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Immunology & Serology in Laboratory Medicine - E-Book
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY in Laboratory Medicine | i | ||
| evolve page | ii | ||
| Copyright | iii | ||
| Dedication | iv | ||
| REVIEWERS | v | ||
| PREFACE | vi | ||
| DISTINCTIVE FEATURES AND LEARNING AIDS | vi | ||
| NEW TO THIS EDITION | vi | ||
| Part I1397058884Basic Immunologic Mechanisms (Chapters 1-5) | vi | ||
| Part II1397058884The Theory of Immunologic and Serologic Procedures (Chapters 6-14) | vii | ||
| Part III1397058884Immunologic Manifestations of Infectious Diseases (Chapters 15-24) | vii | ||
| Part IV1397058884Immune Disorders (Chapters 25-29) | vii | ||
| Part V1397058884Transplantation and Tumor Immunology (Chapters 30 and 31) | vii | ||
| Part VI—Vaccines (Chapter 32) | vii | ||
| GENERAL, OVERALL IN-TEXT FEATURES | viii | ||
| ANCILLARIES | viii | ||
| For the Instructor | viii | ||
| ABOUT THE AUTHOR | ix | ||
| TABLE OF CONTENTS | x | ||
| I - Basic ImmunologicMechanisms | 1 | ||
| 1 - An Overview of Immunology | 2 | ||
| HISTORY OF IMMUNOLOGY | 2 | ||
| WHAT IS IMMUNOLOGY? | 3 | ||
| CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM | 3 | ||
| FUNCTION OF IMMUNOLOGY | 3 | ||
| Microbiota | 5 | ||
| First Line of Defense | 5 | ||
| Second Line of Defense: Natural Immunity | 5 | ||
| Third Line of Defense: Adaptive Immunity | 7 | ||
| Humoral-Mediated Immunity | 7 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | 9 | ||
| COMPARISON OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY | 10 | ||
| Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns and Pattern Recognition Receptors | 10 | ||
| Pattern Recognition Receptors | 10 | ||
| CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS | 11 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 12 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 13 | ||
| 2 - Antigens and Antibodies | 14 | ||
| ANTIGEN CHARACTERISTICS | 15 | ||
| General Characteristics of Immunogens and Antigens | 15 | ||
| Histocompatibility Antigens | 15 | ||
| Major Histocompatibility Complex Regions | 16 | ||
| Classes of HLA Molecules | 17 | ||
| Autoantigens | 17 | ||
| Blood Group Antigens | 17 | ||
| CHEMICAL NATURE OF ANTIGENS | 17 | ||
| Adjuvant | 18 | ||
| PHYSICAL NATURE OF ANTIGENS | 18 | ||
| Foreignness | 18 | ||
| Degradability | 18 | ||
| Molecular Weight | 18 | ||
| Structural Stability | 18 | ||
| Complexity | 18 | ||
| GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTIBODIES | 18 | ||
| IMMUNOGLOBULIN (IG) CLASSES | 18 | ||
| Immunoglobulin M | 18 | ||
| Immunoglobulin G | 19 | ||
| Immunoglobulin A | 20 | ||
| Immunoglobulin D | 20 | ||
| Immunoglobulin E | 20 | ||
| ANTIBODY STRUCTURE | 20 | ||
| Typical Immunoglobulin Molecule | 21 | ||
| Structures of Other Immunoglobulins | 21 | ||
| Immunoglobulin M | 21 | ||
| Immunoglobulin A | 21 | ||
| Immunoglobulin D | 21 | ||
| Immunoglobulin E | 21 | ||
| IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIANTS | 22 | ||
| Isotype Determinants | 22 | ||
| Allotype Determinants | 22 | ||
| Idiotype Determinants | 23 | ||
| ANTIBODY SYNTHESIS | 24 | ||
| Primary Antibody Response | 24 | ||
| Secondary (Anamnestic) Response | 24 | ||
| FUNCTIONS OF ANTIBODIES | 25 | ||
| ANTIGEN–ANTIBODY INTERACTION: SPECIFICITY AND CROSS-REACTIVITY | 25 | ||
| Antibody Affinity | 25 | ||
| Antibody Avidity | 26 | ||
| Immune Complexes | 26 | ||
| MOLECULAR BASIS OF ANTIGEN–ANTIBODY REACTIONS | 26 | ||
| Types of Bonding | 26 | ||
| Hydrophobic Bonds | 27 | ||
| Hydrogen Bonds | 27 | ||
| Van der Waals Forces | 27 | ||
| Electrostatic Forces | 27 | ||
| Goodness of Fit | 27 | ||
| Detection of Antigen–Antibody Reactions | 27 | ||
| Influence of Antibody Types on Agglutination | 28 | ||
| MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES | 28 | ||
| Discovery of the Technique | 28 | ||
| Monoclonal Antibody Production | 28 | ||
| Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies | 28 | ||
| CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS | 30 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 31 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 34 | ||
| 3 - Cells and Cellular Activities of the Immune System: Granulocytes and Mononuclear Cells | 35 | ||
| ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD CELLS | 36 | ||
| GRANULOCYTIC CELLS | 36 | ||
| Neutrophils | 36 | ||
| Eosinophils and Basophils | 37 | ||
| Eosinophils | 37 | ||
| Basophils | 37 | ||
| PROCESS OF PHAGOCYTOSIS | 38 | ||
| Chemotaxis | 38 | ||
| Adherence | 39 | ||
| Engulfment | 39 | ||
| Digestion | 39 | ||
| Subsequent Phagocytic Activity | 40 | ||
| Neutrophil Extracellular Traps | 40 | ||
| MONOCYTES-MACROPHAGES | 40 | ||
| Mononuclear Phagocyte System | 40 | ||
| Host Defense Functions | 41 | ||
| Phagocytosis | 42 | ||
| Antigen Presentation and Induction of the Immune Response | 43 | ||
| Secretion of Biologically Active Molecules | 43 | ||
| ACUTE INFLAMMATION | 43 | ||
| SEPSIS | 43 | ||
| CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS | 44 | ||
| DISORDERS OF NEUTROPHILS | 45 | ||
| Noninfectious Neutrophil-Mediated Inflammatory Disease | 45 | ||
| Abnormal Neutrophil Function | 45 | ||
| Congenital Neutrophil Abnormalities | 45 | ||
| Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome | 46 | ||
| Chronic Granulomatous Disease | 46 | ||
| Complement Receptor 3 Deficiency | 46 | ||
| Myeloperoxidase Deficiency | 46 | ||
| Specific Granule Deficiency | 47 | ||
