Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
In recent years carbon dioxide has played an increasingly important role in biomass processing. This book presents the state-of-the-art of a range of diverse approaches for the use of carbon dioxide in biomass valorisation. The book explores cutting-edge research and important advances in green high-pressure technologies. It gives an overview of the most relevant and promising applications of high-pressure CO2-based technologies in biomass processing from the perspective of the biorefinery concept. Demonstrating the interdisciplinary aspects of high-pressure technologies from biology, chemistry and biochemical engineering areas, this book brings researchers and industrialists up to date with the latest advances in this field, including novel technologies for energy; biochemicals and materials production; and green chemical engineering processes.
Rafal Lukasik is Research Associate at Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P. (LNEG), Unit of Bioenergy, Portugal, where he leads a group focused on the green biorefinery concept. His principal scientific interests are in sustainable chemistry, extraction and separation with CO2, biomass processing with green solvents (carbon dioxide, ionic liquids), biorefinery, process design and optimization.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | xi | ||
| Foreword | vii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Chapter 1 Supercritical Fluids in Natural Product and Biomass Processing – An Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1.1 The Early History of Supercritical CO2 Extraction | 1 | ||
| 1.2 The Role of Water in Supercritical CO2 Extraction | 3 | ||
| 1.3 Fractionation of Liquids | 4 | ||
| 1.4 Supercritical H2O | 5 | ||
| 1.5 Perspectives | 6 | ||
| References | 7 | ||
| Chapter 2 Introduction to High Pressure CO2 and H2O Technologies in Sustainable Biomass Processing | 9 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 9 | ||
| 2.2 Biomass as Feedstock | 11 | ||
| 2.2.1 First Generation Biofuels and Bioproducts – Edible Crops | 11 | ||
| 2.2.2 Second and Third Generation of Biomass – Non-edible Crops | 13 | ||
| 2.3 The Biorefinery Concept | 14 | ||
| 2.3.1 Biorefinery Products | 15 | ||
| 2.3.2 Main Biorefinery Processes | 15 | ||
| 2.4 High-pressure CO2 and CO2-H2O Systems Within the Biorefinery Concept | 19 | ||
| 2.4.1 Essential Features of High-pressure CO2 and CO2-H2O Systems | 19 | ||
| 2.4.2 Physical Processes Employing High-pressure CO2 or CO2-H2O Systems | 20 | ||
| 2.4.3 Chemical Processes Employing High-pressure CO2 or CO2-H2O Systems | 21 | ||
| 2.4.4 Challenges for Implementing Processes Using CO2 | 30 | ||
| 2.5 Conclusion | 30 | ||
| References | 31 | ||
| Chapter 3 Pre-treatment of Biomass Using CO2-based Methods | 37 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 37 | ||
| 3.2 CO2 Properties Under Subcritical and Supercritical Conditions | 40 | ||
| 3.2.1 Physicochemical Properties and Phase Behaviour of CO2 | 41 | ||
| 3.2.2 Dielectric Constant | 47 | ||
| 3.2.3 Phase Equilibrium | 49 | ||
| 3.3 Application of CO2 for Biomass Pre-treatment and Fractionation | 51 | ||
| 3.3.1 Use of scCO2 Under Subcritical Water (CO2-H2O Mixtures) | 51 | ||
| 3.3.2 Use of CO2 Under Supercritical Conditions | 54 | ||
| 3.4 Use of Co-solvents in CO2-based Pre-treatment Methods | 57 | ||
| 3.5 Scale-up of CO2-based Methods for Biomass Pre-treatment | 58 | ||
| 3.5.1 CO2 Supply | 59 | ||
| 3.5.2 CO2 Pressurizing | 59 | ||
| 3.5.3 Unit Operations | 59 | ||
| 3.5.4 Reaction Feeding Mode | 59 | ||
| 3.6 Conclusions | 61 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 61 | ||
