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Book Details
Abstract
Highly praised for its clear, straightforward approach, Statistics without Maths 7th edition provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to statistics and SPSS. This widely used and trusted textbook is packed with examples, activities and questions to help you to test your learning and deepen your understanding in a practical and manageable way.
Statistics without Maths for Psychology, 7e, will help you to gain the confidence to apply statistical concepts and use SPSS to analyse data within your studies and future independent research.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover\r | Cover | ||
| Title Page\r | iii | ||
| Copyright Page\r | iv | ||
| Brief Contents\r | vii | ||
| Contents\r | ix | ||
| Preface | xvi | ||
| Guided tour | xx | ||
| Acknowledgements | xxii | ||
| 1 Variables and research design | 1 | ||
| Chapter overview | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Why teach statistics without mathematical formulae? | 1 | ||
| 1.2 Variables | 3 | ||
| 1.3 Levels of measurement | 7 | ||
| 1.4 Research designs | 8 | ||
| 1.5 Between-participants and within-participants designs | 16 | ||
| Summary\r | 20 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 21 | ||
| References | 24 | ||
| Answers to multiple choice questions | 24 | ||
| 2 Introduction to SPSS | 25 | ||
| Chapter overview | 25 | ||
| 2.1 Basics | 25 | ||
| 2.2 Starting SPSS | 25 | ||
| 2.3 Working with data | 30 | ||
| 2.4 Data entry | 31 | ||
| 2.5 Saving your data | 34 | ||
| 2.6 Inputting data for between-participants and within-participants designs | 36 | ||
| 2.7 Within-participants designs | 39 | ||
| Summary | 40 | ||
| SPSS exercises | 40 | ||
| 3 Descriptive statistics | 42 | ||
| Chapter overview | 42 | ||
| 3.1 Samples and populations | 42 | ||
| 3.2 Measures of central tendency | 45 | ||
| 3.3 Sampling error | 50 | ||
| SPSS: obtaining measures of central tendency | 53 | ||
| 3.4 Graphically describing data | 56 | ||
| SPSS: generating graphical descriptives | 66 | ||
| 3.5 Scattergrams | 68 | ||
| SPSS: generating scattergrams | 70 | ||
| 3.6 Sampling error and relationships between variables | 71 | ||
| 3.7 The normal distribution | 73 | ||
| 3.8 Variation or spread of distributions | 76 | ||
| SPSS: obtaining measures of variation | 80 | ||
| 3.9 Other characteristics of distributions | 81 | ||
| 3.10 Non-normal distributions | 82 | ||
| SPSS: displaying the normal curve on histograms | 88 | ||
| 3.11 Writing up your descriptive statistics | 90 | ||
| Summary | 90 | ||
| SPSS exercises | 91 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 92 | ||
| References | 95 | ||
| Answers to multiple choice questions | 96 | ||
| 4 Probability, sampling and distributions | 97 | ||
| Chapter overview | 97 | ||
| 4.1 Probability | 97 | ||
| 4.2 The standard normal distribution | 101 | ||
| 4.3 Applying probability to research | 108 | ||
| 4.4 Sampling distributions | 108 | ||
| 4.5 Confidence intervals and the standard error | 111 | ||
| SPSS: obtaining confidence intervals | 120 | ||
| 4.6 Error bar charts | 121 | ||
| 4.7 Overlapping confidence intervals | 122 | ||
| SPSS: generating error bar charts | 124 | ||
| 4.8 Confidence intervals around other statistics | 127 | ||
| Summary | 127 | ||
| SPSS exercises | 128 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 130 | ||
| References | 133 | ||
| Answers to multiple choice questions | 133 | ||
| 5 Hypothesis testing and statistical significance | 134 | ||
| Chapter overview | 134 | ||
| 5.1 Another way of applying probabilities to research: hypothesis testing | 134 | ||
| 5.2 Null hypothesis | 139 | ||
| 5.3 Logic of null hypothesis testing | 140 | ||
| 5.4 The significance level | 142 | ||
| 5.5 Statistical significance | 144 | ||
| 5.6 The correct interpretation of the p-value | 146 | ||
| 5.7 Statistical tests | 147 | ||
| 5.8 Type I error | 148 | ||
