | ||
| Fluorosis ➔ Summary chart 2.1 p. 26 | 38 | ||
| Clinical features | 38 | ||
| Pathology | 39 | ||
| Other acquired developmental anomalies | 40 | ||
| Dilaceration | 40 | ||
| Fetal alcohol syndrome | 40 | ||
| Rhesus incompatibility | 40 | ||
| Odontomes | 41 | ||
| Disorders of eruption | 42 | ||
| Normal eruption | 42 | ||
| Natal teeth | 43 | ||
| Delayed eruption | 43 | ||
| Changes affecting buried teeth | 43 | ||
| 3 Disorders of development | 45 | ||
| Clefts of lip or palate | 45 | ||
| Cleft lip and cleft palate | 45 | ||
| Management | 47 | ||
| Dental defects | 48 | ||
| Isolated cleft palate | 48 | ||
| Submucous cleft palate | 48 | ||
| Management | 48 | ||
| Syndromic cleft lip and palate | 48 | ||
| Other facial clefts | 48 | ||
| Stafne’s idiopathic bone cavity | 49 | ||
| Hereditary prognathism | 49 | ||
| Ankyloglossia | 49 | ||
| Cowden’s syndrome | 50 | ||
| Other craniofacial malformations | 50 | ||
| 4 Dental caries | 53 | ||
| Aetiology | 53 | ||
| Bacterial plaque | 53 | ||
| Stages of formation of bacterial plaque | 54 | ||
| Microbiology | 54 | ||
| The ecological plaque hypothesis | 55 | ||
| Bacterial polysaccharides | 55 | ||
| Acid production in plaque | 56 | ||
| Plaque minerals | 57 | ||
| Sucrose | 57 | ||
| Epidemiological studies | 57 | ||
| Experimental studies on humans | 58 | ||
| Susceptibility of teeth to caries | 59 | ||
| Effects of fluorides | 60 | ||
| Saliva and dental caries | 60 | ||
| Buffering power | 60 | ||
| Inorganic components and enamel maturation | 60 | ||
| Antibacterial activities | 60 | ||
| Immunological defences | 60 | ||
| Pathology of enamel caries | 61 | ||
| The early caries lesion | 61 | ||
| Cavitation: cavity formation | 64 | ||
| Pathology of dentine caries | 65 | ||
| Protective reactions of dentine and pulp under caries | 67 | ||
| Clinical aspects of caries pathology | 68 | ||
| Arrested caries and remineralisation | 68 | ||
| Caries in deciduous teeth | 69 | ||
| Hidden caries | 70 | ||
| Root surface caries | 70 | ||
| Clinical aspects of reactions to caries | 70 | ||
| 5 Pulpitis and apical periodontitis | 73 | ||
| Pulpitis ➔ Summary charts 5.1 and 5.2, pp. 79, 80 | 73 | ||
| Clinical features | 73 | ||
| Pathology | 74 | ||
| Management | 76 | ||
| Pulp calcifications | 77 | ||
| Periapical periodontitis, abscess and granuloma ➔ Summary chart 5.2, p. 80 | 77 | ||
| Acute apical periodontitis ➔ Summary chart 5.1, p. 79 | 78 | ||
| Clinical features | 78 | ||
| Pathology and sequelae | 78 | ||
| Acute apical (dentoalveolar) abscess | 79 | ||
| Chronic apical periodontitis and periapical granuloma ➔ Summary chart 5.1, p. 79 | 81 | ||
| Clinical features | 81 | ||
| Pathology | 81 | ||
| Treatment and sequelae | 81 | ||
| 6 Tooth wear, resorption, hypercementosis and osseointegration | 85 | ||
| Tooth wear | 85 | ||
| Attrition | 85 | ||
| Abrasion | 85 | ||
| Erosion | 86 | ||
| Abfraction | 87 | ||
| Bruxism | 87 | ||
| Management | 87 | ||
| Resorption of teeth | 88 | ||
| Resorption of deciduous teeth | 88 | ||
| Resorption of permanent teeth | 88 | ||
| Idiopathic resorption | 89 | ||
| Hypercementosis | 91 | ||
| Pathology of osseointegration | 91 | ||
| Implant failure and peri-implantitis | 93 | ||
| 7 Gingival and periodontal diseases | 95 | ||
| The normal periodontal tissues | 95 | ||
| Gingival and periodontal fibres | 96 | ||
| Gingival crevicular fluid (exudate) | 96 | ||
| Classification of periodontal diseases | 96 | ||
| Chronic gingivitis | 96 | ||
| Clinical features | 97 | ||
| Pathology | 97 | ||
| Microbiology | 97 | ||
| Management | 98 | ||
| Systemic predisposing factors | 99 | ||
| Pregnancy | 99 | ||
