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Book Details
Abstract
Introduction to SPSS in Psychology, 7th edition is the essential step by step guide to SPSS for students taking their first course in statistics. This well-established text provides a clear and comprehensive coverage of how to carry out statistical analyses using SPSS. Full colour SPSS screenshots, clear explanation and a wide ranging coverage make it the perfect companion for students who want to be able to analyse data with confidence.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Half-Title Page | i | ||
| Title Page | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Summary of contents | v | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Guided tour | xxii | ||
| Introduction | xxvi | ||
| Acknowledgements | xxix | ||
| Part 1 Introduction to SPSS in Psychology | 1 | ||
| 1 Brief introduction to statistics | 3 | ||
| Overview | 3 | ||
| 1.1 Basic statistical concepts essential in SPSS analyses | 4 | ||
| 1.2 Basic research designs: comparative versus correlational designs | 4 | ||
| 1.3 Different types of variables in statistics | 7 | ||
| 1.4 Descriptive and inferential statistics compared | 9 | ||
| 1.5 Related versus unrelated designs | 11 | ||
| 1.6 Quick summaries of statistical analyses | 12 | ||
| 1.7 Which procedure or test to use | 12 | ||
| 2 Basics of SPSS data entry and statistical analysis | 17 | ||
| Overview | 17 | ||
| 2.1 What is SPSS? | 18 | ||
| 2.2 Accessing SPSS | 18 | ||
| 2.3 Entering data | 20 | ||
| 2.4 Moving within a window with the mouse | 21 | ||
| 2.5 Moving within a window using the keyboard keys with the mouse | 21 | ||
| 2.6 Saving data to memory device | 22 | ||
| 2.7 Opening up a data file | 23 | ||
| 2.8 Using ‘Variable View’ to create and label variables | 24 | ||
| 2.9 More on ‘Data View’ | 26 | ||
| 2.10 Simple statistical calculation with SPSS | 28 | ||
| 2.11 SPSS output | 29 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for a statistical analysis | 29 | ||
| Part 2 Descriptive statistics | 31 | ||
| 3 Describing variables tabularly | 33 | ||
| Overview | 33 | ||
| 3.1 What are tables? | 34 | ||
| 3.2 When to use tables | 35 | ||
| 3.3 When not to use tables | 35 | ||
| 3.4 Data requirements for tables | 35 | ||
| 3.5 Problems in the use of tables | 35 | ||
| 3.6 Data to be analysed | 36 | ||
| 3.7 Entering summarised categorical or frequency data by weighting | 36 | ||
| 3.8 Percentage frequencies | 38 | ||
| 3.9 Interpreting the output | 38 | ||
| 3.10 Reporting the output | 39 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for frequency tables | 39 | ||
| 4 Describing variables diagrammatically | 40 | ||
| Overview | 40 | ||
| 4.1 What are diagrams? | 41 | ||
| 4.2 When to use diagrams | 42 | ||
| 4.3 When not to use diagrams | 42 | ||
| 4.4 Data requirements for diagrams | 42 | ||
| 4.5 Problems in the use of diagrams | 42 | ||
| 4.6 Data to be analysed | 43 | ||
| 4.7 Entering summarised categorical or frequency data by weighting | 43 | ||
| 4.8 Pie diagram of category data | 46 | ||
| 4.9 Adding labels to the pie diagram and removing the legend and label | 47 | ||
| 4.10 Changing the colour of a pie-diagram slice to a black-and-white pattern | 49 | ||
| 4.11 Bar chart of category data | 51 | ||
| 4.12 Histograms | 52 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for charts | 54 | ||
| 5 Describing variables numerically: Averages, variation and spread | 55 | ||
| Overview | 55 | ||
| 5.1 What are averages, variation and spread? | 56 | ||
| 5.2 When to use averages, variation and spread | 60 | ||
| 5.3 When not to use averages, variation and spread | 60 | ||
| 5.4 Data requirements for averages, variation and spread | 60 | ||
| 5.5 Problems in the use of averages, variation and spread | 60 | ||
| 5.6 Data to be analysed | 61 | ||
| 5.7 Entering the data | 61 | ||
| 5.8 Mean, median, mode, standard deviation, variance and range | 62 | ||