| MONOCYTE-MACROPHAGE DISORDERS | 47 | ||
| Gaucher’s Disease | 47 | ||
| Niemann-Pick Disease | 48 | ||
| DISEASE STATES INVOLVING LEUKOCYTE INTEGRINS | 48 | ||
| CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS | 50 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 50 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 52 | ||
| 4 - Cells and Cellular Activities of the Immune System: Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells | 54 | ||
| LYMPHOCYTES AND PLASMA CELLS | 55 | ||
| LYMPHOID AND NONLYMPHOID SURFACE MEMBRANE MARKERS | 55 | ||
| Sites of Lymphocyte Development | 55 | ||
| Primary Lymphoid Tissue | 55 | ||
| Secondary Lymphoid Organs | 58 | ||
| Circulation of Lymphocytes | 60 | ||
| VIRGIN OR NAÏVE LYMPHOCYTES | 61 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF T LYMPHOCYTES | 62 | ||
| Early Cellular Differentiation and Development | 62 | ||
| Double-Negative Thymocytes | 62 | ||
| Double-Positive Thymocytes | 63 | ||
| Later Cellular Differentiation and Development of T Lymphocytes | 63 | ||
| T-Lymphocyte Subsets | 63 | ||
| CD4 Lymphocytes | 63 | ||
| Subsets of CD4+ Effector T Lymphocytes | 64 | ||
| CD8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes | 66 | ||
| Antigen Recognition by T Cells | 69 | ||
| T-Cell Activation | 69 | ||
| T-Independent Antigen Triggering | 70 | ||
| Antigen Processing and Antigen Presentation to T Cells | 70 | ||
| INNATE LYMPHOID CELLS | 70 | ||
| Natural Killer Cells | 70 | ||
| T-REGULATORY LYMPHOCYTES | 71 | ||
| B LYMPHOCYTES | 72 | ||
| Development and Differentiation of B Lymphocytes | 72 | ||
| Cell Surface Antigens | 72 | ||
| . B1 and B2 cells are B-cell subsets. One phenotypically distinct subset, designated B10 cells, has been shown to uniquely regul... | 73 | ||
| PLASMA CELL BIOLOGY | 74 | ||
| ALTERATIONS IN LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS | 74 | ||
| Changes With Aging | 75 | ||
| IMMUNOLOGIC DISORDERS | 75 | ||
| Immune-Mediated Disease | 75 | ||
| CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS | 76 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 76 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 78 | ||
| 5 - Soluble Mediators of the Immune System | 80 | ||
| THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM | 81 | ||
| Activation of Complement | 81 | ||
| Enzyme Activation | 82 | ||
| Complement Receptors | 83 | ||
| CLASSIC PATHWAY | 83 | ||
| RECOGNITION | 83 | ||
| Amplification of Proteolytic Complement Cascade | 83 | ||
| Membrane Attack Complex | 83 | ||
| ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY | 84 | ||
| MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN PATHWAY | 85 | ||
| BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF COMPLEMENT PROTEINS | 85 | ||
| Biological Effects of Complement Activation | 85 | ||
| ALTERATIONS IN COMPLEMENT LEVELS | 86 | ||
| Elevated Complement Levels | 86 | ||
| Decreased Complement Levels | 86 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION | 88 | ||
| OTHER SOLUBLE IMMUNE RESPONSE MEDIATORS | 88 | ||
| Biological Response Modifiers | 88 | ||
| Cytokines | 88 | ||
| Interleukins | 91 | ||
| Interferons | 91 | ||
| Tumor Necrosis Factor | 92 | ||
| HEMATOPOIETIC STIMULATORS | 92 | ||
| Stem Cell Factor (c-kit Ligand) | 92 | ||
| Colony-Stimulating Factors | 92 | ||
| Transforming Growth Factors | 92 | ||
| Chemokines | 92 | ||
| Assessment of Cytokines | 92 | ||
| ACUTE-PHASE PROTEINS | 92 | ||
| Overview | 93 | ||
| Synthesis and Catabolism | 93 | ||
| C-Reactive Protein | 93 | ||
| Other Acute-Phase Reactants | 94 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment Methods | 94 | ||
| CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS | 97 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 97 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 99 | ||
| II - The Theory of Immunologicand Serologic Procedures | 100 | ||
| 6 - Safety in the Immunology-Serology Laboratory | 101 | ||
| SAFETY STANDARDS AND AGENCIES | 102 | ||
| PATIENT SAFETY | 102 | ||
| PREVENTION OF TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES | 103 | ||
| SAFE WORK PRACTICES FOR INFECTION CONTROL | 103 | ||
| PROTECTIVE TECHNIQUES FOR INFECTION CONTROL | 104 | ||
| Selection and Use of Gloves | 104 | ||
| Facial Barrier Protection and Occlusive Bandages | 104 | ||
| Laboratory Coats or Gowns as Barrier Protection | 104 | ||
| HAND SANITIZING AND HANDWASHING | 104 | ||
| OTHER SAFETY PRACTICES | 106 | ||
| Nail Care | 106 | ||
| Shoes | 106 | ||
| Electronic Devices | 106 | ||
| SPECIMEN-PROCESSING PROTECTION | 106 | ||
| ADDITIONAL LABORATORY HAZARDS | 106 | ||
| DECONTAMINATION OF WORK SURFACES, EQUIPMENT, AND SPILLS | 107 | ||
| DISPOSAL OF INFECTIOUS LABORATORY WASTE | 107 | ||
| Containers for Waste | 108 | ||
| Biohazard Containers | 108 | ||
| Biohazard Bags | 108 | ||
| Final Decontamination of Waste Materials | 108 | ||
| DISEASE PREVENTION | 108 | ||
| Immunization and Vaccination | 108 | ||
| Screening Tests | 108 | ||
| Hepatitis B Surface Antigen | 108 | ||
| Rubella | 108 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 108 | ||
| Varicella | 109 | ||
| Postexposure Prophylaxis | 109 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 109 | ||
| BASIC FIRST AID PROCEDURES | 110 | ||
| CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS | 111 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 111 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 112 | ||
| 7 - Quality Assurance and Quality Control | 113 | ||