| Other conditions | 99 | ||
| Chronic periodontitis | 99 | ||
| Clinical features | 99 | ||
| Radiography | 99 | ||
| Aetiology | 99 | ||
| Microbiology | 100 | ||
| Microbial virulence factors | 101 | ||
| Pathology | 101 | ||
| Systemic predisposing factors | 103 | ||
| Smoking | 103 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 104 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 105 | ||
| General principles of management of chronic periodontitis | 105 | ||
| Treatment of periodontal pockets | 105 | ||
| Role of antibiotics | 106 | ||
| Treatment of advanced periodontal disease | 106 | ||
| Prognosis in periodontal disease | 106 | ||
| Complications of chronic periodontitis | 106 | ||
| Gingival recession | 107 | ||
| Treatment of gingival recession | 108 | ||
| Aggressive periodontitis | 108 | ||
| Localised aggressive periodontitis | 108 | ||
| Generalised aggressive periodontitis | 108 | ||
| Treatment of aggressive periodontitis | 108 | ||
| ‘Prepubertal’ periodontitis | 109 | ||
| Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease | 109 | ||
| Down’s syndrome | 109 | ||
| Papillon–lefèvre syndrome | 110 | ||
| Periodontal (lateral) abscess | 110 | ||
| Clinical features | 110 | ||
| Pathology | 110 | ||
| Treatment | 110 | ||
| Acute pericoronitis | 110 | ||
| Clinical features | 111 | ||
| Management | 111 | ||
| Acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis | 112 | ||
| Clinical features | 112 | ||
| Aetiology | 112 | ||
| Treatment | 113 | ||
| HIV-associated periodontitis | 113 | ||
| Management | 113 | ||
| Gingival enlargement | 113 | ||
| Hereditary gingival fibromatosis | 113 | ||
| Drug-induced gingival overgrowth | 114 | ||
| Localised juvenile spongiotic gingivitis | 115 | ||
| Plasminogen deficiency gingivitis | 115 | ||
| Other inflammatory gingival swellings | 115 | ||
| 8 Infections of the jaws | 117 | ||
| Normal healing of an extraction socket | 117 | ||
| Alveolar osteitis | 117 | ||
| Aetiology | 117 | ||
| Clinical features | 119 | ||
| Pathology | 119 | ||
| Prevention | 119 | ||
| Treatment | 120 | ||
| Osteomyelitis of the jaws | 120 | ||
| Acute osteomyelitis ➔ Summary charts 5.1 and 13.1 pp. 79, 222 | 120 | ||
| Clinical features | 120 | ||
| Pathology | 121 | ||
| Management | 121 | ||
| Complications and resolution | 122 | ||
| Chronic osteomyelitis ➔ Summary charts 5.1 and 13.1 pp. 79, 222 | 122 | ||
| Clinical features | 122 | ||
| Pathology | 123 | ||
| Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis | 123 | ||
| Chronic low-grade focal osteomyelitis and sclerosing osteitis ➔ Summary charts 5.1, 13.1 and 12.2 pp. 79, 222, 203 | 124 | ||
| Osteoradionecrosis | 124 | ||
| Proliferative periostitis | 125 | ||
| Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (MRONJ) | 125 | ||
| Management | 126 | ||
| Traumatic sequestrum | 127 | ||
| Sclerotic bone islands | 128 | ||
| 9 Major infections of the mouth and face | 129 | ||
| Periapical (dentoalveolar) abscess | 129 | ||
| Collateral oedema | 129 | ||
| ‘Fascial’ or tissue space infections | 129 | ||
| Facial cellulitis ➔ Summary charts 5.1 and 34.1 pp. 79, 461 | 130 | ||
| Pathology | 131 | ||
| Ludwig’s angina | 131 | ||
| Management | 132 | ||
| Facial abscess | 132 | ||
| Antibiotic abscess | 133 | ||
| Necrotising fasciitis ➔ Summary chart 5.1 p. 79 | 133 | ||
| Cavernous sinus thrombosis ➔ Summary chart 5.1 p. 79 | 133 | ||
| Noma (cancrum oris, necrotising stomatitis) | 134 | ||
| Management | 134 | ||
| Actinomycosis | 135 | ||
| Pathology | 135 | ||
| Management | 136 | ||
| Other ‘actinomycoses’ | 136 | ||
| The systemic mycoses | 136 | ||
| Mucormycosis | 137 | ||