| 5.9 Interpreting the output | 63 | ||
| 5.10 Other features | 63 | ||
| 5.11 Reporting the output | 64 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for descriptive statistics | 64 | ||
| 6 Shapes of distributions of scores | 65 | ||
| Overview | 65 | ||
| 6.1 What are the different shapes of scores? | 66 | ||
| 6.2 When to use histograms and frequency tables of scores | 69 | ||
| 6.3 When not to use histograms and frequency tables of scores | 70 | ||
| 6.4 Data requirements for using histograms and frequency tables of scores | 70 | ||
| 6.5 Problems in using histograms and frequency tables of scores | 70 | ||
| 6.6 Data to be analysed | 70 | ||
| 6.7 Entering the data | 71 | ||
| 6.8 Frequency tables | 71 | ||
| 6.9 Interpreting the output | 72 | ||
| 6.10 Histograms | 73 | ||
| 6.11 Interpreting the output | 74 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for frequency distributions | 75 | ||
| 7 Relationships between two or more variables Tables | 76 | ||
| Overview | 76 | ||
| 7.1 What tables are used to show relationships between variables? | 77 | ||
| 7.2 When to use tables to show relationships between variables | 79 | ||
| 7.3 When not to use tables to show relationships between variables | 79 | ||
| 7.4 Data requirements for tables to show relationships between variables | 80 | ||
| 7.5 Problems in the use of tables to show relationships between variables | 80 | ||
| 7.6 Data to be analysed | 80 | ||
| 7.7 Entering the data | 81 | ||
| 7.8 Weighting the data | 82 | ||
| 7.9 Crosstabulation with frequencies | 83 | ||
| 7.10 Displaying frequencies as a percentage of the total number | 84 | ||
| 7.11 Displaying frequencies as a percentage of the column total | 85 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for contingency tables | 85 | ||
| 8 Relationships between two or more variables Diagrams | 86 | ||
| Overview | 86 | ||
| 8.1 What diagrams are used to show relationships between variables? | 87 | ||
| 8.2 When to use diagrams to show relationships between variables | 90 | ||
| 8.3 When not to use diagrams to show relationships between variables | 90 | ||
| 8.4 Data requirements for diagrams to show relationships between variables | 90 | ||
| 8.5 Problems in the use of diagrams to show relationships between variables | 91 | ||
| 8.6 Data to be analysed | 91 | ||
| 8.7 Entering the data | 92 | ||
| 8.8 Weighting the data | 93 | ||
| 8.9 Compound (stacked) percentage bar chart | 94 | ||
| 8.10 Compound (clustered) bar chart | 96 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for bar charts | 98 | ||
| 9 Correlation coefficients: Pearson’s correlation and Spearman’s rho | 99 | ||
| Overview | 99 | ||
| 9.1 What is a correlation coefficient? | 100 | ||
| 9.2 When to use Pearson and Spearman rho correlation coefficients | 103 | ||
| 9.3 When not to use Pearson and Spearman rho correlation coefficients | 103 | ||
| 9.4 Data requirements for Pearson and Spearman rho correlation coefficients | 103 | ||
| 9.5 Problems in the use of correlation coefficients | 104 | ||
| 9.6 Data to be analysed | 104 | ||
| 9.7 Entering the data | 105 | ||
| 9.8 Pearson’s correlation | 105 | ||
| 9.9 Interpreting the output | 106 | ||
| 9.10 Spearman’s rho | 107 | ||
| 9.11 Interpreting the output | 107 | ||
| 9.12 Scatter diagram | 108 | ||
| 9.13 Interpreting the output | 110 | ||
| 9.14 Scattergram with more than one case with the same two values | 110 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for correlation | 112 | ||
| 10 Regression: Prediction with precision | 113 | ||
| Overview | 113 | ||
| 10.1 What is simple regression? | 114 | ||
| 10.2 When to use simple regression | 116 | ||
| 10.3 When not to use simple regression | 116 | ||
| 10.4 Data requirements for simple regression | 116 | ||
| 10.5 Problems in the use of simple regression | 117 | ||
| 10.6 Data to be analysed | 117 | ||
| 10.7 Entering the data | 118 | ||
| 10.8 Simple regression | 118 | ||