| CLINICAL LABORATORY REGULATORY AND ACCREDITING ORGANIZATIONS | 114 | ||
| NONANALYTIC FACTORS RELATED TO TESTING ACCURACY | 114 | ||
| Qualified Personnel | 114 | ||
| Established Laboratory Policies | 114 | ||
| Laboratory Procedure Manual | 114 | ||
| Test Requisitioning | 114 | ||
| Patient Identification, Specimen Procurement, and Labeling | 114 | ||
| Preventive Maintenance of Equipment | 115 | ||
| Appropriate Testing Methods | 115 | ||
| Inaccurate Results | 115 | ||
| ERRORS RELATED TO PHASE OF TESTING | 115 | ||
| QUALITY DESCRIPTORS | 115 | ||
| Definitions | 115 | ||
| Coefficient of Variation | 116 | ||
| Sensitivity and Specificity | 116 | ||
| Sensitivity | 116 | ||
| Specificity | 116 | ||
| Predictive Values | 116 | ||
| MONITORING QUALITY | 117 | ||
| Proficiency Testing | 117 | ||
| Control Specimens | 117 | ||
| REFERENCE RANGE STATISTICS | 117 | ||
| TESTING OUTCOMES | 118 | ||
| VALIDATING NEW PROCEDURES | 118 | ||
| Parallel Testing of Test Kits | 118 | ||
| Validation of a New Procedure Write-Up | 118 | ||
| CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS | 120 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 121 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 122 | ||
| 8 - Basic Serologic Laboratory Techniques | 123 | ||
| PROCEDURES MANUAL | 124 | ||
| BLOOD SPECIMEN PREPARATION | 124 | ||
| TYPES OF SPECIMENS TESTED | 124 | ||
| INACTIVATION OF COMPLEMENT | 124 | ||
| PIPETTES | 124 | ||
| Graduated Pipettes | 125 | ||
| Serologic Pipettes | 125 | ||
| Inspection and Use | 125 | ||
| PIPETTING TECHNIQUES | 125 | ||
| Manual Pipettes | 125 | ||
| Automatic Pipettes | 126 | ||
| Micropipettors | 126 | ||
| Automatic Dispensers or Syringes | 127 | ||
| Diluter-Dispensers | 127 | ||
| DILUTIONS | 128 | ||
| Diluting Specimens | 128 | ||
| Dilution Factor | 128 | ||
| Single Dilutions | 128 | ||
| Example of Calculation of Concentration of a Single Dilution | 129 | ||
| Use of Dilution Factors | 129 | ||
| Serial Dilutions | 129 | ||
| ANTIBODY TESTING | 130 | ||
| ANTIBODY TITER | 130 | ||
| CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS | 131 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 131 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 132 | ||
| 9 - Rapid Testing | 133 | ||
| TESTING CATEGORIES | 133 | ||
| Staff Competency | 134 | ||
| Quality Control | 134 | ||
| QUALITY CONTROL STANDARDS FOR MODERATE AND HIGH COMPLEXITY TESTING | 134 | ||
| EXAMPLES OF NON–INSTRUMENT-BASED TESTING | 134 | ||
| Malaria Testing | 134 | ||
| HIV Testing | 135 | ||
| Pregnancy Testing | 135 | ||
| ?CASE STUDY 9.1 | 139 | ||
| CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS | 140 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 140 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 141 | ||
| 10 - Precipitation and Particle Agglutination Methods | 142 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF PRECIPITATION AND PARTICLE AGGLUTINATION ASSAYS | 143 | ||
| Precipitation Assays | 143 | ||
| Particle Agglutination Assays | 144 | ||
| LATEX AGGLUTINATION | 144 | ||
| PREGNANCY TESTING | 145 | ||
| Human Chorionic Gonadotropin | 145 | ||
| Agglutination Inhibition | 147 | ||
| FLOCCULATION TESTS | 147 | ||
| DIRECT BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION | 148 | ||
| HEMAGGLUTINATION | 148 | ||
| Mechanisms of Agglutination | 148 | ||
| Sensitization | 148 | ||
| Lattice Formation | 150 | ||
| Methods of Enhancing Agglutination | 150 | ||
| Graded Agglutination Reactions | 150 | ||
| Microplate Agglutination Reactions | 151 | ||
| NEPHELOMETRY | 151 | ||
| Principle | 151 | ||
| Physical Basis | 151 | ||
| Optical System | 153 | ||
| Measuring Methods | 153 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages | 154 | ||
| Clinical Application: Cryoglobulins | 154 | ||
| CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS | 155 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 155 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 158 | ||
| 11 - Electrophoresis Techniques | 159 | ||
| ELECTROPHORESIS | 159 | ||
| SERUM PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS | 160 | ||
| Principle | 160 | ||
| Results | 161 | ||
| Reference Values | 161 | ||
| Clinical Interpretation | 161 | ||
| IMMUNOFIXATION ELECTROPHORESIS | 161 | ||
| Principle | 162 | ||
| Interpretation | 162 | ||
| Clinical Applications | 163 | ||
| Follow-Up Laboratory Testing | 163 | ||
| CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS | 163 | ||
| ?CASE STUDY 11.1 | 164 | ||
| CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS | 164 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 164 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 165 | ||
| 12 - Labeling Techniques in Immunoassay | 166 | ||
| IMMUNOASSAY FORMATS | 167 | ||
| TYPES OF LABELS | 167 | ||
| Immunoassays | 167 | ||
| Radioimmunoassay | 167 | ||
| Solid-Phase Immunoassays | 167 | ||
| Antigen Detection | 168 | ||
| Antibody Detection | 168 | ||
| Noncompetitive Enzyme Immunoassay | 168 | ||
| Competitive Enzyme Immunoassay | 168 | ||
| Capture Enzyme Immunoassay | 169 | ||
| Multiple and Portable Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay | 169 | ||
| Enzyme Immunoassay Modification | 170 | ||
| CHEMILUMINESCENCE | 170 | ||
| Direct Labels | 170 | ||
| Indirect Labels | 170 | ||
| Specific Clinical Applications | 170 | ||
| IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE | 171 | ||
| Stage 1: Excitation | 171 | ||