| 5.9 Type II error | 150 | ||
| 5.10 Why set α at 0.05?\r | 151 | ||
| 5.11 One-tailed and two-tailed hypotheses | 151 | ||
| 5.12 Assumptions underlying the use of statistical tests | 156 | ||
| SPSS: Statistics Coach | 163 | ||
| Summary | 167 | ||
| SPSS exercises | 167 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 169 | ||
| References | 172 | ||
| Answers to multiple choice questions | 173 | ||
| 6 Correlational analysis: Pearson’s r | 174 | ||
| Chapter overview | 174 | ||
| 6.1 Bivariate correlations | 175 | ||
| SPSS: bivariate correlations – Pearson’s r | 188 | ||
| SPSS: obtaining a scattergram matrix | 197 | ||
| 6.2 First- and second-order correlations | 200 | ||
| SPSS: partial correlations – Pearson’s r | 201 | ||
| 6.3 Patterns of correlations | 208 | ||
| Summary | 209 | ||
| SPSS exercise | 210 | ||
| Multiple choice question | 211 | ||
| References | 215 | ||
| Answers to multiple choice questions | 216 | ||
| 7 Analyses of differences between two conditions: the t-test | 217 | ||
| Chapter overview | 217 | ||
| 7.1 Analysis of two conditions | 218 | ||
| SPSS: for an independent t-test | 228 | ||
| SPSS: two samples repeated-measures design – paired t-test | 234 | ||
| Summary | 239 | ||
| SPSS exercise | 240 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 241 | ||
| References | 245 | ||
| Answers to multiple choice questions | 245 | ||
| 8 Issues of significance | 246 | ||
| Chapter overview | 246 | ||
| 8.1 Criterion significance levels | 246 | ||
| 8.2 Effect size | 251 | ||
| 8.3 Power | 251 | ||
| 8.4 Factors influencing power | 252 | ||
| 8.5 Calculating power | 256 | ||
| 8.6 Confidence intervals | 258 | ||
| Summary | 259 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 260 | ||
| References | 263 | ||
| Answers to multiple choice questions | 264 | ||
| 9 Measures of association | 265 | ||
| Chapter overview | 265 | ||
| 9.1 Frequency (categorical) data | 265 | ||
| 9.2 One-variable X² or goodness-of-fit test\r | 267 | ||
| SPSS: one-variable X² | 269 | ||
| SPSS: one-variable X² – using frequencies different from those expected under the null hypothesis | 273 | ||
| 9.3 X² test for independence: 2×2\r | 276 | ||
| SPSS:2×2 X² | 279 | ||
| 9.4 X² test of independence: r × c\r | 285 | ||
| Summary | 290 | ||
| SPSS exercises | 290 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 292 | ||
| References | 297 | ||
| Answers to multiple choice questions | 297 | ||
| 10 Analysis of differences between three or more conditions | 298 | ||
| Chapter overview | 298 | ||
| 10.1 Visualising the design | 299 | ||
| 10.2 Meaning of analysis of variance | 300 | ||
| SPSS: performing a one-way ANOVA | 305 | ||
| 10.3 Descriptive statistics | 307 | ||
| 10.4 Planned comparisons | 308 | ||
| 10.5 Controlling for multiple testing | 309 | ||
| 10.6 Post-hoc tests | 309 | ||
| 10.7 Repeated-measures ANOVA | 312 | ||
| SPSS: instructions for repeated-measures ANOVA | 313 | ||
| Summary | 319 | ||
| SPSS exercises | 320 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 321 | ||
| References | 327 | ||
| Answers to multiple choice questions | 327 | ||
| 11 Analysis of variance with more than one IV | 328 | ||
| Chapter overview | 328 | ||
| 11.1 Introduction | 328 | ||
| 11.2 Sources of variance | 329 | ||
| 11.3 Designs suitable for factorial ANOVA | 331 | ||
| 11.4 ANOVA terminology | 332 | ||
| 11.5 Two between-participants independent variables | 333 | ||
| SPSS: analysis of two between-participants factors | 346 | ||
| 11.6 Two within-participants variables\r | 351 | ||
| SPSS: ANOVA with two within-participants factors | 359 | ||
| 11.7 One between- and one within-participants variable | 362 | ||
| SPSS: ANOVA with one between-participants factor and one within-participants factor | 368 | ||
| Summary | 370 | ||
| SPSS exercises | 370 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 372 | ||
| References | 376 | ||
| Answers to multiple choice questions | 376 | ||