| Systemic infections by oral bacteria | 137 | ||
| Infective endocarditis | 138 | ||
| Lung and brain abscesses | 138 | ||
| 10 Cysts in and around the jaws | 139 | ||
| Classification of cysts | 139 | ||
| Common features of jaw cysts | 140 | ||
| Treatment of jaw cysts | 141 | ||
| Treatment of soft tissue cysts | 142 | ||
| Odontogenic cysts | 142 | ||
| Radicular cyst ➔ Summary chart 10.1 p. 163 | 142 | ||
| Clinical features | 142 | ||
| Radiography | 143 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 143 | ||
| Histopathology | 143 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 144 | ||
| Treatment | 144 | ||
| Lateral radicular cyst ➔ Summary chart 10.1 p. 163 | 146 | ||
| Residual radicular cyst ➔ Summary chart 10.1 p. 163 | 146 | ||
| Inflammatory collateral cysts | 146 | ||
| Dentigerous cysts ➔ Summary chart 10.1 p. 163 | 146 | ||
| Clinical features | 147 | ||
| Radiography | 147 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 147 | ||
| Histopathology | 147 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 148 | ||
| Treatment | 148 | ||
| Eruption cyst | 148 | ||
| Odontogenic keratocyst ➔ Summary charts 10.1 and 10.2 pp. 163, 164 | 149 | ||
| Clinical features | 149 | ||
| Radiography | 149 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 150 | ||
| The possible neoplastic nature of odontogenic keratocysts | 150 | ||
| Histopathology | 151 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 151 | ||
| Treatment and recurrence | 151 | ||
| Basal cell naevus syndrome | 153 | ||
| Orthokeratinised odontogenic cyst | 154 | ||
| Lateral periodontal cysts | 155 | ||
| Botryoid odontogenic cysts | 155 | ||
| Glandular odontogenic cyst | 156 | ||
| Calcifying odontogenic cyst | 156 | ||
| Carcinoma arising in odontogenic cysts | 157 | ||
| Gingival cyst of the newborn | 157 | ||
| Epstein’s pearls | 158 | ||
| Gingival cyst of adults | 158 | ||
| Non-odontogenic cysts | 158 | ||
| Nasopalatine duct or incisive canal cyst | 158 | ||
| Clinical features | 158 | ||
| Pathogenesis and pathology | 159 | ||
| Nasolabial cyst | 160 | ||
| Sublingual dermoid cyst | 160 | ||
| Thyroglossal duct cyst | 161 | ||
| Branchial cyst | 161 | ||
| Foregut cyst | 162 | ||
| Other cysts in other chapters | 162 | ||
| 11 Odontogenic tumours and related jaw lesions | 165 | ||
| Benign epithelial tumours | 165 | ||
| Ameloblastomas ➔ Summary chart 10.2 p. 164 | 165 | ||
| Solid/multicystic or ‘conventional’ ameloblastoma | 165 | ||
| Pathology | 166 | ||
| Behaviour and treatment | 168 | ||
| Desmoplastic ameloblastoma | 168 | ||
| Metastasising ameloblastoma | 169 | ||
| Unicystic ameloblastoma ➔ Summary chart 10.1 p. 163 | 169 | ||
| Squamous odontogenic tumour | 170 | ||
| Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour ➔ Summary chart 11.1 p. 185 | 170 | ||
| Pathology | 171 | ||
| Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour ➔ Summary charts 10.1 and 11.1 pp. 163, 185 | 172 | ||
| Pathology | 172 | ||
| Benign epithelial and mesenchymal tumours | 172 | ||
| Ameloblastic fibroma ➔ Summary chart 10.1 p. 163 | 172 | ||
| Pathology | 173 | ||
| Ameloblastic fibrodentinoma and fibro-odontome | 173 | ||
| Primordial odontogenic tumour | 173 | ||
| Odontomes (odontomas*) ➔ Summary charts 11.1 and 12.1 pp. 185, 202 | 173 | ||
| Compound odontome | 174 | ||
| Complex odontome | 174 | ||
| Other types of odontome | 175 | ||
| Calcifying odontogenic cyst ➔ Summary chart 11.1 p. 185 | 176 | ||
| Dentinogenic ghost cell tumour ➔ Summary charts 11.1 and 13.1 pp. 185, 222 | 176 | ||
| Benign mesenchymal tumours | 177 | ||
| Odontogenic fibroma ➔ Summary chart 10.1 p. 163 | 177 | ||