| Stage 2: Excited-State Lifetime | 171 | ||
| Stage 3: Fluorescent Emission | 171 | ||
| Direct Immunofluorescent Assay | 171 | ||
| Inhibition Immunofluorescent Assay | 172 | ||
| Indirect Immunofluorescent Assay | 172 | ||
| ALTERNATIVE LABELING TECHNOLOGIES | 173 | ||
| Signal Amplification Technology | 173 | ||
| Magnetic Labeling Technology | 173 | ||
| Time-Resolved Fluoroimmunoassay | 173 | ||
| Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay | 174 | ||
| Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization | 174 | ||
| CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS | 175 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 175 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 176 | ||
| 13 - Flow Cytometry | 177 | ||
| CHARACTERISTICS OF INSTRUMENTATION | 177 | ||
| FLOW CELL CYTOMETRY | 178 | ||
| Fundamentals of Laser Technology | 178 | ||
| Principles of Cell Cytometry | 178 | ||
| Fluorophores | 178 | ||
| Fluorochromes and Conjugated Antibodies | 179 | ||
| The Flow Process | 179 | ||
| The Use of Monoclonal Antibodies | 179 | ||
| Immunofluorescence | 180 | ||
| Tandem Dyes for Flow Cytometry | 180 | ||
| A Multicolor System | 180 | ||
| The Luminex Flow Cytometry System | 181 | ||
| Sample Preparation | 182 | ||
| Clinical Immunology Applications | 182 | ||
| Lymphocyte Subsets | 182 | ||
| Other Cellular Applications | 182 | ||
| CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS | 185 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 185 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 186 | ||
| 14 - Molecular Laboratory Techniques | 187 | ||
| CHARACTERISTICS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS | 188 | ||
| How Does Deoxyribonucleic Acid Replicate? | 188 | ||
| Forms of Ribonucleic Acid | 189 | ||
| AMPLICONS AND AMPLICON CONTROL MEASURES | 189 | ||
| Polymerase Chain Reaction | 189 | ||
| Modified Polymerase Chain Reaction Techniques | 191 | ||
| Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | 191 | ||
| Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction | 191 | ||
| Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction | 191 | ||
| Other Methods of Amplification | 191 | ||
| Transcription-Mediated Amplification | 192 | ||
| Strand Displacement Amplification | 192 | ||
| Nucleic Acid Sequence–Based Amplification | 192 | ||
| ANALYSIS OF AMPLIFICATION PRODUCTS | 192 | ||
| Conventional Analysis | 192 | ||
| Other Techniques | 192 | ||
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid Sequencing | 192 | ||
| Branched Deoxyribonucleic Acid | 192 | ||
| Hybridization Techniques | 192 | ||
| Blotting Protocols | 193 | ||
| Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization | 194 | ||
| Principle of the Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Technique | 194 | ||
| Use of Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in the Clinical Laboratory | 194 | ||
| Microarrays | 194 | ||
| NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY | 197 | ||
| Target Enrichment Strategies | 197 | ||
| Steps of Next-Generation Sequencing | 198 | ||
| TARGETED SEQUENCING | 198 | ||
| Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms | 199 | ||
| MORE APPLICATIONS OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC TESTING | 199 | ||
| CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS | 200 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 200 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 201 | ||
| III - Immunologic Manifestationsof Infectious Diseases | 203 | ||
| 15 -\rInfectious Diseases: Traditional and Alternate Diagnostic Techniques | 204 | ||
| CHARACTERISTICS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES | 205 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES | 205 | ||
| TRADITIONAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LABORATORY TESTING | 205 | ||
| TORCH Test Panel | 205 | ||
| BACTERIAL DISEASES | 206 | ||
| PARASITIC DISEASES | 206 | ||
| FUNGAL DISEASES | 206 | ||
| Histoplasmosis | 207 | ||
| Aspergillosis | 207 | ||
| Coccidioidomycosis | 208 | ||
| North American Blastomycosis | 208 | ||
| Sporotrichosis | 208 | ||
| Cryptococcosis | 208 | ||
| VIRAL, RICKETTSIAL, AND MYCOPLASMAL DISEASES | 208 | ||
| Dengue Fever | 209 | ||
| Herpesviruses | 209 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus | 209 | ||
| Congenital and Neonatal Infection | 210 | ||
| IV - Immune Disorders | 363 | ||
| 25 - Hypersensitivity Reactions | 364 | ||
| WHAT IS HYPERSENSITIVITY? | 365 | ||
| WHAT IS AN ALLERGY? | 365 | ||
| TYPES OF ANTIGENS AND REACTIONS | 365 | ||
| Environmental Substances | 365 | ||
| Infectious Agents | 365 | ||
| Self Antigens | 365 | ||
| Food Allergies | 365 | ||
| TYPES OF HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS | 365 | ||
| Type I Anaphylactic Reactions | 366 | ||
| Etiology | 366 | ||
| Immunologic Activity | 366 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 367 | ||
| Testing for Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions | 368 | ||
| Laboratory Evaluation of Allergic Reactions | 368 | ||
| Treatment | 370 | ||
| Type II Cytotoxic Reactions | 370 | ||
| Examples of Antibody-Dependent, Complement-Mediated Cytotoxic Reactions | 371 | ||
| Type III Immune Complex Reactions | 373 | ||
| Mechanism of Tissue Injury | 373 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 374 | ||
| Testing for Type III Hypersensitivity Reactions | 374 | ||
| Treatment | 374 | ||
| Type IV Cell-Mediated Reactions | 374 | ||
| Characteristics | 375 | ||
