Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Concise Prosthodontics is a comprehensive exam preparatory manual written in question and answer format as per the syllabus prescribed by the Dental Council of India. Tailor-made answers to the frequently asked examination questions are provided. The book has more than 332 line illustrations , numerous flowcharts and tables to make the text self-explanatory. The book is primarily meant for undergraduate students but will also be helpful to postgraduate students for reference purpose.
- Covers the entire syllabus prescribed by the Dental Council of India in the form of questions and answer
- Provides simple, comprehensive and complete answers to questions
- Has Key Facts at the end of each chapter for quick recapitulation of the learnt topics
- Includes Question Bank at the end of the book to complete the preparation for exams
- Line diagrams are used extensively to improve understanding and reproducibility
- Primarily for UGs but will also be useful for students preparing for PG entrance exams
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Cover | ||
| Front matter | i | ||
| Concise prosthodontics | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Preface to the second edition | vi | ||
| Preface to the first edition | vii | ||
| Acknowledgements | viii | ||
| Table of Content | ix | ||
| I Complete Dentures | 1 | ||
| 1 Introduction to edentulous state | 2 | ||
| Introduction | 2 | ||
| Parts of complete denture | 3 | ||
| Denture surfaces (fig. 1-1) | 3 | ||
| Impression surface | 3 | ||
| Polished surface | 3 | ||
| Occlusal surface | 3 | ||
| Component parts of complete denture (fig. 1-2) | 3 | ||
| Denture base | 3 | ||
| Purpose | 3 | ||
| Acrylic denture base | 4 | ||
| Advantages | 4 | ||
| Disadvantages | 4 | ||
| Metallic denture base | 4 | ||
| Advantages | 5 | ||
| Disadvantages | 5 | ||
| Denture flange | 5 | ||
| Denture border | 5 | ||
| Denture teeth | 5 | ||
| Residual ridge resorption | 6 | ||
| Pathology of RRR | 6 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 6 | ||
| Aetiology | 6 | ||
| Treatment and prevention | 7 | ||
| Importance of temporomandibular joint in complete dentures | 7 | ||
| Role of TMJ in biomechanical phase of the prosthetic rehabilitation | 8 | ||
| Importance of patient motivation and patient education | 9 | ||
| Patient motivation and education | 9 | ||
| Physiological rest position and its importance | 10 | ||
| Morphological changes associated with edentulous state | 10 | ||
| Soft tissue changes in denture patients | 11 | ||
| 2 Diagnosis and treatment planning for edentulous patients | 14 | ||
| Introduction | 14 | ||
| Mental attitude of the patient | 15 | ||
| House classification | 16 | ||
| Extraoral examination | 16 | ||
| Facial examination | 16 | ||
| Facial form | 16 | ||
| Facial profile | 17 | ||
| Facial height | 17 | ||
| Facial complexion | 17 | ||
| Lip examination | 18 | ||
| TMJ examination | 18 | ||
| Neuromuscular examination | 18 | ||
| Speech | 18 | ||
| Neuromuscular coordination | 19 | ||
| Mandibular movements | 19 | ||
| Muscle tone | 19 | ||
| Intraoral examination | 19 | ||
| Oral mucosa | 19 | ||
| Maxillary basal seat | 20 | ||
| Mandibular basal seat | 20 | ||
| Residual alveolar ridge | 20 | ||
| Height of the residual ridge | 20 | ||
| Shape of the residual ridge | 21 | ||
| Arch form | 21 | ||
| Arch relationship | 21 | ||
| Interarch space | 22 | ||
| Ridge parallelism | 23 | ||
| Hard palate | 23 | ||
| Soft palate | 23 | ||
| Sensitivity of the palate | 24 | ||
| Tori | 24 | ||
| Fibrous cord-like ridge | 24 | ||
| Tongue | 24 | ||
| Tongue size | 25 | ||
| Classification | 25 | ||