| 12 Regression analysis | 377 | ||
| Chapter overview | 377 | ||
| 12.1 The purpose of linear regression | 377 | ||
| SPSS: drawing the line of best fit | 380 | ||
| SPSS: linear regression analysis | 391 | ||
| 12.2 Multiple regression | 398 | ||
| Summary | 407 | ||
| SPSS exercises | 407 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 409 | ||
| References | 413 | ||
| Answers to multiple choice questions | 413 | ||
| 13 Analysis of three or more groups partialling out effects of a covariate | 414 | ||
| Chapter overview | 414 | ||
| SPSS: obtaining a chart of regression lines | 416 | ||
| 13.1 Pre-existing groups | 422 | ||
| 13.2 Pretest–posttest designs | 428 | ||
| SPSS: obtaining output for an ANCOVA | 432 | ||
| Summary | 440 | ||
| SPSS exercise | 440 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 441 | ||
| References | 445 | ||
| Answers to multiple choice questions | 445 | ||
| 14 Introduction to factor analysis | 446 | ||
| Chapter overview | 446 | ||
| 14.1 What is the purpose of factor analysis? | 446 | ||
| 14.2 The two main types of factor analysis | 448 | ||
| 14.3 Use of factor analysis in psychometrics | 448 | ||
| 14.4 Visualising factors | 449 | ||
| 14.5 Conceptualising factor analysis | 450 | ||
| 14.6 Naming the factors | 452 | ||
| 14.7 Loadings of variables on factors | 453 | ||
| 14.8 The correlational matrix | 455 | ||
| 14.9 The unrotated and rotated matrices | 456 | ||
| 14.10 Plotting the variables in factor space | 457 | ||
| 14.11 Rotating the matrix | 459 | ||
| 14.12 Steps taken in performing a factor analysis | 462 | ||
| 14.13 Use of factors or components in further analyses | 466 | ||
| 14.14 The meaning of negative loadings | 467 | ||
| SPSS: factor analysis – principal components analysis | 468 | ||
| Summary | 476 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 476 | ||
| References | 480 | ||
| Answers to multiple choice questions | 480 | ||
| 15 Introduction to multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) | 481 | ||
| Chapter overview | 481 | ||
| 15.1 Multivariate statistics | 481 | ||
| 15.2 Why use multivariate analyses of variance? | 482 | ||
| 15.3 Multivariate analysis of variance | 482 | ||
| 15.4 Logic of MANOVA | 483 | ||
| 15.5 Assumptions of MANOVA | 485 | ||
| 15.6 Which F-value? | 489 | ||
| 15.7 Post-hoc analyses of individual DVs | 490 | ||
| 15.8 Correlated DVs | 492 | ||
| 15.9 How to write up these analyses | 493 | ||
| SPSS: conducting MANOVA with one between-participants IV and two DVs | 494 | ||
| 15.10 Within-participants designs | 496 | ||
| SPSS: one within-participants IV and two DVs | 503 | ||
| Summary | 506 | ||
| SPSS exercises | 506 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 508 | ||
| References | 515 | ||
| Recommended texts | 515 | ||
| Answers to multiple choice questions | 515 | ||
| 16 Non-parametric statistics | 516 | ||
| Chapter overview | 516 | ||
| 16.1 Alternative to Pearson’s r: Spearman’s rho | 517 | ||
| SPSS: correlational analysis – Spearman’s rho | 517 | ||
| SPSS exercise | 521 | ||
| 16.2 Alternatives to the t-test: Mann–Whitney and Wilcoxon | 521 | ||
| SPSS: two-sample test for independent groups – Mann–Whitney | 523 | ||
| SPSS exercise | 527 | ||
| SPSS: two-sample test for repeated measures – Wilcoxon | 530 | ||
| SPSS exercise | 535 | ||
| 16.3 Alternatives to ANOVA | 535 | ||
| SPSS: independent samples test for more than two conditions – Kruskal–Wallis | 536 | ||
| SPSS exercise | 540 | ||
| SPSS: repeated-measures test for more than two conditions – Friedman’s test | 542 | ||
| SPSS exercise | 544 | ||
| Summary | 545 | ||
| Multiple choice questions | 545 | ||
| References | 550 | ||
| Answers to multiple choice questions | 550 | ||
| Answers to activities and SPSS exercises | 551 | ||
| Appendix 1: Table of z-scores and the proportion of the standard normal distribution falling above and below each score | 592 | ||
| Appendix 2: Table r to zr | 595 | ||
| Index | 597 |