| 2 Soft tissue disease | 235 | ||
| 15 Diseases of the oral mucosa | 235 | ||
| Ulcers ➔ Summary charts 15.2, 16.2 and 16.3 pp. 253, 280, 281 | 235 | ||
| Herpesvirus diseases | 235 | ||
| Primary herpetic stomatitis ➔ Summary chart 15.2 p. 253 | 235 | ||
| Clinical features | 235 | ||
| Pathology | 236 | ||
| Diagnosis | 236 | ||
| Treatment | 237 | ||
| Latency | 238 | ||
| Herpes labialis ➔ Summary chart 15.2 p. 253 | 238 | ||
| Treatment | 238 | ||
| Herpetic whitlow | 239 | ||
| Herpes zoster of the trigeminal nerve ➔ Summary chart 15.2 p. 253 | 239 | ||
| Clinical features | 239 | ||
| Pathology | 239 | ||
| Management | 240 | ||
| Complications | 240 | ||
| Ramsay Hunt syndrome | 240 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus ulcers | 240 | ||
| Hand-foot-and-mouth disease ➔ Summary chart 15.2 p. 253 | 240 | ||
| Clinical features | 240 | ||
| Herpangina | 241 | ||
| Measles | 241 | ||
| Chicken pox | 241 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 242 | ||
| Pathology | 242 | ||
| Management | 242 | ||
| Syphilis | 242 | ||
| Congenital syphilis | 242 | ||
| Primary syphilis | 243 | ||
| Secondary syphilis | 243 | ||
| Tertiary syphilis | 243 | ||
| Management | 243 | ||
| Candidosis | 244 | ||
| Thrush ➔ Summary chart 15.1 and 19.1 pp. 252, 314 | 244 | ||
| Clinical features | 244 | ||
| Pathology | 245 | ||
| Management | 245 | ||
| Angular cheilitis ➔ Summary chart 15.1 p. 252 | 246 | ||
| Management | 246 | ||
| Erythematous candidosis ➔ Summary charts 15.1 and 19.3 pp. 252, 316 | 246 | ||
| Acute antibiotic stomatitis ➔ Summary chart 15.1 p. 252 | 246 | ||
| Median rhomboid glossitis ➔ Summary charts 15.3 and 19.3 pp. 252, 316 | 247 | ||
| 3 Systemic disease in dentistry | 391 | ||
| 27 Anaemias, leukaemias and lymphomas | 391 | ||
| Anaemia | 391 | ||
| Clinical features | 391 | ||
| Mucosal disease | 391 | ||
| Glossitis | 391 | ||
| Recurrent aphthae | 392 | ||
| Candidosis and angular stomatitis | 392 | ||
| Dangers of general anaesthesia | 392 | ||
| Lowered resistance to infection | 392 | ||
| Sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait | 392 | ||
| Sickle cell disease | 392 | ||
| Dental aspects | 392 | ||
| The thalassaemias | 393 | ||
| Leukaemia | 393 | ||
| Acute leukaemia ➔ Summary chart 24.2 p. 373 | 393 | ||
| Management | 393 | ||
| Chronic leukaemia | 394 | ||
| Management | 394 | ||
| Lymphomas | 394 | ||
| Hodgkin’s lymphoma | 395 | ||
| Non-Hodgkin lymphomas | 395 | ||
| Burkitt’s lymphoma | 395 | ||
| MALT lymphoma | 396 | ||
| Management | 396 | ||
| Nasopharyngeal extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma | 396 | ||
| Other types of lymphoma | 397 | ||
| Leucopenia and agranulocytosis | 397 | ||
| Aplastic anaemia | 398 | ||
| Agranulocytosis | 398 | ||
| Cyclic neutropenia | 398 | ||
| 28 Haemorrhagic disorders | 399 | ||
| Preoperative investigation | 399 | ||
| Laboratory investigations | 399 | ||
| Management of prolonged dental bleeding | 399 | ||
| Blood vessel abnormalities | 399 | ||
| Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia | 399 | ||
| Angina bullosa haemorrhagica | 400 | ||
| Ehlers–Danlos syndrome | 401 | ||
| Purpura and platelet disorders | 401 | ||
| General features of purpura | 401 | ||
| Management | 401 | ||
| Causes of purpura | 401 | ||
| Clotting disorders | 402 | ||
| Haemophilia A | 402 | ||
| Clinical features | 402 | ||
| Principles of management | 402 | ||
| Christmas disease (haemophilia B) | 403 | ||
| Acquired clotting defects | 403 | ||
| Coumarin anticoagulant treatment | 403 | ||
| Novel anticoagulants | 404 | ||
| Heparin | 404 | ||
| Liver disease | 404 | ||
| Vitamin Kdeficiency | 404 | ||