| Latex Sensitivity | 375 | ||
| Testing for Delayed Hypersensitivity | 376 | ||
| Treatment | 376 | ||
| Comparison of Types of Hypersensitivity | 376 | ||
| CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS | 379 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 379 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 381 | ||
| 26 - Immunoproliferative Disorders | 382 | ||
| GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GAMMOPATHIES | 383 | ||
| Monoclonal Gammopathies | 383 | ||
| Polyclonal Gammopathies | 383 | ||
| MULTIPLE MYELOMA | 383 | ||
| Etiology | 383 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 383 | ||
| Epidemiology | 385 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 385 | ||
| Skeletal Abnormalities | 385 | ||
| Hematologic Features | 385 | ||
| Renal Disorders | 385 | ||
| Neurologic Features | 387 | ||
| Infectious Diseases | 387 | ||
| Immunologic Manifestations | 387 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 387 | ||
| Hematologic Assessment | 387 | ||
| Molecular Testing | 387 | ||
| Bence Jones Proteins | 388 | ||
| Free Light Chains | 388 | ||
| Immunologic Testing | 389 | ||
| Prognosis | 390 | ||
| Treatment | 390 | ||
| WALDENSTRÖM’S PRIMARY MACROGLOBULINEMIA | 390 | ||
| Etiology | 390 | ||
| Epidemiology | 391 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 391 | ||
| Skeletal Features | 391 | ||
| Hematologic Abnormalities | 391 | ||
| Renal Dysfunction | 391 | ||
| Ocular Manifestations | 391 | ||
| Neuropsychiatric Problems | 391 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Abnormalities | 391 | ||
| Cutaneous Manifestations | 391 | ||
| Immunologic Manifestations | 392 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 392 | ||
| Hematologic Assessment | 392 | ||
| Immunologic Assessment | 392 | ||
| Treatment | 392 | ||
| OTHER MONOCLONAL DISORDERS | 392 | ||
| Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance | 392 | ||
| Light-Chain Disease | 393 | ||
| Heavy-Chain Disease | 393 | ||
| CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS | 394 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 394 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 396 | ||
| 27 - Tolerance, Autoimmunity, and Autoimmune Diseases | 397 | ||
| IMMUNOLOGIC TOLERANCE | 398 | ||
| Maintenance of Self-Tolerance | 398 | ||
| T-Cell Tolerance | 398 | ||
| B-Cell Tolerance | 399 | ||
| FACTORS INFLUENCING DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOIMMUNITY | 399 | ||
| Genetic Factors | 399 | ||
| Patient Age | 399 | ||
| Exogenous Factors | 399 | ||
| Immunopathogenic Mechanisms | 399 | ||
| MAJOR AUTOANTIBODIES | 401 | ||
| AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE | 401 | ||
| INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM | 401 | ||
| ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE | 402 | ||
| COMPARISON OF ORGAN-SPECIFIC AND ORGAN-NONSPECIFIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES | 402 | ||
| ORGAN-SPECIFIC AND MIDSPECTRUM DISEASES | 403 | ||
| Cardiovascular Diseases | 403 | ||
| Vasculitis | 403 | ||
| Carditis | 403 | ||
| Collagen Vascular Diseases | 404 | ||
| Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) | 404 | ||
| Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome | 404 | ||
| Endocrine Gland Diseases: Thyroid Disease | 404 | ||
| Lymphoid (Hashimoto’s) Chronic Thyroiditis | 404 | ||
| Immunologic Manifestations | 405 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 405 | ||
| Graves’ Disease | 406 | ||
| Pancreatic Diseases | 406 | ||
| Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus | 406 | ||
| Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults | 407 | ||
| Autoimmune Pancreatitis | 407 | ||
| Adrenal Glands | 408 | ||
| Pituitary Gland | 409 | ||
| Parathyroid Gland | 409 | ||
| Polyglandular Syndromes | 409 | ||
| Reproductive Diseases | 409 | ||
| Exocrine Gland Disease | 409 | ||
| Sjögren’s Syndrome | 409 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Diseases | 410 | ||
| Atrophic Gastritis and Pernicious Anemia | 410 | ||
| Autoimmune Liver Disease | 411 | ||
| Idiopathic Biliary Cirrhosis | 411 | ||
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 412 | ||
| Immune Markers | 412 | ||
| Celiac Disease | 412 | ||
| Other Gastrointestinal Tract Immunologic Diseases | 414 | ||
| Autoimmune Hematologic Diseases | 414 | ||
| Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome | 414 | ||
| Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia | 414 | ||
| Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura | 415 | ||
| Neuromuscular Diseases | 416 | ||
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | 416 | ||
| Inflammatory Polyneuropathies | 416 | ||
| Myasthenia Gravis | 416 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 416 | ||
| Neuropathies | 418 | ||
| Renal Diseases | 419 | ||
| Renal Disease Associated With Circulating Immune Complexes | 419 | ||
| Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis | 419 | ||
| Renal Disease Associated With Anti–Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibody | 419 | ||
| Tubulointerstitial Nephritis | 420 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle Diseases | 420 | ||
| Inflammatory Myopathy | 420 | ||
| Skin Diseases: Bullous Disease and Other Conditions | 421 | ||
| CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS | 423 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 423 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 426 | ||