| 10.9 Interpreting the output | 119 | ||
| 10.10 Regression scatterplot | 120 | ||
| 10.11 Interpreting the output | 123 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for simple regression | 124 | ||
| Part 3 Significance testing and basic inferential tests | 125 | ||
| 11 Related t-test: Comparing two samples of correlated/related/paired scores | 127 | ||
| Overview | 127 | ||
| 11.1 What is the related t-test? | 128 | ||
| 11.2 When to use the related t-test | 130 | ||
| 11.3 When not to use the related t-test | 131 | ||
| 11.4 Data requirements for the related t-test | 131 | ||
| 11.5 Problems in the use of the related t-test | 131 | ||
| 11.6 Data to be analysed | 132 | ||
| 11.7 Entering the data | 132 | ||
| 11.8 Related t-test | 133 | ||
| 11.9 Interpreting the output | 133 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for related t-test | 135 | ||
| 12 Unrelated t-test: Comparing two groups of unrelated/uncorrelated scores | 136 | ||
| Overview | 136 | ||
| 12.1 What is the unrelated t-test? | 137 | ||
| 12.2 When to use the unrelated t-test | 138 | ||
| 12.3 When not to use the unrelated t-test | 138 | ||
| 12.4 Data requirements for the unrelated t-test | 139 | ||
| 12.5 Problems in the use of the unrelated t-test | 139 | ||
| 12.6 Data to be analysed | 139 | ||
| 12.7 Entering the data | 139 | ||
| 12.8 Unrelated t-test | 141 | ||
| 12.9 Interpreting the output | 141 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for unrelated t-test | 143 | ||
| 13 Confidence intervals | 144 | ||
| Overview | 144 | ||
| 13.1 What are confidence intervals? | 145 | ||
| 13.2 Relationship between significance and confidence intervals | 146 | ||
| 13.3 Confidence intervals and limits in SPSS | 147 | ||
| 14 Chi-square: Differences between unrelated samples of frequency data | 148 | ||
| Overview | 148 | ||
| 14.1 What is chi-square? | 149 | ||
| 14.2 When to use chi-square | 151 | ||
| 14.3 When not to use chi-square | 151 | ||
| 14.4 Data requirements for chi-square | 152 | ||
| 14.5 Problems in the use of chi-square | 152 | ||
| 14.6 Data to be analysed | 153 | ||
| 14.7 Entering the data using the ‘Weighting Cases’ procedure | 153 | ||
| 14.8 Entering the data case by case | 154 | ||
| 14.9 Chi-square | 155 | ||
| 14.10 Interpreting the output for chi-square | 156 | ||
| 14.11 Fisher’s exact test | 158 | ||
| 14.12 Interpreting the output for Fisher’s exact test | 158 | ||
| 14.13 One-sample chi-square | 159 | ||
| 14.14 Interpreting the output for a one-sample chi-square | 161 | ||
| 14.15 Chi-square without ready-made tables | 161 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for chi-square | 162 | ||
| 15 McNemar’s test: Differences between related samples of frequency data | 163 | ||
| Overview | 163 | ||
| 15.1 What is McNemar’s test? | 164 | ||
| 15.2 When to use McNemar’s test | 164 | ||
| 15.3 When not to use McNemar’s test | 165 | ||
| 15.4 Data requirements for McNemar’s test | 165 | ||
| 15.5 Problems in the use of McNemar’s test | 165 | ||
| 15.6 Data to be analysed | 165 | ||
| 15.7 Entering the data using the ‘Weighting Cases’ procedure | 166 | ||
| 15.8 Entering the data case by case | 167 | ||
| 15.9 McNemar’s test | 167 | ||
| 15.10 Interpreting the output for McNemar’s test | 168 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for McNemar’s test | 169 | ||
| 16 Ranking tests for two groups: Non-parametric statistics | 170 | ||
| Overview | 170 | ||
| 16.1 What are non-parametric tests? | 171 | ||
| 16.2 When to use non-parametric tests | 173 | ||
| 16.3 When not to use non-parametric tests | 173 | ||
| 16.4 Data requirements for non-parametric tests | 173 | ||
| 16.5 Problems in the use of non-parametric tests | 173 | ||
| 16.6 Data to be analysed | 174 | ||
| 16.7 Entering the data | 174 | ||
| 16.8 Related scores: Sign test | 175 | ||
| 16.9 Interpreting the output for the sign test | 175 | ||
| 16.10 Related scores: Wilcoxon test | 176 | ||