| Problems with enlarged tongue | 25 | ||
| Management in patient with large tongue | 25 | ||
| Tongue position | 25 | ||
| Malignant and premalignant changes | 26 | ||
| Frenal attachments | 26 | ||
| Floor of the mouth | 26 | ||
| Saliva | 26 | ||
| Bony undercuts | 26 | ||
| Palatal throat form | 26 | ||
| Lateral throat form (postmylohyoid space) | 27 | ||
| Ageing | 27 | ||
| Characteristics of ageing | 28 | ||
| Physiopathological conditions of ageing | 28 | ||
| Psychosocial changes | 28 | ||
| Effects of ageing | 28 | ||
| Oral changes | 28 | ||
| Oral mucosa and skin changes | 28 | ||
| Residual bone and maxillomandibular relation changes | 28 | ||
| Disuse atrophy | 28 | ||
| Changes in size of the basal seat | 28 | ||
| Maxillomandibular relations | 28 | ||
| Tongue and taste | 29 | ||
| Salivary flow and nutritional impairment | 29 | ||
| Gag reflex | 29 | ||
| Aetiology | 29 | ||
| Systemic disorders | 29 | ||
| Psychological factors | 29 | ||
| Physiological factors | 29 | ||
| Social causes | 29 | ||
| Pavlovian conditioned reflex | 29 | ||
| Management | 29 | ||
| Clinical techniques | 30 | ||
| Radiographic technique | 30 | ||
| Prosthodontic management | 30 | ||
| Pharmacological measures | 30 | ||
| Psychological intervention | 30 | ||
| Role of saliva | 30 | ||
| Pre-extraction records and their importance | 31 | ||
| Radiographic evaluation | 32 | ||
| Nutritional requirement of edentulous patients | 32 | ||
| Proteins | 33 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 33 | ||
| Fibres | 33 | ||
| Fat | 33 | ||
| Vitamins | 33 | ||
| Minerals | 33 | ||
| Water | 34 | ||
| Role of nutrition in prosthodontics | 34 | ||
| 3 Mouth preparation of complete denture patients | 35 | ||
| Introduction | 35 | ||
| Nonsurgical methods | 35 | ||
| Preprosthetic surgery | 36 | ||
| Minor preprosthetic surgical procedures | 36 | ||
| Alveoloplasties | 36 | ||
| Frenectomy | 37 | ||
| Excision of redundant soft tissues, papillary hyperplasia or epulis fissuratum | 37 | ||
| Maxillary tuberosity reduction and exostosis removal | 37 | ||
| Tori removal | 38 | ||
| Palatal tori | 38 | ||
| Technique | 38 | ||
| Mandibular tori (Fig. 3-3) | 38 | ||
| Mylohyoid ridge reduction | 38 | ||
| Ridge augmentation | 39 | ||
| Rationale of ridge augmentation | 39 | ||
| Factors affecting ridge augmentation success | 39 | ||
| Diagnosis and treatment planning | 39 | ||
| Vestibuloplasty | 40 | ||
| Indications | 41 | ||
| Contraindications | 41 | ||
| Techniques | 41 | ||
| Mucosal advancement | 41 | ||
| Secondary epithelialization (Fig. 3-5) | 41 | ||
| Epithelial graft vestibuloplasty | 41 | ||
| Lip switch procedures (transitional flap vestibuloplasty) (Fig. 3-6) | 42 | ||
| Resilient liners | 42 | ||
| Ideal requirements of resilient liners | 43 | ||
| Composition | 43 | ||
| Role in edentulous patient | 43 | ||
| Drawbacks | 43 | ||
| Role of tissue conditioners | 44 | ||
| Uses | 44 | ||
| Composition and characteristics | 44 | ||
| Causes of abused tissues | 44 | ||
| Treatment of abused tissues | 44 | ||
| 4 Impressions in complete dentures | 46 | ||
| Introduction | 47 | ||
| Impressions | 47 | ||
| Definitions | 47 | ||
| Retention | 47 | ||
| Biological factors | 48 | ||
| Anatomical factors | 48 | ||
| Physiological factors | 48 | ||
| Muscular factors | 49 | ||
| Mechanical factors | 49 | ||
| Physical factors (Fig. 4-2) | 50 | ||
| Psychological factors | 50 | ||
| Surgical factors | 50 | ||
| Stability | 50 | ||
| Definition | 50 | ||
| Biological factors | 51 | ||
| Residual ridge anatomy | 51 | ||
| Vertical ridge height | 51 | ||
| Arch form | 51 | ||
| Palatal vault | 51 | ||
| Residual ridge relationships | 52 | ||