| References | 61 | ||
| Chapter 4 Enzyme-based Biomass Catalyzed Reactions in Supercritical CO2 | 66 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 66 | ||
| 4.2 Enzymatic Reactions in scCO2 | 67 | ||
| 4.2.1 Effects of Temperature and Pressure | 70 | ||
| 4.2.2 pH of Medium and Formation of Carbonic Acid | 71 | ||
| 4.2.3 Effect of Water Content | 72 | ||
| 4.2.4 High-pressure Enzymatic Reactors | 72 | ||
| 4.3 Biomass Conversion in scCO2 | 73 | ||
| 4.3.1 Algal Biomass in scCO2 | 77 | ||
| 4.4 Conclusion | 78 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 79 | ||
| References | 79 | ||
| Chapter 5 Direct Hydrolysis of Biomass Polymers using High-pressure CO2 and CO2–H2O Mixtures | 83 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 83 | ||
| 5.1.1 Lignocellulosic Biomass Polymers | 85 | ||
| 5.2 High-pressure CO2 and CO2-H2O Mixture in the Hydrolysis of Biomass | 88 | ||
| 5.2.1 Fundamentals | 88 | ||
| 5.3 Hydrolysis of Biomass-derived Polymers | 91 | ||
| 5.3.1 Cellulose | 91 | ||
| 5.3.2 Hemicelluloses | 93 | ||
| 5.3.3 Starch | 98 | ||
| 5.3.4 Proteins | 101 | ||
| 5.3.5 Lignin | 102 | ||
| 5.4 Conclusions | 110 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 110 | ||
| References | 110 | ||
| Chapter 6 Processing of Lignocellulosic Biomass Derived Monomers using High-pressure CO2 and CO2–H2O Mixtures | 115 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 115 | ||
| 6.2 Cellulose and Hemicellulose Hydrolysis | 117 | ||
| 6.2.1 The Phenomena at a Glance | 117 | ||
| 6.2.2 Simple Mathematical Models to Describe Hydrolysis | 118 | ||
| 6.2.3 The Main Reactions of the Monomers in Water: Tautomerization, Dehydration and Aldol Reactions | 119 | ||
| 6.3 Reaction Medium and Operational Conditions | 123 | ||
| 6.3.1 Subcritical Water and Carbonated Subcritical Water | 124 | ||
| 6.3.2 Reactions in Supercritical Water | 130 | ||
| 6.4 Reaction Configuration | 132 | ||
| 6.5 Conclusions | 133 | ||
| References | 134 | ||
| Chapter 7 Efficient Transformation of Biomass-derived Compounds into Different Valuable Products: A ‘‘Green\" Approach | 137 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 137 | ||
| 7.2 Experimental Methods | 141 | ||
| 7.2.1 General Method for in situ Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported MCM-41 | 141 | ||
| 7.2.2 Catalyst Characterization | 142 | ||
| 7.2.3 Catalytic Activity | 142 | ||
| 7.2.4 Phase Behaviour Studies | 145 | ||
| 7.3 Results and Discussion | 145 | ||
| 7.3.1 Catalytic Strategies to Process 5-HMF into Fuel | 145 | ||
| 7.3.2 5-HMF to 2,5-Dimethylfuran (DMF) | 149 | ||
| 7.3.3 Furfural to 2-Methylfuran (2-MF) | 155 | ||
| 7.3.4 THFA to 1,5-Pentanediol (1,5-PD) | 156 | ||
| 7.4 Conclusion | 160 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 161 | ||
| References | 161 | ||
| Chapter 8 Anti-solvent Effect of High-pressure CO2 in Natural Polymers | 165 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 165 | ||
| 8.2 Biopolymers | 166 | ||
| 8.2.1 Cellulose | 166 | ||
| 8.2.2 Hemicellulose | 167 | ||
| 8.2.3 Chitosan | 168 | ||
| 8.3 Anti-solvent Effect | 169 | ||
| 8.3.1 Anti-solvent Effect to Regenerate Biopolymers | 169 | ||
| 8.3.2 Anti-solvent Effect of Compressed CO2 | 171 | ||
| 8.3.3 Mechanisms of Precipitation | 177 | ||
| 8.4 Perspectives | 178 | ||
| References | 179 | ||
| Chapter 9 Perspectives of the Development of High-pressure Technologies in Biomass Processing | 181 | ||
| 9.1 Perspectives | 181 | ||
| 9.2 Conclusions | 185 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 186 | ||
| References | 186 | ||
| Subject Index | 190 |