| 16.11 Interpreting the output for the Wilcoxon test | 176 | ||
| 16.12 Unrelated scores: Mann–Whitney U-test | 177 | ||
| 16.13 Entering the data | 177 | ||
| 16.14 Mann–Whitney U-test | 178 | ||
| 16.15 Interpreting the output for the Mann–Whitney U-test | 179 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for non-parametric tests for two groups | 180 | ||
| 17 Ranking tests for three or more groups: Non-parametric statistics | 181 | ||
| Overview | 181 | ||
| 17.1 What are ranking tests? | 182 | ||
| 17.2 When to use ranking tests | 183 | ||
| 17.3 When not to use ranking tests | 183 | ||
| 17.4 Data requirements for ranking tests | 183 | ||
| 17.5 Problems in the use of ranking tests | 183 | ||
| 17.6 Data to be analysed | 183 | ||
| 17.7 Friedman three or more related samples test | 184 | ||
| 17.8 Entering the data for the Friedman test | 184 | ||
| 17.9 Friedman test | 185 | ||
| 17.10 Interpreting the output for the Friedman test | 185 | ||
| 17.11 Kruskal–Wallis three or more unrelated samples test | 186 | ||
| 17.12 Entering the data for the Kruskal–Wallis test | 187 | ||
| 17.13 Kruskal–Wallis test | 188 | ||
| 17.14 Interpreting the output for the Kruskal–Wallis test | 189 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for non-parametric tests for three or more groups | 189 | ||
| Part 4 Analysis of variance | 191 | ||
| 18 One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for unrelated or uncorrelated scores | 193 | ||
| Overview | 193 | ||
| 18.1 What is one-way unrelated ANOVA? | 194 | ||
| 18.2 When to use one-way unrelated ANOVA | 195 | ||
| 18.3 When not to use one-way unrelated ANOVA | 196 | ||
| 18.4 Data requirements for one-way unrelated ANOVA | 196 | ||
| 18.5 Problems in the use of one-way unrelated ANOVA | 196 | ||
| 18.6 Data to be analysed | 196 | ||
| 18.7 Entering the data | 197 | ||
| 18.8 One-way unrelated ANOVA | 197 | ||
| 18.9 Interpreting the output | 198 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for one-way unrelated ANOVA | 199 | ||
| 19 One-way analysis of variance for correlated scores or repeated measures | 201 | ||
| Overview | 201 | ||
| 19.1 What is one-way repeated-measures ANOVA? | 202 | ||
| 19.2 When to use repeated-measures ANOVA | 203 | ||
| 19.3 When not to use one-way repeated-measures ANOVA | 203 | ||
| 19.4 Data requirements for one-way repeated-measures ANOVA | 204 | ||
| 19.5 Problems in the use of one-way repeated-measures ANOVA | 204 | ||
| 19.6 Data to be analysed | 204 | ||
| 19.7 Entering the data | 204 | ||
| 19.8 One-way repeated-measures ANOVA | 205 | ||
| 19.9 Interpreting the output | 207 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for one-way repeated-measures ANOVA | 209 | ||
| 20 Two-way analysis of variance for unrelated/uncorrelated scores | 210 | ||
| Overview | 210 | ||
| 20.1 What is two-way unrelated ANOVA? | 211 | ||
| 20.2 When to use two-way unrelated ANOVA | 214 | ||
| 20.3 When not to use two-way unrelated ANOVA | 214 | ||
| 20.4 Data requirements for two-way unrelated ANOVA | 214 | ||
| 20.5 Problems in the use of two-way unrelated ANOVA | 215 | ||
| 20.6 Data to be analysed | 216 | ||
| 20.7 Entering the data | 216 | ||
| 20.8 Two-way unrelated ANOVA | 217 | ||
| 20.9 Interpreting the output | 218 | ||
| 20.10 Editing the graph | 220 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for two-way unrelated ANOVA | 221 | ||
| 21 Multiple comparisons in ANOVA | 223 | ||
| Overview | 223 | ||
| 21.1 What is multiple-comparisons testing? | 224 | ||
| 21.2 When to use multiple-comparisons tests | 225 | ||
| 21.3 When not to use multiple-comparisons tests | 225 | ||
| 21.4 Data requirements for multiple-comparisons tests | 225 | ||
| 21.5 Problems in the use of multiple-comparisons tests | 226 | ||
| 21.6 Data to be analysed | 226 | ||
| 21.7 Entering the data | 227 | ||
| 21.8 Multiple-comparisons tests | 227 | ||
| 21.9 Interpreting the output | 228 | ||