| Combined bleeding disorders | 404 | ||
| Von Willebrand’s disease | 404 | ||
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation | 404 | ||
| Plasminogen deficiency | 404 | ||
| 29 Immunodeficiency | 407 | ||
| Oral manifestations of immunodeficiency | 407 | ||
| Selective iga deficiency | 407 | ||
| C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency | 408 | ||
| Leukopenia and agranulocytosis | 408 | ||
| Immunosuppressive treatment | 408 | ||
| Bone marrow transplantation | 408 | ||
| Graft-versus-host disease | 408 | ||
| Other organ transplants | 408 | ||
| HIV infection and AIDS | 408 | ||
| Aetiology | 409 | ||
| Life cycle | 409 | ||
| Diagnosis of HIV infection | 409 | ||
| HIV staging and diagnosis of AIDS | 410 | ||
| Clinical course | 410 | ||
| Treatment | 411 | ||
| Oral lesions in HIV infection | 411 | ||
| Candidosis | 412 | ||
| Viral mucosal infections | 413 | ||
| Bacterial infections | 413 | ||
| Systemic mycoses | 413 | ||
| Malignant neoplasms | 413 | ||
| Kaposi’s sarcoma ➔ Summary chart 26.1 p. 390 | 413 | ||
| Lymphomas | 414 | ||
| Lymphadenopathy | 414 | ||
| Autoimmune disease | 414 | ||
| Gingivitis and periodontitis | 414 | ||
| Salivary gland disease | 414 | ||
| HIV-associated salivary gland disease ➔ Summary chart 22.2 p. 354 | 414 | ||
| Miscellaneous oral lesions | 415 | ||
| Mucosal ulcers | 415 | ||
| Oral hyperpigmentation ➔ Summary chart 26.1 p. 390 | 416 | ||
| Oral adverse effects of HAART | 416 | ||
| Risks of transmission of HIV infection to healthcare workers | 416 | ||
| General aspects of dental management | 416 | ||
| Post-exposure prophylaxis and sharps injury | 416 | ||
| Risks of transmission of HIV to patients | 417 | ||
| 30 Allergy, autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease | 419 | ||
| Allergic or hypersensitivity reactions | 419 | ||
| Atopy | 419 | ||
| Contact dermatitis | 419 | ||
| Latex allergy | 420 | ||
| Allergy to local anaesthetic | 421 | ||
| Asthma | 422 | ||
| Other type 1 reactions | 422 | ||
| Mucosal allergic responses | 422 | ||
| Oral allergy ‘syndrome’ | 422 | ||
| Allergy to metals | 422 | ||
| Nickel and chromium | 422 | ||
| Mercury | 422 | ||
| Angio-oedema ➔ Summary chart 34.1 p. 459 | 423 | ||
| Allergic angio-oedema | 423 | ||
| Hereditary angio-oedema | 423 | ||
| Autoimmune diseases | 423 | ||
| The connective tissue diseases | 424 | ||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 424 | ||
| Sjögren’s syndrome | 424 | ||
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | 424 | ||
| Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) | 425 | ||
| Autoinflammatory diseases | 425 | ||
| Sarcoidosis ➔ Summary charts 22.2, 24.2 and 34.1 pp. 354, 373, 459 | 425 | ||
| Pathology | 425 | ||
| Lung and lymph node involvement | 425 | ||
| Oral involvement | 426 | ||
| Salivary gland involvement | 426 | ||
| Diagnosis and management | 426 | ||
| 31 Cervical lymphadenopathy | 429 | ||
| Investigation | 429 | ||
| Tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy | 430 | ||
| Pathology | 430 | ||
| Atypical mycobacterial infection | 431 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 431 | ||
| Syphilis | 432 | ||
| Cat-scratch disease | 432 | ||
| Pathology | 432 | ||
| Lyme disease | 432 | ||
| Infectious mononucleosis | 432 | ||
| Management | 433 | ||
| The acquired immune deficiency syndrome | 433 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 433 | ||
| Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki’s disease) | 433 | ||
| Langerhans cell histiocytosis | 434 | ||
| Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy | 434 | ||
| Castleman’s disease | 434 | ||
