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Abstract
Post-war democratization has been identified as a crucial mechanism to build peace in war-ridden societies, supposedly allowing belligerents to compete through ballots rather than bullets. A byproduct of this process, however, is that military leaders often become an integral part of the new democratic system, using resources and networks generated from the previous war to dominate the emerging political landscape.
The crucial and thus-far overlooked question to be addressed, therefore, is what effect the inclusion of ex-militaries into electoral politics has on post-war security. Can 'warlord democrats' make a positive contribution by shepherding their wartime constituencies to support the building of peace and democracy, or are they likely to use their electoral platforms to sponsor political violence and keep war-affected communities mobilized through aggressive discourses?
This important volume, containing a wealth of fresh empirical detail and theoretical insight, and focussing on some of Africa's most high-profile political figures – from Paul Kagame to Riek Machar to Afonso Dhlakama – represents a crucial intervention in the literature of post-war democratization.
Anders Themnér is a senior researcher at the Nordic Africa Institute and an assistant professor at the Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University. His research focus is on post-civil war democratization; disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of ex-combatants (DDR); and informal military networks in post-civil war societies
‘A much-needed volume taking us beyond the simple solutions so forcefully propagated by the international community in the aftermath of civil wars. Themnér and his contributors take us deep into the political complexities of the African continent.’
Mats Utas, author of African Conflicts and Informal Power
‘This collection of excellent articles provides evidence for the wide scope of opportunities and constraints facing former warlords in peacetime. The book implores us to avoid the simplistic labelling of these ambitious political entrepreneurs as men of either war or peace.’
Andreas Mehler, University of Freiburg
‘A valuable corrective to broad-brush takes on post-conflict governance on the continent. Through detailed case studies it accomplishes that most rare feat: thinking African politics on its own terms.’
Danny Hoffman, University of Washington
‘This wonderful volume brings together a superb team of specialists to investigate the concept of “warlord democrats.” This book will be of great value to those seeking to understand the complex transformations that characterize ending violence and building post-war political orders.’
Terrence Lyons, George Mason University
‘A major work. This book tells us exactly how and why wartime leaders play significant roles in post-war politics. Extremely insightful and clear, it is likely to spur a new research programme in the study of post-conflict politics and state-building. It should be widely read.’
William Reno, Northwestern University
‘An excellent collection of essays. The political economy analysis it offers should be of particular interest to those – quite especially the UN and those charged with running its peace operations – trying to build peace and secure durable political settlements to long-running conflicts.’
Mats Berdal, King’s College London
'I would recommend this book to scholars and general readers interested in studying the dynamics of the state, institutions, and political leadership in post-Cold War Africa.'
Paul Chiudza Banda, African Studies Quarterly
'Themnér’s editorial prowess in securing such diverse, thoughtful contributions is evident … essential reading for any individual interested in postconflict stabilization and the reintegration of former state adversaries within state governing structures.'
Parameters
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Front Cover | Front cover | ||
About the Editor | iv | ||
Title Page | v | ||
Copyright | vi | ||
Contents | vii | ||
Acknowledgements | ix | ||
Introduction: Warlord Democrats: Wartime Investments, Democratic Returns? | 1 | ||
Institutions, Political Parties and the Building of Post-Civil War Democracy | 6 | ||
Formal Structures and Informal Realities | 9 | ||
Warlord Democrats as Electoral Navigators | 11 | ||
Warlord Democrats in an African Context | 15 | ||
Why Warlord Democrats Further Peace or Foster Insecurity | 24 | ||
Probing the Cases | 27 | ||
Chapter Breakdown | 29 | ||
1: Pompier-Pyromanocracy: Mbusa Nyamwisi and the Dr Congo’s Inflammable Post-Settlement Political Order\r | 41 | ||
Introduction | 41 | ||
Two Wars and Two Intransitive Transitions | 43 | ||
The Trajectory of Antipas Mbusa Nyamwisi: Champion of Double-Dealing | 47 | ||
Concluding Remarks: The Democratization of Pompier-Pyromania | 60 | ||
2: Apotheosis of a Warlord: Paul Kagame\r | 68 | ||
Introduction | 68 | ||
Background: Kagame’s Avatars | 69 | ||
Transforming the RPF from Rebel Movement to Electoral Party | 75 | ||
Security Outcomes of Kagame’s and the RPF’s Electoral Participation | 82 | ||
3: Discourses of Peace and Fear: The Electoral Navigations of Sekou Conneh and Prince Johnson in Post-War Liberia\r | 95 | ||
Introduction | 95 | ||
Warlord Politics in Liberia | 97 | ||
Sekou Conneh: Securitizing the Ex-Combatant Issue | 105 | ||
Prince Johnson: Preacher of Fear | 109 | ||
Concluding Discussion | 115 | ||
4: Afonso Dhlakama and RENAMO’s Return to Armed Conflict Since 2013: The Politics of Reintegration in Mozambique\r | 121 | ||
Introduction | 121 | ||
Independence and Civil War | 122 | ||
Peace Negotiations | 125 | ||
Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants | 126 | ||
Transformation into a Political Party | 130 | ||
Elections | 131 | ||
Drivers for Renewed Conflict | 140 | ||
Conclusion | 150 | ||
5: From Warlord to Drug Lord: The Life of João Bernardo “Nino” Vieira\r | 156 | ||
Introduction | 156 | ||
The End of an Era | 157 | ||
Background: The Making of a Warlord | 159 | ||
From Warlord to Politician | 162 | ||
From Dictator to Democrat | 164 | ||
Spoils and the Democratic Façade | 165 | ||
The Loss of Command | 167 | ||
Democratic Drug Lord | 169 | ||
Conclusion | 172 | ||
6: Shape-Shifters in the Struggle for Survival: Post-War Politics in Sierra Leone\r | 177 | ||
Introduction | 177 | ||
The Transition from War to Peace in Sierra Leone | 179 | ||
The Ex-Militaries and their Road to Electoral Politics\r | 182 | ||
The Shadow Man: Eldred Collins | 188 | ||
Conclusions | 192 | ||
7: Riek Machar: Warlord-Doctor in South Sudan\r | 199 | ||
Introduction | 199 | ||
Warlord Democrats, Political Leadership and Violence | 200 | ||
South Sudan: The World’s Newest Nation | 204 | ||
Electoral Politics and Patterns of Violence in South Sudan | 206 | ||
Riek Machar: Warlord Doctor with Ambitions | 209 | ||
Framing Motivation | 210 | ||
Implementation: Incentives for Recruitment and Organization of SPLM-IO | 214 | ||
Conclusions | 217 | ||
Conclusion: Ambiguous Peacelords: The Diminishing Returns of Post-War Democracy | 222 | ||
Electoral Maneuverings and Political Outcomes | 223 | ||
Once a Military, Always a Military? | 227 | ||
Ambiguous Peacelords | 229 | ||
Explaining the Belligerency of Warlord Democrats | 232 | ||
Dealing with Warlord Democrats | 240 | ||
About the Contributors | 246 | ||
Index | 247 | ||
Back Cover | Back cover |