| Nature of soft tissues covering the ridges | 52 | ||
| Importance of modiolus and associated structures | 52 | ||
| Mandibular lingual flange | 52 | ||
| Influence of orofacial musculature | 52 | ||
| Neuromuscular control and education of the patient | 53 | ||
| Mechanical factors | 53 | ||
| Tooth position and teeth arrangement | 53 | ||
| Relationship of the polished surfaces of the denture base to the surrounding orofacial musculature | 54 | ||
| Relationship of opposing occlusal surfaces | 54 | ||
| Occlusal plane | 54 | ||
| Contour of polished surface of denture | 54 | ||
| Physical factors | 54 | ||
| Quality of impression | 54 | ||
| Occlusal rims | 54 | ||
| Base adaptation | 54 | ||
| Support | 55 | ||
| Definition | 55 | ||
| Factors responsible for effective support of the prosthesis | 55 | ||
| Impression techniques | 56 | ||
| Mucostatic impression technique | 56 | ||
| Mucocompressive impression technique | 57 | ||
| Disadvantages | 57 | ||
| Selective pressure technique | 57 | ||
| Biological consideration in maxillary impressions | 57 | ||
| Hard palate | 58 | ||
| Residual ridge | 58 | ||
| Rugae | 59 | ||
| Maxillary tuberosity | 59 | ||
| Alveolar tubercle | 59 | ||
| Limiting structures | 59 | ||
| Relief areas | 60 | ||
| Incisive papilla | 60 | ||
| Mid-palatine raphe | 60 | ||
| Fovea palatini | 60 | ||
| Postpalatal seal | 60 | ||
| Anterior vibrating line | 61 | ||
| Methods to locate anterior vibrating line | 61 | ||
| Posterior vibrating line | 62 | ||
| Conventional approach | 62 | ||
| Fluid wax technique | 62 | ||
| Arbitrary scraping of master cast | 62 | ||
| Biological considerations in mandibular impressions | 62 | ||
| Buccal shelf area | 62 | ||
| Pear-shaped pad | 64 | ||
| Residual alveolar ridge | 64 | ||
| Limiting structures | 64 | ||
| Labial frenum | 64 | ||
| Labial vestibule | 64 | ||
| Buccal frenum | 65 | ||
| Buccal vestibule | 65 | ||
| Lingual frenum | 65 | ||
| Alveololingual sulcus | 65 | ||
| Anterior region | 66 | ||
| Middle region | 66 | ||
| Posterior region | 66 | ||
| Retromolar pad | 66 | ||
| Relief areas | 66 | ||
| Mylohyoid ridge | 66 | ||
| Mental foramen | 67 | ||
| Torus mandibularis | 67 | ||
| Primary impression | 67 | ||
| Definition | 67 | ||
| Ideal requirement of impression trays | 67 | ||
| Points to consider during tray selection | 67 | ||
| Functions of the tray | 68 | ||
| Primary cast | 68 | ||
| Requirements of a primary cast | 68 | ||
| Uses of primary cast | 68 | ||
| Custom tray | 68 | ||
| Ideal requirements of a custom tray | 69 | ||
| Materials used for fabrication | 69 | ||
| Adapting relief wax | 69 | ||
| Spacer thickness and design | 69 | ||
| Method of fabrication | 69 | ||
| Sprinkle-on method | 69 | ||
| Border moulding | 70 | ||
| Multistep or incremental or sectional border moulding | 70 | ||
| Refining of maxillary impression trays | 70 | ||
| Refining the tissue-bearing areas of the final upper impression | 70 | ||
| Refining of mandibular impression trays | 70 | ||
| Border moulding of the lingual flanges | 71 | ||
| Refining of the tissue-bearing areas of the final lower impression | 71 | ||
| Single step or simultaneous border moulding | 71 | ||
| Secondary impression or wash impression | 72 | ||
| Impression materials | 72 | ||
| Impression plaster | 72 | ||
| II Removable Partial Dentures | 223 | ||
| 14 Introduction to removable partial dentures | 224 | ||
| Introduction | 224 | ||
| Definition | 224 | ||
| Classification | 224 | ||
| On the basis of type of attachment of the denture to the natural teeth | 225 | ||
| On the basis of type of support | 225 | ||
| On the basis of type of material | 225 | ||
