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Warlord Democrats in Africa

Warlord Democrats in Africa

Anders Themnér

(2017)

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Abstract

Post-war democratization has been identified as a crucial mechanism to build peace in war-ridden societies, supposedly allowing belligerents to compete through ballots rather than bullets. A byproduct of this process, however, is that military leaders often become an integral part of the new democratic system, using resources and networks generated from the previous war to dominate the emerging political landscape.

The crucial and thus-far overlooked question to be addressed, therefore, is what effect the inclusion of ex-militaries into electoral politics has on post-war security. Can 'warlord democrats' make a positive contribution by shepherding their wartime constituencies to support the building of peace and democracy, or are they likely to use their electoral platforms to sponsor political violence and keep war-affected communities mobilized through aggressive discourses?

This important volume, containing a wealth of fresh empirical detail and theoretical insight, and focussing on some of Africa's most high-profile political figures – from Paul Kagame to Riek Machar to Afonso Dhlakama – represents a crucial intervention in the literature of post-war democratization.


Anders Themnér is a senior researcher at the Nordic Africa Institute and an assistant professor at the Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University. His research focus is on post-civil war democratization; disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of ex-combatants (DDR); and informal military networks in post-civil war societies

‘A much-needed volume taking us beyond the simple solutions so forcefully propagated by the international community in the aftermath of civil wars. Themnér and his contributors take us deep into the political complexities of the African continent.’
Mats Utas, author of African Conflicts and Informal Power

‘This collection of excellent articles provides evidence for the wide scope of opportunities and constraints facing former warlords in peacetime. The book implores us to avoid the simplistic labelling of these ambitious political entrepreneurs as men of either war or peace.’
Andreas Mehler, University of Freiburg

‘A valuable corrective to broad-brush takes on post-conflict governance on the continent. Through detailed case studies it accomplishes that most rare feat: thinking African politics on its own terms.’
Danny Hoffman, University of Washington

‘This wonderful volume brings together a superb team of specialists to investigate the concept of “warlord democrats.” This book will be of great value to those seeking to understand the complex transformations that characterize ending violence and building post-war political orders.’
Terrence Lyons, George Mason University

‘A major work. This book tells us exactly how and why wartime leaders play significant roles in post-war politics. Extremely insightful and clear, it is likely to spur a new research programme in the study of post-conflict politics and state-building. It should be widely read.’
William Reno, Northwestern University

‘An excellent collection of essays. The political economy analysis it offers should be of particular interest to those – quite especially the UN and those charged with running its peace operations – trying to build peace and secure durable political settlements to long-running conflicts.’
Mats Berdal, King’s College London

'I would recommend this book to scholars and general readers interested in studying the dynamics of the state, institutions, and political leadership in post-Cold War Africa.'
Paul Chiudza Banda, African Studies Quarterly

'Themnér’s editorial prowess in securing such diverse, thoughtful contributions is evident … essential reading for any individual interested in postconflict stabilization and the reintegration of former state adversaries within state governing structures.'
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Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Front cover
About the Editor iv
Title Page v
Copyright vi
Contents vii
Acknowledgements ix
Introduction: Warlord Democrats: Wartime Investments, Democratic Returns? 1
Institutions, Political Parties and the Building of Post-Civil War Democracy 6
Formal Structures and Informal Realities 9
Warlord Democrats as Electoral Navigators 11
Warlord Democrats in an African Context 15
Why Warlord Democrats Further Peace or Foster Insecurity 24
Probing the Cases 27
Chapter Breakdown 29
1: Pompier-Pyromanocracy: Mbusa Nyamwisi and the Dr Congo’s Inflammable Post-Settlement Political Order\r 41
Introduction 41
Two Wars and Two Intransitive Transitions 43
The Trajectory of Antipas Mbusa Nyamwisi: Champion of Double-Dealing 47
Concluding Remarks: The Democratization of Pompier-Pyromania 60
2: Apotheosis of a Warlord: Paul Kagame\r 68
Introduction 68
Background: Kagame’s Avatars 69
Transforming the RPF from Rebel Movement to Electoral Party 75
Security Outcomes of Kagame’s and the RPF’s Electoral Participation 82
3: Discourses of Peace and Fear: The Electoral Navigations of Sekou Conneh and Prince Johnson in Post-War Liberia\r 95
Introduction 95
Warlord Politics in Liberia 97
Sekou Conneh: Securitizing the Ex-Combatant Issue 105
Prince Johnson: Preacher of Fear 109
Concluding Discussion 115
4: Afonso Dhlakama and RENAMO’s Return to Armed Conflict Since 2013: The Politics of Reintegration in Mozambique\r 121
Introduction 121
Independence and Civil War 122
Peace Negotiations 125
Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants 126
Transformation into a Political Party 130
Elections 131
Drivers for Renewed Conflict 140
Conclusion 150
5: From Warlord to Drug Lord: The Life of João Bernardo “Nino” Vieira\r 156
Introduction 156
The End of an Era 157
Background: The Making of a Warlord 159
From Warlord to Politician 162
From Dictator to Democrat 164
Spoils and the Democratic Façade 165
The Loss of Command 167
Democratic Drug Lord 169
Conclusion 172
6: Shape-Shifters in the Struggle for Survival: Post-War Politics in Sierra Leone\r 177
Introduction 177
The Transition from War to Peace in Sierra Leone 179
The Ex-Militaries and their Road to Electoral Politics\r 182
The Shadow Man: Eldred Collins 188
Conclusions 192
7: Riek Machar: Warlord-Doctor in South Sudan\r 199
Introduction 199
Warlord Democrats, Political Leadership and Violence 200
South Sudan: The World’s Newest Nation 204
Electoral Politics and Patterns of Violence in South Sudan 206
Riek Machar: Warlord Doctor with Ambitions 209
Framing Motivation 210
Implementation: Incentives for Recruitment and Organization of SPLM-IO 214
Conclusions 217
Conclusion: Ambiguous Peacelords: The Diminishing Returns of Post-War Democracy 222
Electoral Maneuverings and Political Outcomes 223
Once a Military, Always a Military? 227
Ambiguous Peacelords 229
Explaining the Belligerency of Warlord Democrats 232
Dealing with Warlord Democrats 240
About the Contributors 246
Index 247
Back Cover Back cover