| 21.10 Reporting the output | 229 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for multiple-comparison tests | 230 | ||
| 22 Two-way analysis of variance for correlated scores or repeated measures | 231 | ||
| Overview | 231 | ||
| 22.1 What is two-way repeated-measures ANOVA? | 232 | ||
| 22.2 When to use two-way repeated-measures ANOVA | 234 | ||
| 22.3 When not to use two-way repeated-measures ANOVA | 235 | ||
| 22.4 Data requirements for two-way related-measures ANOVA | 235 | ||
| 22.5 Problems in the use of two-way repeated-measures ANOVA | 235 | ||
| 22.6 Data to be analysed | 235 | ||
| 22.7 Entering the data | 236 | ||
| 22.8 Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA | 236 | ||
| 22.9 Interpreting the output | 238 | ||
| 22.10 Reporting the output | 242 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for two-way repeated-measures ANOVA | 242 | ||
| 23 Two-way mixed analysis of variance | 244 | ||
| Overview | 244 | ||
| 23.1 What is two-way mixed ANOVA? | 245 | ||
| 23.2 When to use two-way mixed ANOVA | 245 | ||
| 23.3 When not to use two-way mixed ANOVA | 246 | ||
| 23.4 Data requirements for two-way mixed ANOVA | 247 | ||
| 23.5 Problems in the use of two-way mixed ANOVA | 247 | ||
| 23.6 Data to be analysed | 247 | ||
| 23.7 Entering the data | 247 | ||
| 23.8 Two-way mixed ANOVA | 248 | ||
| 23.9 Interpreting the output | 250 | ||
| 23.10 Reporting the output | 251 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for mixed ANOVA | 252 | ||
| 24 One-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) | 254 | ||
| Overview | 254 | ||
| 24.1 What is one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)? | 255 | ||
| 24.2 When to use one-way ANCOVA | 256 | ||
| 24.3 When not to use one-way ANCOVA | 256 | ||
| 24.4 Data requirements for one-way ANCOVA | 257 | ||
| 24.5 Problems in the use of one-way ANCOVA | 257 | ||
| 24.6 Data to be analysed | 257 | ||
| 24.7 Entering the data | 257 | ||
| 24.8 One-way ANCOVA | 258 | ||
| 24.9 Testing that the slope of the regression line within cells is similar | 259 | ||
| 24.10 Interpreting the output | 260 | ||
| 24.11 Testing the full model | 260 | ||
| 24.12 Interpreting the output | 262 | ||
| 24.13 Reporting the output | 263 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for one-way ANCOVA | 263 | ||
| 25 One-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) | 265 | ||
| Overview | 265 | ||
| 25.1 What is one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)? | 266 | ||
| 25.2 When to use one-way MANOVA | 267 | ||
| 25.3 When not to use one-way MANOVA | 268 | ||
| 25.4 Data requirements for one-way MANOVA | 269 | ||
| 25.5 Problems in the use of one-way MANOVA | 269 | ||
| 25.6 Data to be analysed | 269 | ||
| 25.7 Entering the data | 270 | ||
| 25.8 One-way MANOVA | 270 | ||
| 25.9 Interpreting the output | 271 | ||
| 25.10 Reporting the output | 274 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for one-way MANOVA | 274 | ||
| Part 5 More advanced statistics | 275 | ||
| 26 Partial correlation | 277 | ||
| Overview | 277 | ||
| 26.1 What is partial correlation? | 278 | ||
| 26.2 When to use partial correlation | 280 | ||
| 26.3 When not to use partial correlation | 280 | ||
| 26.4 Data requirements for partial correlation | 280 | ||
| 26.5 Problems in the use of partial correlation | 280 | ||
| 26.6 Data to be analysed | 280 | ||
| 26.7 Entering the data | 281 | ||
| 26.8 Partial correlation | 281 | ||
| 26.9 Interpreting the output | 282 | ||
| Reporting the output | 283 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for partial correlation | 283 | ||
| 27 Factor analysis | 284 | ||
| Overview | 284 | ||
| 27.1 What is factor analysis? | 285 | ||
| 27.2 When to use factor analysis | 287 | ||
| 27.3 When not to use factor analysis | 288 | ||
| 27.4 Data requirements for factor analysis | 288 | ||
| 27.5 Problems in the use of factor analysis | 288 | ||
| 27.6 Data to be analysed | 289 | ||
| 27.7 Entering the data | 289 | ||