| 28 - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 428 | ||
| DIFFERENT FORMS OF LUPUS | 429 | ||
| Discoid Lupus | 429 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 429 | ||
| Drug-Induced Lupus | 430 | ||
| Neonatal Lupus | 430 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 430 | ||
| Genetic Predisposition | 430 | ||
| Environmental Factors | 430 | ||
| Hormonal Influences | 431 | ||
| Antibiotics | 431 | ||
| Vitamins | 431 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 431 | ||
| SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | 432 | ||
| Infection | 432 | ||
| Cutaneous Features | 433 | ||
| Renal Characteristics | 433 | ||
| Lymphadenopathy | 433 | ||
| Serositis | 433 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Characteristics | 434 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Manifestations | 434 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Features | 434 | ||
| Neuropsychiatric Features | 434 | ||
| Late-Onset Lupus | 434 | ||
| IMMUNOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS | 434 | ||
| Cellular Aspects | 435 | ||
| Humoral Aspects | 435 | ||
| Immunologic Consequences | 435 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION | 436 | ||
| Histologic Changes | 436 | ||
| Hematologic and Hemostatic Findings | 436 | ||
| Hemostatic Testing | 436 | ||
| Serologic Findings | 436 | ||
| Complement | 436 | ||
| Antibodies | 437 | ||
| Antinuclear Antibodies | 437 | ||
| Laboratory Evaluation | 438 | ||
| Indirect Immunofluorescent Tests for Antinuclear Antibody | 438 | ||
| Indirect Immunofluorescent Technique | 439 | ||
| Rapid Slide Test for Antinucleoprotein | 441 | ||
| Autoimmune Enzyme Immunoassay | 441 | ||
| Automated Testing: Multiplex Immunoassay | 441 | ||
| TREATMENT | 442 | ||
| Rituximab | 442 | ||
| CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS | 445 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 445 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 446 | ||
| 29 - Rheumatoid Arthritis | 447 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 448 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 448 | ||
| SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | 448 | ||
| ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF JOINTS | 448 | ||
| IMMUNOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS | 450 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION | 452 | ||
| Rheumatoid Factor | 452 | ||
| Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibodies | 452 | ||
| Other Markers | 452 | ||
| Immune Complexes | 452 | ||
| Complement Levels | 453 | ||
| V - Transplantation andTumor Immunology | 461 | ||
| 30 - Transplantation: HLA, Solid Organ, and Hematopoietic Stem Cells | 462 | ||
| HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS | 463 | ||
| Nomenclature of Human Leukocyte Antigen Alleles | 463 | ||
| Major Histocompatibility Complex Regions | 464 | ||
| Classes of Human Leukocyte Antigen Molecules | 464 | ||
| Role of Major Histocompatibility Complex and Human Leukocyte Antigens | 465 | ||
| The Impact of Human Leukocyte Antigens | 466 | ||
| Evaluation of Potential Transplant Recipients and Donors | 466 | ||
| Human Leukocyte Antigen Techniques | 466 | ||
| Complement-Mediated Cytotoxicity | 466 | ||
| Solid-Phase Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay | 467 | ||
| Flow Cytometry | 468 | ||
| Molecular Techniques | 468 | ||
| Bead Technology | 469 | ||
| Donor-Specific Antibody Tests | 469 | ||
| TRANSPLANTATION TERMINOLOGY | 469 | ||
| GENERAL FACTS ABOUT TRANSPLANTATION | 469 | ||
| Organ Transplantation | 469 | ||
| Hematopoietic Stem Cells | 470 | ||
| TYPES OF TRANSPLANTS | 470 | ||
| Bone | 470 | ||
| Cornea | 471 | ||
| Heart | 471 | ||
| Heart Valves | 471 | ||
| Intestine | 472 | ||
| Kidney | 472 | ||
| Liver | 472 | ||
| Lung | 472 | ||
| Pancreas | 472 | ||
| Skin | 473 | ||
| Hematopoietic or Peripheral Blood Stem Cells | 473 | ||
| SOURCES OF STEM CELLS FOR TRANSPLANTATION | 474 | ||
| Bone Marrow | 474 | ||
| Peripheral Blood Stem Cells | 474 | ||
| Umbilical Cord Blood | 474 | ||
| Issue Related to Cord Blood Transplantation | 475 | ||
| Engraftment | 475 | ||
| The Impact of HLA Matching | 475 | ||
| GRAFT REJECTION | 475 | ||
| First-Set and Second-Set Rejections | 476 | ||
| Hyperacute Rejection | 476 | ||
| Accelerated Rejection | 476 | ||
| Acute Rejection | 476 | ||
| Chronic Rejection | 478 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF REJECTION | 478 | ||
| General Characteristics | 478 | ||
| Role of T Cells | 478 | ||
| Antibody Effects | 479 | ||
| Immunosuppression | 479 | ||
| Pharmacologic Activity of Representative Immunosuppressant Drugs | 481 | ||
| Azathioprine | 481 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 481 | ||
| Cyclosporine (Cyclosporin A) | 481 | ||
| Tacrolimus | 481 | ||
| Sirolimus | 482 | ||
| Mycophenolate Mofetil | 482 | ||
| Antilymphocyte (Antithymocyte) Globulin | 482 | ||
| Nulojix | 482 | ||
| Monoclonal Antibodies | 482 | ||
| Immunosuppressive Protocols | 482 | ||
| New Approaches in Immunosuppression | 482 | ||
| TRANSPLANTATION COMPLICATIONS | 482 | ||
| Post–Organ Transplantation | 482 | ||
| Infectious Diseases | 482 | ||
| Cancer | 483 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 483 | ||
| Diabetes | 483 | ||
| Hypertension | 483 | ||
| Hypercholesterolemia | 483 | ||
| Post–Stem Cell Transplantation | 483 | ||
| Xenotransplantation | 483 | ||
| BIOMARKERS FOR REJECTION | 484 | ||