| Unicentric Castleman’s disease | 434 | ||
| Multicentric Castleman’s disease | 434 | ||
| Pathology | 435 | ||
| Drug-associated lymphadenopathy | 435 | ||
| Virchow’s node | 435 | ||
| Delphian node | 436 | ||
| 32 Cardiovascular disease | 437 | ||
| General aspects of management | 437 | ||
| Local analgesia | 437 | ||
| Infective endocarditis | 438 | ||
| Clinical features | 439 | ||
| Prevention of endocarditis | 439 | ||
| Principles of antibiotic prophylaxis | 439 | ||
| Current guidance on antibiotic prophylaxis | 439 | ||
| Prevention | 440 | ||
| Implanted cardiac devices | 441 | ||
| 33 Respiratory tract disease | 443 | ||
| Acute sinusitis ➔ Summary chart 38.1, p. 486 | 443 | ||
| Clinical features | 443 | ||
| Diagnosis and management | 443 | ||
| Chronic sinusitis ➔ Summary chart 38.1, p. 486 | 443 | ||
| Management | 443 | ||
| Odontogenic sinusitis | 444 | ||
| Fungal sinusitis | 444 | ||
| Allergic fungal sinusitis | 444 | ||
| Invasive fungal sinusitis | 445 | ||
| Surgical damage to the maxillary antrum | 445 | ||
| Displacement of a root or tooth into the maxillary antrum | 445 | ||
| Management | 445 | ||
| Oroantral communication | 445 | ||
| Aspiration of a tooth, root or instrument | 446 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 446 | ||
| Chronic obstructive airways disease | 447 | ||
| Asthma | 447 | ||
| Midfacial destructive lesions | 447 | ||
| Wegener’s granulomatosis ➔ Summary chart 24.2, p. 373 | 447 | ||
| Oral and nasal lesions | 448 | ||
| Management | 448 | ||
| Carcinoma of the antrum | 448 | ||
| Cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis) | 449 | ||
| Sleep apnoea syndrome | 449 | ||
| Management | 449 | ||
| Bronchogenic carcinoma | 449 | ||
| Dental aspects | 450 | ||
| 34 Gastrointestinal and liver disease | 451 | ||
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux and gastric regurgitation | 451 | ||
| Coeliac disease | 451 | ||
| Dental aspects | 451 | ||
| Crohn’s disease ➔ Summary chart 34.1 and 24.2, p. 459, 373 | 451 | ||
| Oral effects | 451 | ||
| Orofacial granulomatosis ➔ Summary chart 34.1 and 24.2, p. 459, 373 | 453 | ||
| Malabsorption syndromes | 453 | ||
| Ulcerative colitis | 453 | ||
| Oral aspects | 454 | ||
| Intestinal polyposis syndromes | 454 | ||
| Antibiotic-associated colitis | 454 | ||
| Liver disease | 454 | ||
| Impaired drug metabolism | 454 | ||
| Viral hepatitis | 455 | ||
| Hepatitis A | 455 | ||
| Hepatitis E | 455 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 455 | ||
| Clinical aspects | 455 | ||
| Serological markers of hepatitis B | 455 | ||
| The carrier state and complications | 455 | ||
| Risks to dental staff | 456 | ||
| Transmission of hepatitis B | 456 | ||
| Prevention and management of hepatitis B | 457 | ||
| Hepatitis D: the delta agent | 457 | ||
| Hepatitis C | 457 | ||
| Management | 458 | ||
| Control of transmission of viral hepatitis | 458 | ||
| 35 Nutritional deficiencies | 461 | ||
| Vitamin deficiencies | 461 | ||
| Vitamin A deficiency | 461 | ||
| Riboflavin (B2) deficiency | 461 | ||
| Nicotinamide deficiency (pellagra) | 461 | ||
| Vitamin B12 deficiency | 461 | ||
| Folic acid deficiency | 461 | ||
| Vitamin C deficiency | 461 | ||
| Vitamin D deficiency | 462 | ||
| 36 Endocrine disorders and pregnancy | 463 | ||
| Pituitary gigantism and acromegaly | 463 | ||
| Dental considerations | 463 | ||
| Thyroid disease | 464 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 464 | ||
| Dental considerations | 464 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 464 | ||
| Cretinism | 464 | ||
| Adult hypothyroidism | 464 | ||
| Lingual thyroid | 464 | ||