| 27.8 Principal components analysis with orthogonal rotation | 290 | ||
| 27.9 Interpreting the output | 293 | ||
| 27.10 Reporting the output | 295 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for factor analysis | 296 | ||
| 28 Item reliability and inter-rater agreement | 297 | ||
| Overview | 297 | ||
| 28.1 What are item reliability and inter-rater agreement? | 298 | ||
| 28.2 When to use item reliability and inter-rater agreement | 300 | ||
| 28.3 When not to use item reliability and inter-rater agreement | 301 | ||
| 28.4 Data requirements for item reliability and inter-rater agreement | 301 | ||
| 28.5 Problems in the use of item reliability and inter-rater agreement? | 302 | ||
| 28.6 Data to be analysed for item alpha reliability | 302 | ||
| 28.7 Entering the data | 302 | ||
| 28.8 Alpha reliability | 303 | ||
| 28.9 Interpreting the output | 304 | ||
| 28.10 Split-half reliability | 305 | ||
| 28.11 Interpreting the output | 305 | ||
| 28.12 Data to be analysed for inter-rater agreement (kappa) | 306 | ||
| 28.13 Entering the data | 306 | ||
| 28.14 Kappa | 307 | ||
| 28.15 Interpreting the output | 308 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for reliability | 309 | ||
| 29 Stepwise multiple regression | 310 | ||
| Overview | 310 | ||
| 29.1 What is stepwise multiple regression? | 311 | ||
| 29.2 When to use stepwise multiple regression | 312 | ||
| 29.3 When not to use stepwise multiple regression | 313 | ||
| 29.4 Data requirements for stepwise multiple regression | 314 | ||
| 29.5 Problems in the use of stepwise multiple regression | 314 | ||
| 29.6 Data to be analysed | 314 | ||
| 29.7 Entering the data | 315 | ||
| 29.8 Stepwise multiple regression analysis | 315 | ||
| 29.9 Interpreting the output | 316 | ||
| 29.10 Reporting the output | 319 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for stepwise multiple regression | 319 | ||
| 30 Simultaneous or standard multiple regression | 321 | ||
| Overview | 321 | ||
| 30.1 What is simultaneous or standard multiple regression? | 322 | ||
| 30.2 When to use simultaneous or standard multiple regression | 325 | ||
| 30.3 When not to use simultaneous or standard multiple regression | 326 | ||
| 30.4 Data requirements for simultaneous or standard multiple regression | 326 | ||
| 30.5 Problems in the use of simultaneous or standard multiple regression | 327 | ||
| 30.6 Data to be analysed | 327 | ||
| 30.7 Entering the data | 327 | ||
| 30.8 Simultaneous or standard multiple regression analysis | 328 | ||
| 30.9 Interpreting the output | 329 | ||
| 30.10 Reporting the output | 331 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for simultaneous or standard multiple regression | 333 | ||
| 31 Simple mediational analysis | 334 | ||
| Overview | 334 | ||
| 31.1 What is simple mediational analysis? | 335 | ||
| 31.2 When to use simple mediational analysis | 338 | ||
| 31.3 When not to use simple mediational analysis | 338 | ||
| 31.4 Data requirements for a simple mediational analysis | 339 | ||
| 31.5 Problems in the use of simple mediational analysis | 339 | ||
| 31.6 Data to be analysed | 339 | ||
| 31.7 Entering the data | 339 | ||
| 31.8 Simultaneous multiple regression analysis | 340 | ||
| 31.9 Interpreting the output | 341 | ||
| 31.10 Reporting the output | 342 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for simultaneous or standard multiple regression | 343 | ||
| 32 Hierarchical multiple regression | 344 | ||
| Overview | 344 | ||
| 32.1 What is hierarchical multiple regression? | 345 | ||
| 32.2 When to use hierarchical multiple regression | 347 | ||
| 32.3 When not to use hierarchical multiple regression | 347 | ||
| 32.4 Data requirements for hierarchical multiple regression | 347 | ||
| 32.5 Problems in the use of hierarchical multiple regression | 347 | ||
| 32.6 Data to be analysed | 348 | ||
| 32.7 Entering the data | 348 | ||
| 32.8 Hierarchical multiple regression analysis | 349 | ||