| Indications and contraindications of RPD | 225 | ||
| Benefits of RPD | 225 | ||
| Indications | 225 | ||
| Contraindications | 226 | ||
| Classification of partially edentulous arches | 226 | ||
| Kennedy’s classification and applegate’s modification | 226 | ||
| Kennedy’s classification | 226 | ||
| Applegate’s modifications | 228 | ||
| Applegate’s rules for applying kennedy’s classification | 228 | ||
| Commonly used classification for partially edentulous arches | 228 | ||
| W. cummer’s classification | 228 | ||
| M. bailyn’s classification (1928) | 229 | ||
| F. neurohr’s classification (1939) | 229 | ||
| E. mauk’s classification (1942) | 229 | ||
| R.J. godfrey’s classification (1951) | 230 | ||
| J. friedman’s classification (1953) | 230 | ||
| L.S. beckett’s and J.H. wilson’s classification (1957) | 230 | ||
| F.W. craddock’s classification (1954) | 230 | ||
| Sequential phases in treating a partially edentulous patient with removable prosthesis | 230 | ||
| 15 Diagnosis and treatment planning | 232 | ||
| Introduction | 232 | ||
| Objectives of prosthodontic treatment for a partially edentulous patient | 233 | ||
| Importance of medical condition of patient before oral examination | 233 | ||
| Diagnostic cast and its importance | 233 | ||
| Mounted diagnostic casts as fundamental diagnostic Aids in dentistry | 234 | ||
| Objective of diagnostic mounting | 235 | ||
| Importance of radiographs in removable prosthodontics | 235 | ||
| Radiographic evaluation of the abutment tooth | 235 | ||
| Bone index area | 235 | ||
| Periodontal evaluation of partially edentulous patients | 236 | ||
| Signs and symptoms of periodontal disease | 236 | ||
| Splinting and its role in prosthodontics | 237 | ||
| Definition | 237 | ||
| Removable splinting | 237 | ||
| Fixed splinting | 237 | ||
| Indications | 237 | ||
| Contraindication | 238 | ||
| Requirements of splints | 238 | ||
| Objectives of splinting | 238 | ||
| Advantages of splinting | 238 | ||
| Disadvantages of splinting | 238 | ||
| Removable permanent splints | 239 | ||
| Continuous clasp devices | 239 | ||
| Swing-lock devices | 239 | ||
| Overdentures | 239 | ||
| 16 Components of removable partial denture | 240 | ||
| Introduction | 241 | ||
| Components of removable partial denture | 241 | ||
| Major connectors | 241 | ||
| Definition | 241 | ||
| Ideal requirements of major connectors | 241 | ||
| Beading of maxillary cast | 241 | ||
| Designing of maxillary major connector | 242 | ||
| Types of maxillary major connectors | 242 | ||
| Single posterior palatal bar (Fig. 16-1) | 242 | ||
| Indications | 242 | ||
| III Fixed Partial Dentures | 319 | ||
| 22 Introduction to fixed prosthodontics | 320 | ||
| Introduction | 320 | ||
| Indications of fixed partial denture (FPD) | 320 | ||
| Contraindications of FPD | 320 | ||
| Fixed dental prosthesis | 321 | ||
| Parts of FPD | 321 | ||
| Classification of FPD | 321 | ||
| Retainers | 322 | ||
| Factors required for ideal retainer | 322 | ||
| Selection of retainers | 322 | ||
| Extracoronal retainers | 322 | ||
| Intracoronal retainers | 322 | ||
| Proximo-occlusal inlay (Fig. 22-2) | 322 | ||
| Indications | 323 | ||
| Contraindications | 323 | ||
| Advantages | 323 | ||
| Disadvantages | 323 | ||
| Mod onlay (Fig. 22-3) | 324 | ||
| Indications | 324 | ||
| Contraindications | 324 | ||
| Advantages | 324 | ||
| Disadvantages | 324 | ||
| Pontic and its design | 324 | ||
| Definition | 324 | ||
| Requirement of a pontic | 324 | ||
| Pontic design | 324 | ||
| Factors affecting pontic design | 325 | ||
| 23 Diagnosis and treatment planning in fixed partial denture | 333 | ||
| Introduction | 333 | ||