| Parathyroid disease ➔ Summary chart 12.2 p. 203 | 465 | ||
| Hyperparathyroidism | 465 | ||
| Hypoparathyroidism | 466 | ||
| Tetany | 466 | ||
| Pseudohypoparathyroidism | 466 | ||
| Adrenocortical diseases | 466 | ||
| Adrenocortical hypofunction or Addison’s disease | 466 | ||
| Adrenocortical hyperfunction | 467 | ||
| Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes | 467 | ||
| Diseases of the adrenal medulla | 467 | ||
| Phaeochromocytoma | 467 | ||
| Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes | 468 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 468 | ||
| Dental aspects | 469 | ||
| Pregnancy | 469 | ||
| Fetal considerations | 469 | ||
| Maternal considerations | 470 | ||
| 37 Renal disease | 471 | ||
| Chronic renal failure and dialysis | 471 | ||
| Renal transplantation | 471 | ||
| 38 Pain and neurological disorders | 473 | ||
| Dental and periodontal pain | 473 | ||
| Pulpitis | 473 | ||
| Apical periodontitis ➔ Summary chart 38.1 p. 486 | 473 | ||
| Periodontal abscess and pericoronitis | 474 | ||
| Cracked teeth | 474 | ||
| Acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis | 474 | ||
| Pain in edentulous patients | 474 | ||
| Painful mucosal lesions | 475 | ||
| Pain in the jaws | 475 | ||
| Postsurgical pain and nerve damage | 475 | ||
| Iatrogenic nerve injury | 475 | ||
| Pain induced by mastication | 475 | ||
| Non-dental causes | 476 | ||
| Pain from salivary glands | 476 | ||
| Neuralgia and neuropathy | 476 | ||
| Trigeminal neuralgia ➔ Summary chart 38.1 p. 486 | 476 | ||
| Diagnosis | 477 | ||
| Treatment | 477 | ||
| Trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis | 477 | ||
| Trigeminal neuropathy | 477 | ||
| Glossopharyngeal neuralgia | 477 | ||
| Postherpetic neuralgia ➔ Summary chart 38.1 p. 486 | 478 | ||
| Bell’s palsy | 478 | ||
| Burning mouth ‘syndrome’ | 478 | ||
| Atypical facial pain (persistent idiopathic facial pain) | 479 | ||
| Atypical odontalgia | 479 | ||
| Paraesthesia and anaesthesia of the lower lip | 479 | ||
| Facial palsy | 480 | ||
| Upper and lower motor neuron lesions | 480 | ||
| Bell’s palsy | 480 | ||
| Dental aspects | 481 | ||
| Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome ➔ Summary chart 34.1 p. 459 | 481 | ||
| Other causes of facial palsy | 482 | ||
| Headache | 482 | ||
| Migraine | 482 | ||
| Migrainous neuralgia (cluster headache) ➔ Summary chart 38.1 p. 486 | 482 | ||
| Management | 483 | ||
| Intracranial tumours | 483 | ||
| Disturbances of taste and smell | 483 | ||
| Loss of smell | 483 | ||
| Loss of taste | 483 | ||
| Epilepsy | 484 | ||
| Management | 484 | ||
| Dental aspects | 484 | ||
| 39 Physical and learning disability | 487 | ||
| UK discrimination legislation | 488 | ||
| Learning disability | 488 | ||
| Down’s syndrome | 489 | ||
| General features | 489 | ||
| Management | 490 | ||
| Fragile X syndrome | 490 | ||
| Other chromosomal abnormalities | 490 | ||
| Behavioural disorders | 491 | ||
| Autism | 491 | ||
| Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | 491 | ||
| Physical impairments | 491 | ||
| Cerebral palsy | 491 | ||
| Neuromuscular dysfunction | 492 | ||
| Dental aspects | 492 | ||
| Multiple sclerosis | 492 | ||
| Dental aspects | 493 | ||
| Hydrocephalus | 493 | ||
| Spina bifida | 493 | ||
| The muscular dystrophies | 493 | ||
| Myasthenia gravis | 493 | ||
| Dental aspects | 494 | ||
| 40 Mental health disorders | 495 | ||
| Pain without medical cause | 495 | ||
| Anxiety disorders | 496 | ||
| Fear of dentistry | 496 | ||
| Depression | 496 | ||
| Dental aspects of depression | 496 | ||
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder | 497 | ||