| 32.9 Interpreting the output | 350 | ||
| 32.10 Reporting the output | 352 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for hierarchical multiple regression | 353 | ||
| 33 Log-linear analysis | 354 | ||
| Overview | 354 | ||
| 33.1 What is log-linear analysis? | 355 | ||
| 33.2 When to use log-linear analysis | 356 | ||
| 33.3 When not to use log-linear analysis | 357 | ||
| 33.4 Data requirements for log-linear analysis | 358 | ||
| 33.5 Problems in the use of log-linear analysis | 358 | ||
| 33.6 Data to be analysed | 358 | ||
| 33.7 Entering the data | 358 | ||
| 33.8 Log-linear analysis | 359 | ||
| 33.9 Interpreting the output | 360 | ||
| 33.10 Reporting the output | 362 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for log-linear analysis | 362 | ||
| 34 Meta-analysis | 363 | ||
| Overview | 363 | ||
| 34.1 What is meta-analysis? | 364 | ||
| 34.2 When to use meta-analysis | 367 | ||
| 34.3 When not to use meta-analysis | 368 | ||
| 34.4 Data requirements for meta-analysis | 368 | ||
| 34.5 Problems in the use of meta-analysis | 369 | ||
| 34.6 Data to be analysed | 369 | ||
| 34.7 Meta-analysis | 369 | ||
| 34.8 Interpreting the output | 371 | ||
| 34.9 Reporting the output | 371 | ||
| Part 6 Data handling procedures | 373 | ||
| 35 Missing values | 375 | ||
| Overview | 375 | ||
| 35.1 What are missing values? | 376 | ||
| 35.2 Entering the data | 377 | ||
| 35.3 Defining missing values | 378 | ||
| 35.4 Pairwise and listwise options | 378 | ||
| 35.5 Sample output for pairwise exclusion | 379 | ||
| 35.6 Sample output for listwise exclusion | 380 | ||
| 35.7 Interpreting the output | 380 | ||
| 35.8 Reporting the output | 381 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for handling missing values | 381 | ||
| 36 Recoding values | 382 | ||
| Overview | 382 | ||
| 36.1 What is recoding values? | 383 | ||
| 36.2 Entering the data | 383 | ||
| 36.3 Recoding values | 384 | ||
| 36.4 Recoding missing values | 387 | ||
| 36.5 Saving the recode procedure as a syntax file | 387 | ||
| 36.6 Adding some extra cases to Table 36.1 | 388 | ||
| 36.7 Running the Recode syntax command | 388 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for recoding values | 388 | ||
| 37 Computing a scale score with some values missing | 390 | ||
| Overview | 390 | ||
| 37.1 What is computing a scale score with some values missing? | 391 | ||
| 37.2 Entering the data | 392 | ||
| 37.3 Computing a scale score with some values missing | 393 | ||
| 37.4 Saving the Compute procedure as a syntax file | 395 | ||
| 37.5 Adding some extra cases to Table 37.1 | 395 | ||
| 37.6 Running the Compute syntax command | 396 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for computing a scale score with some missing values | 396 | ||
| 38 Computing a new group variable from existing group variables | 397 | ||
| Overview | 397 | ||
| 38.1 What is computing a new group variable from existing group variables? | 398 | ||
| 38.2 Entering the data | 400 | ||
| 38.3 Syntax file for computing a new group variable from existing group variables | 400 | ||
| 38.4 Running the Compute syntax commands | 401 | ||
| 38.5 Computing a new group using menus and dialogue boxes | 402 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for computing a new group variable from existing group variables | 403 | ||
| 39 Selecting cases | 404 | ||
| Overview | 404 | ||
| 39.1 What is selecting cases? | 405 | ||
| 39.2 Entering the data | 406 | ||
| 39.3 Selecting cases | 406 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for selecting cases | 409 | ||
| 40 Reading ASCII or text files into the ‘Data Editor’ | 410 | ||
| Overview | 410 | ||
| 40.1 What is an ASCII or text data file? | 411 | ||
| 40.2 Entering data into an ASCII or text data file | 412 | ||
| 40.3 Reading an ASCII or text data file | 413 | ||
| Summary of SPSS steps for inputting an ASCII or text data file | 416 | ||
| Glossary | 417 | ||
| Index | 424 |