| FOXP3 MRNA | 484 | ||
| GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE | 484 | ||
| Etiology | 485 | ||
| Epidemiology | 485 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 485 | ||
| Immunologic Manifestation | 485 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 486 | ||
| Prevention | 486 | ||
| High-Risk Patients | 486 | ||
| Intermediate-Risk Patients | 486 | ||
| Low-Risk Patients | 486 | ||
| Effects of Radiation on Specific Cellular Components | 487 | ||
| CURRENT DIRECTIONS | 487 | ||
| CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS | 488 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 489 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 491 | ||
| 31 - Tumor Immunology and Up-to-Date Applications of Next-Generation Sequencing | 493 | ||
| CANCER STEM CELLS | 494 | ||
| TYPES OF TUMORS | 494 | ||
| Benign Tumors | 494 | ||
| Malignant Tumors | 494 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 495 | ||
| Cancer in Adults | 495 | ||
| Cancer in Children | 495 | ||
| Risk Factors | 496 | ||
| CAUSATIVE FACTORS IN HUMAN CANCER | 496 | ||
| Environmental Factors | 496 | ||
| Microbial Carcinogens | 497 | ||
| Host Factors and Disease Associations | 497 | ||
| THE IMPACT OF SOMATIC MUTATIONS | 498 | ||
| Driver, Actionable, and Passenger Mutations | 498 | ||
| STAGES OF CARCINOGENESIS | 498 | ||
| CANCER-PREDISPOSING GENES | 499 | ||
| PROTO-ONCOGENES | 499 | ||
| p53 or tp53 gene | 499 | ||
| ROLE OF ONCOGENES | 500 | ||
| Mechanisms of Activation | 500 | ||
| Viral Oncogenes | 500 | ||
| Tumor-Suppressing Genes | 500 | ||
| BODY DEFENSES AGAINST CANCER | 501 | ||
| T Lymphocytes | 501 | ||
| Natural Killer Cells | 501 | ||
| Macrophages | 502 | ||
| Antibodies | 502 | ||
| TUMOR MARKERS | 502 | ||
| Categories of Tumor Antigens | 504 | ||
| Tumor-Specific Antigens | 505 | ||
| Tumor-Associated Antigens | 505 | ||
| Carcinofetal Antigens | 505 | ||
| Spontaneous Tumor Antigens | 505 | ||
| Classic Tumor Markers | 505 | ||
| Alpha-Fetoprotein | 505 | ||
| CA 125 | 505 | ||
| Human Epididymis Protein 4 | 505 | ||
| Thyroglobulin | 506 | ||
| Prostate-Specific Antigen and Prostatic Acid Phosphatase | 506 | ||
| Carcinoembryonic Antigen | 506 | ||
| CA 19-9 | 506 | ||
| CA 15-3 | 506 | ||
| CA 27.29: Breast Carcinoma–Associated Antigen | 507 | ||
| HER2 (HER2/neu) | 507 | ||
| Other Cancer Biomarkers | 507 | ||
| β-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-Beta Subunit) | 507 | ||
| Miscellaneous Enzyme Markers | 507 | ||
| Miscellaneous Hormone Markers | 507 | ||
| Breast, Ovarian, and Cervical Cancer Markers | 508 | ||
| Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor | 508 | ||
| Molecular Diagnosis of Breast Cancer | 508 | ||
| Bladder Cancer | 508 | ||
| DNA MICROARRAY TECHNOLOGY | 508 | ||
| WHAT’S NEW IN CANCER DIAGNOSTIC TESTING? | 509 | ||
| Next-Generation Sequencing | 509 | ||
| Identification of Somatic Mutations | 509 | ||
| Detection of Low Levels of Genomic Alterations | 509 | ||
| Improved Management of Cancer Treatment | 509 | ||
| Continuous Field-Flow–Assisted Dielectropheresis | 509 | ||
| MODALITIES FOR TREATING CANCER | 509 | ||
| Chemotherapeutic Agents | 509 | ||
| Cell Cycle Active, Phase Specific | 509 | ||
| Cell Cycle Active, Phase Nonspecific | 510 | ||
| Non–Cell Cycle Active | 510 | ||
| Cytokines | 510 | ||
| Effects of Drug-Induced Immunosuppression | 511 | ||
| Monoclonal Antibody Therapy | 511 | ||
| What’s New in Therapy? | 512 | ||
| CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS | 514 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 514 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 516 | ||
| VI - Vaccines | 518 | ||
| 32 - Primer on Vaccines | 519 | ||
| THE GOAL OF VACCINATION | 520 | ||
| WHAT IS A VACCINE? | 520 | ||
| HISTORY OF VACCINES | 520 | ||
| TYPES OF VACCINES | 520 | ||
| Live, Attenuated Vaccines | 520 | ||
| INACTIVATED VACCINES | 521 | ||
| Subunit Vaccines | 521 | ||
| ADJUVANTS | 521 | ||
| Toxoid Vaccines | 521 | ||
| Conjugate Vaccines | 521 | ||
| DNA Vaccines | 521 | ||
| Recombinant Vector Vaccines | 523 | ||
| SITES OF VACCINE ADMINISTRATION | 523 | ||
| HOST RESPONSE TO VACCINATION | 523 | ||
| RATES OF VACCINATION | 524 | ||
| REPRESENTATIVE VACCINES | 524 | ||
| Chikungunya Vaccine | 524 | ||
| Dengue Fever Vaccine | 524 | ||
| Hay Fever Vaccine | 524 | ||
| Herpes Zoster (Shingle) Vaccine | 525 | ||
| HIV-AIDS | 525 | ||
| HIV | 525 | ||
| Vaccine Development | 525 | ||
| Vaccine Problems | 525 | ||
| Clinical Trials | 526 | ||
| Vaccine Expectations | 526 | ||
| Influenza | 527 | ||
| CANCER VACCINES | 527 | ||
| Prophylactic Vaccines | 527 | ||
| Gardasil | 527 | ||
| Cervarix | 528 | ||
| Cancer Treatment Vaccines | 528 | ||
| Clinical Trials | 528 | ||
| New Treatments | 528 | ||
| Leukemia | 528 | ||
| VACCINES IN BIODEFENSE | 529 | ||
| Smallpox | 529 | ||
| Category A Agents | 529 | ||
| Smallpox Vaccine | 529 | ||
| Vaccine Administration | 529 | ||
| Anthrax | 529 | ||
| SAFETY ISSUES | 529 | ||
| Concerns About Vaccines | 529 | ||
| Vaccine Side Effects and Adverse Events | 530 | ||
| Monitoring Adverse Events to Vaccines | 530 | ||
| CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS | 531 | ||
| REVIEW QUESTIONS | 531 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 532 | ||
| A - Answers to Case Study Multiple Choice Questions | 533 | ||
| CHAPTER 1: AN OVERVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY | 533 | ||
| CHAPTER 2: ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES | 533 | ||