| Factitious ulceration | 497 | ||
| Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa | 497 | ||
| Psychoses | 497 | ||
| Schizophrenia | 497 | ||
| Dental aspects | 498 | ||
| 41 Dentistry and elderly patients | 499 | ||
| Dementia | 499 | ||
| Other systemic diseases | 500 | ||
| Parkinson’s disease | 500 | ||
| Oral disease in the elderly | 501 | ||
| Factors affecting dental care of the elderly | 501 | ||
| The teeth | 501 | ||
| The alveolar bone and dentures | 501 | ||
| The temporomandibular joints | 502 | ||
| Salivary function | 502 | ||
| Mucosal diseases in the elderly | 502 | ||
| Malignant neoplasms and irradiation | 502 | ||
| Cardiovascular disease | 502 | ||
| 42 Complications of systemic drug treatment | 503 | ||
| Local analgesics with vasoconstrictors | 505 | ||
| Chemical dependence | 505 | ||
| 43 Medical emergencies | 507 | ||
| Sudden loss of consciousness | 507 | ||
| Common themes | 507 | ||
| Fainting | 507 | ||
| Prevention | 508 | ||
| Acute hypoglycaemia | 508 | ||
| Anaphylactic reactions | 508 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 508 | ||
| Management | 509 | ||
| Myocardial infarction | 509 | ||
| Cardiac arrest | 509 | ||
| Strokes | 510 | ||
| Circulatory collapse in patients on corticosteroid treatment | 510 | ||
| Chest pain | 511 | ||
| Angina pectoris | 511 | ||
| Myocardial infarction | 511 | ||
| Respiratory difficulty | 512 | ||
| Severe asthma and status asthmaticus | 512 | ||
| Causes | 512 | ||
| Left ventricular failure | 512 | ||
| Convulsions | 512 | ||
| Epilepsy | 512 | ||
| Status epilepticus | 512 | ||
| Other emergencies | 513 | ||
| Haemorrhage | 513 | ||
| Violence | 513 | ||
| 4 Learning guide and self-assessment questions | 515 | ||
| 44 Learning guide | 515 | ||
| Self-assessment questions | 521 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 521 | ||
| Section 1 | 521 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 521 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 521 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 521 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 522 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 522 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 522 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 522 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 522 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 523 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 523 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 523 | ||
| Chapter 13 | 523 | ||
| Chapter 14 | 523 | ||
| Section 2 | 524 | ||
| Chapter 15 | 524 | ||
| Chapter 16 | 524 | ||
| Chapter 17 | 524 | ||
| Chapter 18 | 524 | ||
| Chapter 19 | 524 | ||
| Chapter 20 | 524 | ||
| Chapter 21 | 525 | ||
| Chapter 22 | 525 | ||
| Chapter 23 | 525 | ||
| Chapter 24 | 525 | ||
| Chapter 25 | 525 | ||
| Chapter 26 | 525 | ||
| Section 3 | 525 | ||
| Chapter 27 | 525 | ||
| Chapter 28 | 525 | ||
| Chapter 29 | 526 | ||
| Chapter 30 | 526 | ||
| Chapter 31 | 526 | ||
| Chapter 32 | 526 | ||
| Chapter 33 | 526 | ||
| Chapter 34 | 526 | ||
| Chapters 35, 36 and 37 | 526 | ||
| Chapter 38 | 526 | ||
| Chapter 39 | 526 | ||
| Chapter 40 | 527 | ||
| Chapter 41 | 527 | ||
| Chapter 42 | 527 | ||
| Chapter 43 | 527 | ||
| Index | 529 | ||
| A | 529 | ||
| B | 530 | ||
| C | 531 | ||
| D | 532 | ||
| E | 533 | ||
| F | 534 | ||
| G | 534 | ||
| H | 535 | ||
| I | 536 | ||
| J | 537 | ||
| K | 537 | ||
| L | 537 | ||
| M | 538 | ||
| N | 539 | ||
| O | 539 | ||
| P | 540 | ||
| Q | 541 | ||
| R | 541 | ||
| S | 542 | ||
| T | 543 | ||
| U | 544 | ||
| V | 545 | ||
| W | 545 | ||
| X | 545 | ||
| Z | 545 |