| Common medical conditions which influence the treatment of FPD | 333 | ||
| Diagnostic aids used in fixed prosthodontics | 333 | ||
| Diagnostic casts | 334 | ||
| Importance of radiographic interpretation for successful treatment planning in fixed prosthodontics | 335 | ||
| Abutment and factors influencing abutment selection | 335 | ||
| Criteria for selection | 335 | ||
| Ante’s law | 336 | ||
| Importance of ante’s law | 336 | ||
| Different types of abutments used in fixed partial denture | 337 | ||
| Residual ridge defects and their management | 340 | ||
| Periodontal factors which influence treatment planning in fixed prosthodontics | 342 | ||
| 24 Design of fixed partial denture | 344 | ||
| Introduction | 344 | ||
| Different designs in fixed prosthodontics | 344 | ||
| Biomechanical factors affecting FPD design | 345 | ||
| All ceramic FPDs | 347 | ||
| Laminate veneer | 347 | ||
| Indications | 347 | ||
| Contraindications | 347 | ||
| Advantages | 347 | ||
| Disadvantages | 348 | ||
| Crown preparation | 348 | ||
| Steps in tooth preparation | 348 | ||
| Labial reduction | 348 | ||
| Proximal reduction | 348 | ||
| Incisal reduction | 348 | ||
| Lingual reduction | 348 | ||
| Finishing | 348 | ||
| Rationale of restoring an endodontically treated tooth and ideal requirements of post | 348 | ||
| Functions of a post | 349 | ||
| Ideal requirements of a post | 349 | ||
| Prefabricated posts | 349 | ||
| Salient features of prefabricated posts | 349 | ||
| Tapered smooth-sided post (Fig. 24-4) | 350 | ||
| Tapered post with self-threading screws | 350 | ||
| Parallel-sided posts (Fig. 24-5) | 350 | ||
| Carbon fibre post | 350 | ||
| Glass fibre post | 350 | ||
| Quartz fibre post | 350 | ||
| Light-transmitting post | 351 | ||
| Parallel flexi-post | 351 | ||
| Steps involved in fabrication of custom-made dowel core | 351 | ||
| To remove root canal filling material | 352 | ||
| Enlargement of the canal | 352 | ||
| Fabrication of dowel core | 352 | ||
| Direct technique | 352 | ||
| Indirect technique | 352 | ||
| Materials used | 352 | ||
| Ferrule | 353 | ||
| Resin-bonded bridge | 353 | ||
| Indications | 353 | ||
| Contraindications | 354 | ||
| Advantages | 354 | ||
| Disadvantages | 354 | ||
| Spring-retained FPD | 356 | ||
| Advantages | 356 | ||
| Disadvantages | 356 | ||
| Resin cements used to lute fpds | 357 | ||
| CAD/CAM assistance in fixed prosthodontics | 357 | ||
| Historical background | 357 | ||
| Components of CAD/CAM system | 357 | ||
| CAD/CAM production concepts | 358 | ||
| Additive manufacturing or 3D printing | 358 | ||
| Definition | 358 | ||
| Application of additive manufacturing in prosthodontics | 358 | ||
| Types of 3D printing | 359 | ||
| Subtractive manufacturing | 359 | ||
| Uses of the CAD/CAM systems | 359 | ||
| 25 Clinical crown preparation in fixed prosthodontics | 360 | ||
| Introduction | 360 | ||
| Finish lines | 363 | ||
| Types of finish lines | 364 | ||
| Supragingival and subgingival finish lines | 366 | ||
| Supragingival finish lines | 366 | ||
| Subgingival finish lines | 366 | ||
| Indications | 366 | ||
| Factors that influence the extent of inflammatory changes associated with subgingival margins | 366 | ||
| Porcelain jacket crown | 367 | ||
| Preparation of full cast crown | 368 | ||
| Occlusal reduction | 369 | ||
| Buccal reduction and lingual reduction | 369 | ||
| Proximal reduction | 369 | ||
| Finishing the preparation | 369 | ||
| Indications | 369 | ||
| Contraindications | 370 | ||
| Advantages | 370 | ||
| Disadvantages | 370 | ||
| Preparation for partial veneer crown | 370 | ||
| Lingual reduction | 370 | ||
| Incisal reduction | 371 | ||
| Proximal axial reduction | 371 | ||