| CHAPTER 3: CELLS AND CELLULAR ACTIVITIES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: GRANULOCYTES AND MONONUCLEAR CELLS | 533 | ||
| CHAPTER 4: CELLS AND CELLULAR ACTIVITIES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: LYMPHOCYTES AND PLASMA CELLS | 533 | ||
| CHAPTER 5: SOLUBLE MEDIATORS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM | 533 | ||
| CHAPTER 6: SAFETY IN THE IMMUNOLOGY-SEROLOGY LABORATORY | 533 | ||
| CHAPTER 7: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL | 533 | ||
| CHAPTER 8: BASIC SEROLOGIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES | 533 | ||
| CHAPTER 9: POINT-OF-CARE TESTING | 533 | ||
| CHAPTER 10: AGGLUTINATION METHODS | 533 | ||
| CHAPTER 11: ELECTROPHORESIS TECHNIQUES | 533 | ||
| CHAPTER 12: LABELING TECHNIQUES IN IMMUNOASSAY | 533 | ||
| CHAPTER 13: AUTOMATED PROCEDURES | 533 | ||
| CHAPTER 14: MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES | 534 | ||
| CHAPTER 15: THE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES | 534 | ||
| CHAPTER 16: STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS | 534 | ||
| CHAPTER 17: SYPHILIS | 534 | ||
| CHAPTER 18: VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES | 534 | ||
| CHAPTER 19: TOXOPLASMOSIS | 534 | ||
| CHAPTER 20: CYTOMEGALOVIRUS | 534 | ||
| CHAPTER 21: INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS | 534 | ||
| CHAPTER 22: VIRAL HEPATITIS | 534 | ||
| CHAPTER 23: RUBELLA INFECTION | 534 | ||
| CHAPTER 24: ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME | 534 | ||
| CHAPTER 25: HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS | 534 | ||
| CHAPTER 26: IMMUNOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS | 535 | ||
| CHAPTER 27: AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS | 535 | ||
| CHAPTER 28: SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS | 535 | ||
| CHAPTER 29: RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS | 535 | ||
| CHAPTER 30: SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION | 535 | ||
| CHAPTER 31: TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY | 535 | ||
| CHAPTER 32: VACCINES | 535 | ||
| B - Answers to Review Questions | 536 | ||
| CHAPTER 1: AN OVERVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY | 536 | ||
| CHAPTER 2: ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES | 536 | ||
| CHAPTER 3: CELLS AND CELLULAR ACTIVITIES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: GRANULOCYTES AND MONONUCLEAR CELLS | 536 | ||
| CHAPTER 4: CELLS AND CELLULAR ACTIVITIES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: LYMPHOCYTES AND PLASMA CELLS | 536 | ||
| CHAPTER 5: SOLUBLE MEDIATORS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM | 536 | ||
| CHAPTER 6: SAFETY IN THE IMMUNOLOGY-SEROLOGY LABORATORY | 537 | ||
| CHAPTER 7: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL | 537 | ||
| CHAPTER 8: BASIC SEROLOGIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES | 537 | ||
| CHAPTER 9: POINT-OF-CARE TESTING | 537 | ||
| CHAPTER 10: AGGLUTINATION METHODS | 537 | ||
| CHAPTER 11: ELECTROPHORESIS TECHNIQUES | 537 | ||
| CHAPTER 12: LABELING TECHNIQUES IN IMMUNOASSAY | 537 | ||
| CHAPTER 13: FLOW CYTOMETRY | 537 | ||
| CHAPTER 14: MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES | 537 | ||
| CHAPTER 15: INFECTIOUS DISEASES: TRADITIONAL AND ALTERNATE DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES | 537 | ||
| CHAPTER 16: STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS | 537 | ||
| CHAPTER 17: SYPHILIS | 538 | ||
| CHAPTER 18: VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES | 538 | ||
| CHAPTER 19: TOXOPLASMOSIS | 538 | ||
| CHAPTER 20: CYTOMEGALOVIRUS | 538 | ||
| CHAPTER 21: INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS | 538 | ||
| CHAPTER 22: VIRAL HEPATITIS | 538 | ||
| CHAPTER 23: RUBELLA INFECTION | 538 | ||
| CHAPTER 24: ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME | 538 | ||
| CHAPTER 25: HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS | 538 | ||
| CHAPTER 26: IMMUNOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS | 538 | ||
| CHAPTER 27: AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS | 538 | ||
| CHAPTER 28: SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS | 538 | ||
| CHAPTER 29: RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS | 539 | ||
| CHAPTER 30: TRANSPLANTATION:HLA, SOLID ORGAN, HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS | 539 | ||
| CHAPTER 31: TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY AND UP-TO-DATE APPLICATIONS | 539 | ||
| CHAPTER 32: A PRIMER ON VACCINES | 539 | ||
| C - Origin and Immunoregulatory Activity of Cytokines | 540 | ||
| GLOSSARY | 544 | ||
| A | 544 | ||
| B | 546 | ||
| C | 546 | ||
| D | 548 | ||
| E | 549 | ||
| F | 550 | ||
| G | 551 | ||
| H | 552 | ||
| I | 553 | ||
| J | 556 | ||
| K | 556 | ||
| L | 556 | ||
| M | 557 | ||
| N | 558 | ||
| O | 559 | ||
| P | 559 | ||
| Q | 561 | ||
| R | 561 | ||
| S | 562 | ||
| T | 564 | ||
| U | 565 | ||
| V | 565 | ||
| W | 565 | ||
| X | 565 | ||
| Z | 565 | ||
| INDEX | 566 | ||
| A | 566 | ||
| B | 568 | ||
| C | 569 | ||
| D | 570 | ||
| E | 571 | ||
| F | 571 | ||
| G | 572 | ||
| H | 572 | ||
| I | 574 | ||
| K | 577 | ||
| L | 577 | ||
| M | 578 | ||
| N | 580 | ||
| O | 580 | ||
| P | 581 | ||
| Q | 582 | ||
| R | 582 | ||
| S | 583 | ||
| T | 586 | ||
| U | 587 | ||
| V | 587 | ||
| W | 589 | ||
| X | 589 | ||
| Y | 589 | ||
| Z | 589 |