| Additional features | 371 | ||
| Proximal grooves | 371 | ||
| Proximal flare | 371 | ||
| Incisal offset | 371 | ||
| Labioincisal bevel | 371 | ||
| Indications | 372 | ||
| Contraindications | 372 | ||
| Advantages | 372 | ||
| Disadvantages | 372 | ||
| Preparation for PFM crown | 372 | ||
| Occlusal reduction | 372 | ||
| Proximal reduction | 373 | ||
| Lingual reduction | 373 | ||
| Buccal reduction | 373 | ||
| Advantage | 373 | ||
| Disadvantages | 373 | ||
| 26 Impressions in fixed partial denture | 375 | ||
| Introduction | 375 | ||
| Methods of fluid control | 375 | ||
| Rubber dam | 376 | ||
| High-volume suction | 376 | ||
| Saliva ejector | 376 | ||
| Svedopter | 376 | ||
| Drawbacks | 376 | ||
| Antisialagogues | 376 | ||
| Contraindications | 376 | ||
| Various methods of gingival retraction during impression making in fixed prosthodontics | 376 | ||
| Mechanical methods | 377 | ||
| Copper band | 377 | ||
| Cotton cord | 377 | ||
| Rubber dam | 377 | ||
| Retraction cord | 377 | ||
| Mechanico-chemical method (retraction cord) | 377 | ||
| Criteria for selecting appropriate retraction material | 378 | ||
| Epinephrine | 378 | ||
| Contraindications | 378 | ||
| Technique of using retraction cord | 378 | ||
| Surgical method of gingival retraction | 378 | ||
| Rotary curettage | 379 | ||
| Criteria for gingettage | 379 | ||
| Technique | 379 | ||
| IV Maxillofacial Prosthodontics | 421 | ||
| 31 Introduction and materials | 422 | ||
| Introduction | 422 | ||
| Definition | 422 | ||
| Objectives | 422 | ||
| Scope | 423 | ||
| Indications | 423 | ||
| Contraindications | 423 | ||
| Effect of radiation on the oral cavity | 423 | ||
| Oral mucosa | 423 | ||
| Bone | 423 | ||
| Salivary glands | 424 | ||
| Taste buds | 424 | ||
| Teeth | 424 | ||
| Periodontium | 424 | ||
| Evolution of maxillofacial prosthesis | 424 | ||
| Materials used in prosthetic restoration of the facial defects | 425 | ||
| Desirable properties of ideal materials | 426 | ||
| Definitive materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis fabrication | 426 | ||
| Acrylic resins | 426 | ||
| Uses | 426 | ||
| Physical properties | 426 | ||
| V Implant Dentistry | 455 | ||
| 33 Diagnosis and treatment planning | 456 | ||
| Introduction | 456 | ||
| Dental implant and its scope and limitations | 456 | ||
| Historical background of dental implants | 456 | ||
| Indications | 457 | ||
| Contraindications | 457 | ||
| Advantages | 457 | ||
| Disadvantages | 458 | ||
| Limitations | 458 | ||
| Radiographic planning of dental implants | 460 | ||
| Role of radiographs in implant treatment | 461 | ||
| Panoramic radiography | 461 | ||
| Advantages | 461 | ||
| Disadvantages | 461 | ||
| Periapical radiography | 461 | ||
| Lateral cephalogram | 461 | ||
| Role of CT scans in implant dentistry | 462 | ||
| Uses | 462 | ||
| Question bank | 488 | ||
| Section I: Complete dentures | 488 | ||
| Section II: Removable partial dentures | 488 | ||
| Section III: Fixed partial dentures | 488 | ||
| Section IV: Maxillofacial prosthodontics | 494 | ||
| Section V: Implant dentistry | 494 | ||
| Suggested readings | 496 | ||
| Complete dentures | 496 | ||
| Removable partial dentures | 497 | ||
| Fixed partial dentures | 497 | ||
| Maxillofacial prosthodontics | 498 | ||
| Dental implants | 499 | ||
| Index | 501 | ||
| A | 501 | ||
| B | 501 | ||
| C | 502 | ||
| D | 502 | ||
| E | 503 | ||
| F | 503 | ||
| G | 503 | ||
| H | 503 | ||
| I | 504 | ||
| J | 504 | ||
| K | 504 | ||
| L | 504 | ||
| M | 504 | ||
| N | 505 | ||
| O | 505 | ||
| P | 506 | ||
| R | 507 | ||
| S | 507 | ||
| T | 508 | ||
| U | 508 | ||
| V | 508 | ||
| W | 508 | ||
| X | 508 | ||
| Z | 508 |